scholarly journals Non-Extractable Polyphenols from Food By-Products: Current Knowledge on Recovery, Characterisation, and Potential Applications

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 925
Author(s):  
Yubin Ding ◽  
Ksenia Morozova ◽  
Matteo Scampicchio ◽  
Giovanna Ferrentino
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Valuable Compounds ◽  
Potential Food ◽  
By Products

Non-extractable polyphenols (NEPs), or bound polyphenols, are a significant fraction of polyphenols that are retained in the extraction residues after conventional aqueous organic solvent extraction. They include both high molecular weight polymeric polyphenols and low molecular weight phenolics attached to macromolecules. Current knowledge proved that these bioactive compounds possess high antioxidant, antidiabetic, and other biological activities. Plant-based food by-products, such as peels, pomace, and seeds, possess high amount of NEPs. The recovery of these valuable compounds is considered an effective way to recycle food by-products and mitigate pollution, bad manufacturing practice, and economic loss caused by the residues management. The current challenge to valorise NEPs from plant-based by-products is to increase the extraction efficiency with proper techniques, choose appropriate characterising methods, and explore potential functions to use in some products. Based on this scenario, the present review aims to summarise the extraction procedure and technologies applied to recover NEPs from plant-based by-products. Furthermore, it also describes the main techniques used for the characterisation of NEPs and outlines their potential food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic applications.

Circulating Activities During Constant Infusion of Heparin or a Low Molecular Weight Derivative (Enoxaparine): Failure to Demonstrate any Circadian Variations

1987 ◽  
Vol 58 (04) ◽  
pp. 1068-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Toulon ◽  
J F Vitoux ◽  
C Leroy ◽  
T Lecomte ◽  
M Roncato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Circadian Variations ◽  
Heparin Cofactor Ii ◽  
Heparin Infusion ◽  
Chromogenic Assay ◽  
Heparin Affinity

SummaryWe compared in six patients successively treated with an unfractionated heparin (UFH) and a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) the variations in plasma anti-Xa activity, measured in a chromogenic assay, during a 36 h constant infusion. The values varied in a wider range during UHF infusion, but remained in the therapeutic range except once in one patient. No circadian rhythm could be demonstrated in our six patients. LMWH infusion yielded very constant anti-Xa circulating activities. In both cases, there were no significant modifications of three proteins with high heparin affinity (antithrombin III, heparin cofactor II, histidine-rich glycoprotein).Our results suggest that the circadian rhythm of the biological activities previously observed in patients treated with constant heparin infusion using clotting method is due to other factors than heparin itself.

Functional design of glycan-conjugated molecules using a chemoenzymatic approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Ogata
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Functional Design ◽  
Enzymatic Method ◽  
Conjugated Molecules ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
And Function

Abstract Carbohydrates play important and diverse roles in the fundamental processes of life. We have established a method for accurately and a large scale synthesis of functional carbohydrates with diverse properties using a unique enzymatic method. Furthermore, various artificial glycan-conjugated molecules have been developed by adding these synthetic carbohydrates to macromolecules and to middle and low molecular weight molecules with different properties. These glycan-conjugated molecules have biological activities comparable to or higher than those of natural compounds, and present unique functions. In this review, several synthetic glycan-conjugated molecules are taken as examples to show design, synthesis and function.

scholarly journals Current Status of- and Future Perspectives in- Bacterial Degradation of Benzo[a]pyrene

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Nzila ◽  
Musa M. Musa
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
Compound A ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which consist of low-molecular-weight PAHs (LMW-PAHs) and high-molecular-weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs), form an important class of pollutants. Pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are the main pollutants belonging to HMW-PAHs, and their degradation by microorganisms remains an important strategy for their removal from the environments. Extensive studies have been carried out on the isolation and characterisation of microorganisms that actively degrade LMW-PAHs, and to a certain extent, the HMW-PAH pyrene. However, so far, limited work has been carried out on BaP biodegradation. BaP consists of five fused aromatic rings, which confers this compound a high stability, rendering it less amenable to biodegradation. The current review summarizes the emerging reports on BaP biodegradation. More specifically, work carried out on BaP bacterial degradation and current knowledge gaps that limit our understanding of BaP degradation are highlighted. Moreover, new avenues of research on BaP degradation are proposed, specifically in the context of the development of “omics” approaches

