Scale-Up of Mixing Equipment for Suspensions

AbstractThe ionoSolv process is one of the most promising technologies for biomass pretreatment in a biorefinery context. In order to evaluate the transition of the ionoSolv pretreatment of biomass from bench-scale experiments to commercial scale, there is a need to get better insight in process intensification. In this work, the effects of biomass loading, particle size, pulp washing protocols and 100-fold scale up for the pretreatment of the grassy biomass Miscanthus giganteus with the IL triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate, [TEA][HSO4], are presented as a necessary step in that direction. At the bench scale, increasing biomass loading from 10 to 50 wt% reduced glucose yields from 68 to 23% due to re-precipitation of lignin onto the pulp surface. Omitting the pulp air-drying step maintained saccharification yields at 66% at 50 wt% loading due to reduced fiber hornification. 100-fold scale-up (from 10 mL to 1 L) improved the efficacy of ionoSolv pretreatment and increasing loadings from 10 to 20 wt% reduced lignin reprecipitation and led to higher glucose yields due to the improved heat and mass transfer caused by efficient slurry mixing in the reactor. Pretreatment of particle sizes of 1–3 mm was more effective than fine powders (0.18–0.85 mm) giving higher glucose yields due to reduced surface area available for lignin re-precipitation while reducing grinding energy needs. Stirred ionoSolv pretreatment showed great potential for industrialization and further process intensification after optimization of the pretreatment conditions (temperature, residence time, stirring speed), particle size and biomass loading. Pulp washing protocols need further improvement to reduce the incidence of lignin precipitation and the water requirements of lignin washing.

Download Full-text

Process Intensification of The Ionosolv Pretreatment: Effects Of Biomass Loading, Particle Size And 100-Fold Scale-Up

10.21203/rs.3.rs-144251/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Clementine L. Chambon ◽

Pedro Verdía ◽

Paul S. Fennell ◽

Jason Hallett

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Scale Up ◽

Process Intensification ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Bench Scale ◽

Miscanthus Giganteus ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Pretreatment Effects ◽

Pretreatment Conditions ◽

Reduced Surface

Abstract Background: The ionoSolv process is one of the most promising technologies for biomass pretreatment in a biorefinery context. In order to evaluate the transition of the ionoSolv pretreatment of biomass from bench-scale experiments to biorefinery scale, there is a need to get better insight in process intensification. In this work, the effects of biomass loading, particle size, pulp washing protocols and 100-fold scale up for the pretreatment of the grassy biomass Miscanthus giganteus with the IL triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate, [TEA][HSO4], are presented. Results: At the bench scale, increasing biomass loading from 10 wt% to 50 wt% reduced glucose yields from 68% to 23% due to re-precipitation of lignin onto the pulp surface. Omitting the pulp air-drying step maintained saccharification yields at 66% at 50 wt% loading due to reduced fiber hornification. 100-fold scale-up (from 10 mL to 1 L) improved the efficacy of ionoSolv pretreatment and increasing loadings from 10 wt% to 20 wt% reduced lignin reprecipitation and led to higher glucose yields due to the improved heat and mass transfer caused by efficient slurry mixing in the reactor. Pretreatment of particle sizes of 1–3 mm was more effective than fine powders (0.18–0.85 mm) giving higher glucose yields due to reduced surface area available for lignin re-precipitation while reducing grinding energy needs.Conclusion: Stirred ionoSolv pretreatment showed great potential for industrialization and further process intensification after optimization of the pretreatment conditions (temperature, residence time, stirring speed), particle size and biomass loading. Pulp washing protocols need further improvement to reduce the incidence of lignin precipitation and the water requirements of lignin washing.

Download Full-text

Process Intensification of the ionoSolv Pretreatment: Effects of Biomass Loading, Particle Size and 100-Fold Scale-Up

10.21203/rs.3.rs-144251/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Clementine Chambon ◽

Pedro Verdía ◽

Paul Fennell ◽

Jason Hallett

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Scale Up ◽

Process Intensification ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Bench Scale ◽

Miscanthus Giganteus ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Pretreatment Effects ◽