Biological activity of partially purified low molecular weight luteinizing hormone binding inhibitor in porcine follicular fluids

1993 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuyoshi Kokawa ◽  
Mareo Yamoto ◽  
Kenichi Furukawa ◽  
Ryosuke Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hormone Binding ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Follicular Fluids

We performed partial purification of low molecular weight luteinizing hormone binding inhibitor from porcine follicular fluids and examined its biological activities. Following ultrafiltration, gel filtration and anion exchange of the pooled porcine follicular fluids, low molecular weight fractions (500–10,000 MW) inhibited [125I]hLH binding to porcine granulosa cells in a dose-dependent manner. The binding inhibition kinetics study revealed that the luteinizing hormone binding inhibitor may indicate a non-competitive inhibition with [125I]hLH binding. In vitro bioassay using adult mouse testicular interstitial cells revealed that the partially purified luteinizing hormone binding inhibitor reduced ovine LH-stimulated testosterone and cAMP production in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the luteinizing hormone binding inhibitor did not affect basal production of testosterone and cAMP. The inhibitory activity was heat stable and did not disappear with activated charcoal adsorption. The results of the present study suggest that the luteinizing hormone binding inhibitor may play an important role as an ovarian non-steroidal regulator modulating the receptor binding of LH and LH-mediated steroidogenesis.

scholarly journals Selective Suppression of Cell Growth and Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 Expression in HT1080 Fibrosarcoma Cells by Low Molecular Weight Fucoidan Extract

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiichiro Teruya ◽  
Yoshihiro Kusumoto ◽  
Hiroshi Eto ◽  
Noboru Nakamichi ◽  
Sanetaka Shirahata
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Selective Inhibition ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Fibrosarcoma Cells ◽  
Self Protection

Low molecular weight fucoidan extract (LMF), prepared by an abalone glycosidase digestion of a crude fucoidan extracted from Cladosiphon novae-caledoniae Kylin, exhibits various biological activities, including anticancer effect. Various cancers express programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is known to play a significant role in evasion of the host immune surveillance system. PD-L1 is also expressed in many types of normal cells for self-protection. Previous research has revealed that selective inhibition of PD-L1 expressed in cancer cells is critical for successful cancer eradication. In the present study, we analyzed whether LMF could regulate PD-L1 expression in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells. Our results demonstrated that LMF suppressed PD-L1/PD-L2 expression and the growth of HT1080 cancer cells and had no effect on the growth of normal TIG-1 cells. Thus, LMF differentially regulates PD-L1 expression in normal and cancer cells and could serve as an alternative complementary agent for treatment of cancers with high PD-L1 expression.

scholarly journals Removal of Trihalomethane Precursors by Nanofiltration in Low-SUVA Drinking Water

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Dubowski ◽  
Roni Greenberg-Eitan ◽  
Menachem Rebhun
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Formation Potential ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Membrane Type ◽  
Hydrophilic Organic Matter ◽  
By Products

Trihalomethanes (THMs) are prevalent disinfection by-products. High THM formation is usually associated with natural organic matter with high molecular weight and aromatic characteristics, which is efficiently removed by nanofiltration (NF). In the Sea of Galilee and the Israeli National Water Carrier (NWC), water shows high THM formation potential, although it mainly contains low molecular weight and hydrophilic organic matter with low aromaticity. In the present study, NF removal abilities were tested on treated NWC water using three different spiral wound membranes (NF90, NF270, and DL). Rejections and fluxes were tested as a function of pressure, water recovery, and membrane type. Feed and permeate dissolved organic carbon (DOC), UVA254, total THM formation (THMF), and total THM formation potential (THMFP), as well as alkalinity, conductivity, hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cl− were measured to evaluate rejection and THM formation reduction. The results demonstrated that NF can efficiently remove natural organic matter (NOM) and reduce THM formation, even in this challenging type of water. At low water recovery, membranes showed average rejection of about 70–85% for THMFP and THM. Upon elevating recovery, average THM and THMFP rejection decreased to 55–70%, with THM content still well below regulation limits. Of the membranes tested, the higher permeability of NF270 appears to make it economically favorable for the applications tested in this work.

Structural features of low-molecular-weight heparins affecting their affinity to antithrombin

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
pp. 865-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Bisio ◽  
Davide Vecchietti ◽  
Laura Citterio ◽  
Marco Guerrini ◽  
Rahul Raman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparins ◽  
2D Nmr Spectra

SummaryAs part of a more extensive investigation on structural features of different low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) that can affect their biological activities, Enoxaparin,Tinzaparin and Dalteparin were characterised with regards to the distribution of different chain length oligosaccharides as determined by size-exclusion (SE) chromatography, as well as their structure as defined by 2D-NMR spectra (HSQC). The three LMWHs were also fractionated into high affinity (HA) and no affinity (NA) pools with regards to their ability to bind antithrombin (AT).The HA fractions were further subfractionated and characterised. For the parent LMWHs and selected fractions,molecular weight parameters were measured using a SE chromatographic system with a triple detector (TDA) to obtain absolute molecular weights. The SE chromatograms clearly indicate that Enoxaparin is consistently richer in shorter oligosaccharides than Tinzaparin and Dalteparin. Besides providing the content of terminal groups and individual glucosamine and uronic acid residues with different sulfate substituents, the HSQC-NMR spectra permitted us to evaluate and correlate the content of the pentasaccharide, AT-binding sequence A-G-A*-I-A (AT-bs) through quantification of signals of the disaccharide sequence G-A*.Whereas the percent content of HA species is approximately the same for the three LMWHs, substantial differences were observed for the chain distribution of AT-bs as a function of length, with the AT-bs being preferentially contained in the longest chains of each LMWH. The above information will be useful in establishing structure-activity relationships currently under way. This study is therefore critical for establishing correlations between structural features of LMWHs and their AT-mediated anticoagulant activity.

scholarly journals Impact of Simulated Human Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Bioactive Fraction of Upcycled Pineapple By-Products

Foods ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Ricardo Gómez-García ◽  
Ana A. Vilas-Boas ◽  
Ana Oliveira ◽  
Manuela Amorim ◽  
José A. Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

Pineapple by-products (peels and stems) from fruit processing industries were evaluated to understand its potential application as a functional food. Therefore, the bioactive compounds of pineapple by-products were characterized for prebiotic and antioxidant activities. A total characterization of soluble carbohydrates profile (simples and complex carbohydrates), as well as polyphenols was performed, after removal of enzymatic fraction from pineapple crude juice, allowing the decrease of proteolytic activity and improving the other biological activities. Results showed that pineapple liquid fraction, from stem and peels, can be applied as a prebiotic enhancer, promoting the growth of five probiotic microorganisms (two strains of Lactobacillus sp. and three strains of Bifidobacterium sp.), as a single carbohydrate source. Moreover, through HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analysis, 10 polyphenols were identified in pineapple liquid fractions, with some expected differences between both evaluated by-products. Gastrointestinal tract was simulated, in a continuous mode to understand the impact of pH changes and gastrointestinal enzymes into pineapple liquid fractions. Results showed a digestion of high molecular weight polysaccharides into small molecular weight tri-, di-, and monosaccharides. There was an increase of samples antioxidant activity through the gastrointestinal stage, followed by the release of specific polyphenols, such as chlorogenic, coumaric, and ferulic acids. The prebiotic activity did not improve throughout the simulation, in fact, the prebiotic potential decreased throughout the different stages.

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