Pretreatment Conditions ◽

Reduced Surface

Abstract Background: The ionoSolv process is one of the most promising technologies for biomass pretreatment in a biorefinery context. In order to evaluate the transition of the ionoSolv pretreatment of biomass from bench-scale experiments to biorefinery scale, there is a need to get better insight in process intensification. In this work, the effects of biomass loading, particle size, pulp washing protocols and 100-fold scale up for the pretreatment of the grassy biomass Miscanthus giganteus with the IL triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate, [TEA][HSO4], are presented. Results: At the bench scale, increasing biomass loading from 10 wt% to 50 wt% reduced glucose yields from 68% to 23% due to re-precipitation of lignin onto the pulp surface. Omitting the pulp air-drying step maintained saccharification yields at 66% at 50 wt% loading due to reduced fiber hornification. 100-fold scale-up (from 10 mL to 1 L) improved the efficacy of ionoSolv pretreatment and increasing loadings from 10 wt% to 20 wt% reduced lignin reprecipitation and led to higher glucose yields due to the improved heat and mass transfer caused by efficient slurry mixing in the reactor. Pretreatment of particle sizes of 1–3 mm was more effective than fine powders (0.18–0.85 mm) giving higher glucose yields due to reduced surface area available for lignin re-precipitation while reducing grinding energy needs.Conclusion: Stirred ionoSolv pretreatment showed great potential for industrialization and further process intensification after optimization of the pretreatment conditions (temperature, residence time, stirring speed), particle size and biomass loading. Pulp washing protocols need further improvement to reduce the incidence of lignin precipitation and the water requirements of lignin washing.

Download Full-text

Surface energy of cellulosic materials: The effect of particle morphology, particle size, and hydroxyl number

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj14.9.565 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 565-576 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

YUCHENG PENG ◽

DOUGLAS J. GARDNER

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Surface Energy ◽

Particle Morphology ◽

Nanofibrillated Cellulose ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Hydroxyl Number ◽

Small Individual ◽

Dispersion Component ◽

Commercial Applications ◽

Lower Temperature

Understanding the surface properties of cellulose materials is important for proper commercial applications. The effect of particle size, particle morphology, and hydroxyl number on the surface energy of three microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) preparations and one nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) preparation were investigated using inverse gas chromatography at column temperatures ranging from 30ºC to 60ºC. The mean particle sizes for the three MCC samples and the NFC sample were 120.1, 62.3, 13.9, and 9.3 μm. The corresponding dispersion components of surface energy at 30°C were 55.7 ± 0.1, 59.7 ± 1.3, 71.7 ± 1.0, and 57.4 ± 0.3 mJ/m2. MCC samples are agglomerates of small individual cellulose particles. The different particle sizes and morphologies of the three MCC samples resulted in various hydroxyl numbers, which in turn affected their dispersion component of surface energy. Cellulose samples exhibiting a higher hydroxyl number have a higher dispersion component of surface energy. The dispersion component of surface energy of all the cellulose samples decreased linearly with increasing temperature. MCC samples with larger agglomerates had a lower temperature coefficient of dispersion component of surface energy.

Download Full-text

Azithromycin nanosuspension preparation using evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution (EPAS) method and its comparative dissolution study

Current Pharmaceutical Analysis ◽

10.2174/1573412917999200909145745 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Hossain Shariare ◽

Tonmoy Kumar Mondal ◽

Hani Alothaid ◽

Md. Didaruzzaman Sohel ◽

MD Wadud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solution ◽

Particle Size ◽

Dissolution Rate ◽

Average Particle Size ◽

Scale Up ◽

Average Particle ◽

Total Drug ◽

Residual Solvent ◽

Dissolution Study ◽

Drug Content

Aim: EPAS (evaporative precipitation into aqueous solution) was used in the current studies to prepare azithromycin nanosuspensions and investigate the physicochemical characteristics for the nanosuspension batches with the aim of enhancing the dissolution rate of the nanopreparation to improve bioavailability. Methods: EPAS method used in this study for preparing azithromycin nanosuspension was achieved through developing an in-house instrumentation method. Particle size distribution was measured using Zetasizer Nano S without sample dilution. Dissolved azithromycin nanosuspensions were also compared with raw azithromycin powder and commercially available products. Total drug content of nanosuspension batches were measured using an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) system with Photodiode Array (PDA) detector while residual solvent was measured using gas chromatography (GC). Results: The average particle size of azithromycin nanosuspension was 447.2 nm and total drug content was measured to be 97.81% upon recovery. Dissolution study data showed significant increase in dissolution rate for nanosuspension batch when compared to raw azithromycin and commercial version (microsuspension). The residual solvent found for azithromycin nanosuspension is 0.000098023 mg/ mL or 98.023 ppb. Conclusion: EPAS was successfully used to prepare azithromycin nanoparticles that exhibited significantly enhanced dissolution rate. Further studies are required to scale up the process and determine long term stability of the nanoparticles.

Download Full-text

Effect of particle size on phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of Sargassum cristaefolium ethanol extract

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95769-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

E. S. Prasedya ◽

A. Frediansyah ◽

N. W. R. Martyasari ◽

B. K. Ilhami ◽

A. S. Abidin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Particle Size ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Epicatechin Gallate ◽

Particle Size Reduction ◽

Phytochemical Composition

AbstractSample particle size is an important parameter in the solid–liquid extraction system of natural products for obtaining their bioactive compounds. This study evaluates the effect of sample particle size on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of brown macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium. The crude ethanol extract was extracted from dried powders of S.cristeafolium with various particle sizes (> 4000 µm, > 250 µm, > 125 µm, > 45 µm, and < 45 µm). The ethanolic extracts of S.cristaefolium were analysed for Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities. The extract yield and phytochemical composition were more abundant in smaller particle sizes. Furthermore, the TPC (14.19 ± 2.08 mg GAE/g extract to 43.27 ± 2.56 mg GAE/g extract) and TFC (9.6 ± 1.8 mg QE/g extract to 70.27 ± 3.59 mg QE/g extract) values also significantly increased as particle sizes decreased. In addition, phenolic compounds epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) concentration were frequently increased in samples of smaller particle sizes based on two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison analysis. These results correlate with the significantly stronger antioxidant activity in samples with smaller particle sizes. The smallest particle size (< 45 µm) demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity based on DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl assay and FRAP. In addition, ramp function graph evaluates the desired particle size for maximum phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity is 44 µm. In conclusion, current results show the importance of particle size reduction of macroalgae samples to increase the effectivity of its biological activity.

Download Full-text

Experimental Analysis of the Mechanical Properties and Resistivity of Tectonic Coal Samples with Different Particle Sizes

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14082303 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 2303

Author(s):

Congyu Zhong ◽

Liwen Cao ◽

Jishi Geng ◽

Zhihao Jiang ◽

Shuai Zhang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Particle Size ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Elastic Modulus ◽

Uniaxial Compressive Strength ◽

Coalbed Methane ◽

Coal Sample ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Tectonic Coal

Because of its weak cementation and abundant pores and cracks, it is difficult to obtain suitable samples of tectonic coal to test its mechanical properties. Therefore, the research and development of coalbed methane drilling and mining technology are restricted. In this study, tectonic coal samples are remodeled with different particle sizes to test the mechanical parameters and loading resistivity. The research results show that the particle size and gradation of tectonic coal significantly impact its uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus and affect changes in resistivity. As the converted particle size increases, the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus decrease first and then tend to remain unchanged. The strength of the single-particle gradation coal sample decreases from 0.867 to 0.433 MPa and the elastic modulus decreases from 59.28 to 41.63 MPa with increasing particle size. The change in resistivity of the coal sample increases with increasing particle size, and the degree of resistivity variation decreases during the coal sample failure stage. In composite-particle gradation, the proportion of fine particles in the tectonic coal sample increases from 33% to 80%. Its strength and elastic modulus increase from 0.996 to 1.31 MPa and 83.96 to 125.4 MPa, respectively, and the resistivity change degree decreases. The proportion of medium particles or coarse particles increases, and the sample strength, elastic modulus, and resistivity changes all decrease.

Download Full-text

Investigation of the kinetics of spontaneous combustion of the major coal seam in Dahuangshan mining area of the Southern Junggar coalfield, Xinjiang, China

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-79223-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Li Shen ◽

Qiang Zeng

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

High Temperature ◽

Coal Seam ◽

Spontaneous Combustion ◽

Heating Temperature ◽

Characteristic Temperature ◽

Mining Area ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Coal Oxidation ◽

Increasing Temperature

AbstractIn the present paper, with using diverse methods (including the SEM, the XRD, the TPO, the FTIR, and the TGA) , the authors analysed samples of the major coal seam in Dahuangshan Mining area with different particle sizes and with different heated temperatures (from 50 to 800 °C at regular intervals of 50 °C). The results from SEM and XRD showed that high temperature and high number of pores, fissures, and hierarchical structures in the coal samples could facilitate oxidation reactions and spontaneous combustion. A higher degree of graphitization and much greater number of aromatic microcrystalline structures facilitated spontaneous combustion. The results from TPO showed that the oxygen consumption rate of the coal samples increased exponentially with increasing temperature. The generation rates of different gases indicated that temperatures of 90 °C or 130 °C could accelerate coal oxidation. With increasing temperature, the coal oxidation rate increased, and the release of gaseous products was accelerated. The FTIR results showed that the amount of hydroxide radicals and oxygen-containing functional groups increased with the decline in particle size, indicating that a smaller particle size may facilitate the oxidation reaction and spontaneous combustion of coal. The absorbance and the functional group areas at different particle sizes were consistent with those of the heated coal samples, which decreased as the temperature rose. The results from TGA showed that the characteristic temperature T3 declined with decreasing particle size. After the sample with 0.15–0.18 mm particle size was heated, its carbon content decreased, and its mineral content increased, inhibiting coal oxidation. This result also shows that the activation energy of the heated samples tended to increase at the stage of high-temperature combustion with increasing heating temperature.

Download Full-text

Effects of Particles Size of Nanosilica on Properties of Polybenzoxazine Nanocomposites

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.394 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 659 ◽

pp. 394-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nutthaphon Liawthanyarat ◽

Sarawut Rimdusit

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Silica Nanoparticles ◽

Primary Particle ◽

Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Barrier Effect ◽

Degradation Temperature ◽

Maximum Value ◽

Wetting Behaviors ◽

Composite Samples

Polybenzoxazine nanocomposites filled with three different sizes of silica nanoparticles are investigated for their mechanical and thermal properties. In this research, silica nanoparticles with primary particle sizes of 7, 14 and 40 nm were incorporated in polybenzoxazine matrix at a fixed content of 3% by weight. From the experimental results, the storage modulus of the polybenzoxazine nanocomposite was found to systematically increase with decreasing the particle sizes of nanosilica suggesting better reinforcement of the smaller particles. Glass transition temperature was found to slightly increase with the addition of the silica nanoparticles. The uniformity of the composite samples were also evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis to show good dispersion of the silica nanoparticles in the composite samples as a result of high processability of the benzoxazine resin used i.e. low A-stage viscosity with good wetting behaviors. Degradation temperature at 5% weight loss (Td,5) of polybenzoxazine nanocomposites filled with different particle sizes of silica nanoparticles was found to increase from the value of 325 °C of the neat polybenzoxazine to the maximum value of about 340 °C with an addition of the nanosilica of the smallest particle size used. Finally, the smaller nanosilica particle size was also found to show more pronounced effect on Td,5enhancement of the composite samples as a result of greater barrier effect from larger surface area of the smaller particles.

Download Full-text

Effect of Particle Size on the Oil Yield and Catechin Compound Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v60.1436 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 60 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohd Azizi Che Yunus ◽

Manzurudin Hasan ◽

Norasikin Othman ◽

Siti Hamidah Mohd-Setapar ◽

Liza Md.-Salleh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Solvent Extraction ◽

Accelerated Solvent Extraction ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Particle Sizes ◽

Experimental Range ◽

Areca Catechu ◽

Effect Of Particle Size ◽

Extraction Cycle

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kesan saiz zarah ke atas pengekstrakan sebatian catechin daripada biji Areca catechu L. dengan menggunakan Pengekstrakan Pelarut Terpecut (PPT). Saiz zarah biji Areca catechu dipelbagaikan dari 75 μm sehingga 500 μm. Pengekstrakan telah dijalankan padaparameter tetap iaitu suhu (140oC), tekanan (1500 psi), masa (10 minit), isipadu semburan (60%) dan satu kitaran pengekstrakan, masing-masing. Hasil minyak peratusan yang lebih tinggi adalah 300 mg minyak / gram sampel (30.00% pati minyak) ditemui pada 125 μm. Walaubagaimanapun, kandungan catechin dalam pati minyak hanya 0.0375 mg catechin / gram sampel. Saiz zarah yang terbaik dalam julat uji kaji ini telah dikenal pasti pada 500 μm yang memberikan kandungan catechin yang tinggi iaitu 0.0515 mg catechin / gram sampel dari 247.5 mg minyak / gram sampel (24.75% pati minyak). Kata kunci: Saiz zarah; catechin; LC-MS-TOF; pengekstrakan pelarut terpecut The purpose of this work is to investigate the effects of particle size on the extraction of catechincompound from Areca catechu L. seeds by using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE). The particle sizes of Areca catechu L. seeds are varied from 75 µm until 500 µm. The extraction is conducted at fixed parameters which are temperature (140oC), pressure (1500 psi), extraction time (10 minutes), flush volume (60%) and the static cycle is done for 1 extraction cycle respectively. Higher percentage oil yield of 300mg oil/gram of sample (30.00% oil yield) is found at 125 µm. However, the amount of catechin in oil yields is only 0.0375 mg of catechin/gram of sample. The best of particle size within the experimental range has been identified at 500 µm which gives a high content of catechin with 0.0515 mg Catechin/gram of sample from 247.5 mg oil/gram of sample (24.75% oil yield). Keywords: Particle size; catechin; LC-MS-TOF; accelerated solvent extraction

Download Full-text