scholarly journals In Vitro Bioadsorption of Cd2+ Ions: Adsorption Isotherms, Mechanism, and an Insight to Mycoremediation

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1085
Author(s):  
Raman Kumar ◽  
Priyanka Sharma ◽  
Ahmad Umar ◽  
Rajeev Kumar ◽  
Namita Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Trichoderma Longibrachiatum ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Enormous Amount

The objective of this paper is to establish the significance of the mycoremediation of contaminants such as Cd2+ to achieve sustainable and eco-friendly remediation methods. Industries such as electroplating, paint, leather tanning, etc. release an enormous amount of Cd2+ in wastewater, which can drastically affect our flora and fauna. Herein, we report on the in vitro bioadsorption of Cd2+ ions using fungal isolates obtained from different contaminated industrial sites. The detailed studies revealed that two fungal species, i.e., Trichoderma fasciculatum and Trichoderma longibrachiatum, were found to be most effective against the removal of Cd2+ when screened for Cd2+ tolerance on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in different concentrations. Detailed adsorption studies were conducted by exploring various experimental factors such as incubation time, temperature, pH, inoculum size, and Cd2+ salt concentrations. Based on optimum experimental conditions, T. fasciculatum exhibited approximately 67.10% removal, while T. longibrachiatum shows 76.25% removal of Cd2+ ions at pH 5.0, 120 h incubation time, at 30°C. The inoculum sizes for T. fasciculatum and T. longibrachiatum were 2.5% and 2.0%, respectively. Finally, the morphological changes due to Cd2+ accumulation were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy reveals the presence of various functional groups (-CH, –C=O, NH and –OH), which seem to be responsible for the efficient binding of Cd2+ ions over the fungal surfaces.

scholarly journals Fungal Community Analysis and Biodeterioration of Waterlogged Wooden Lacquerware from the Nanhai No. 1 Shipwreck

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3797
Author(s):  
Yin Jia ◽  
Liuyu Yin ◽  
Fengyu Zhang ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
Mingliang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Biocidal Products

To avoid the lacquerware of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck from being corroded by microorganisms and to improve the knowledge on microbial ecology of the wood lacquers, we conducted a series of tests on the two water samples storing the lacquerware and colonies on the surface of the lacquerware. The high-throughput sequencing detected dominant fungal communities. After that, the fungal strains were isolated and then identified by amplification of ITS- 18S rRNA. Then the activity of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes was detected on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates with 0.04% (v/v) guaiacol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) agar plates. Finally, we tested the biocide susceptibility of these fungi. Penicillium chrysogenum (NK-NH3) and Fusarium solani (NK- NH1) were the dominant fungi in the sample collected in April 2016 and June 2017. What is more, both showed activity of ligninolytic and cellulolytic enzymes. Four biocidal products (Preventol® D7, P91, BIT 20N, and Euxyl® K100) inhibited the growth of the fungal species in vitro effectively. In further research, the microbial community and environmental parameters in the museum should be monitored to assess the changes in the community and to detect potential microbial outbreaks.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activities of Investigational Triazoles against Fusarium Species: Effects of Inoculum Size and Incubation Time on Broth Microdilution Susceptibility Test Results

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 3298-3300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niki I. Paphitou ◽  
Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner ◽  
Victor L. Paetznick ◽  
Jose R. Rodriguez ◽  
Enuo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Broth Microdilution ◽  
Microdilution Method

ABSTRACT We studied the effects of inoculum size and incubation time on the susceptibility testing results for various antifungal agents against 22 Fusarium isolates by the NCCLS microdilution method. Increased inoculum size and extended incubation time resulted in elevated MICs. Posaconazole and voriconazole exhibited promising antifungal activities.

scholarly journals Clinical-morphological study of lung diseases in basic treatment with the use of antioxidants of different origin and without

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-727
Author(s):  
T.M. Korol ◽  
K.M. Ahafonov
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases

Annotation. The purpose of the work is to analyze contemporary views on the morphological changes of lung tissue in inflammatory disease in the clinical and experimental conditions and results of correction by using the antioxidants. The analysis is based in a review if foreign articles for 2014-2019, using the scientometric databases PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. According to the latest data from WHO and WORLD HEALTH RANKINGS 5-year mortality rate of such disease as COPD typically ranges from 40% to 70%, depending on disease severity, while the 2-year mortality rate for people with severe COPD is about 50%. We know that almost 90% of COPD deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries such as Ukraine. Thereby mortality rate from lung tissue diseases in Ukraine is 11.11%. These diseases often accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress. The last can cause mitochondrial dysfunction, dynamic changes and mitophagy impairment, which leads to increase the number of superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide etc., inflammatory responses and cellular senescence. They all play important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Many studies in vitro approved the role of antioxidants in the decreasing of the degree of morphological changes: inflammatory cells infiltration and alveolar edema, permeability and inflammation. In vivo disease development is mainly related to the many conditions, but closely to its severity and possible of combination with other diseases. Thereby treatment of such diseases by using e.g. leaves extract of different herbs can be prescribe to ameliorate the level of reactive oxygen species and decrease the possible cell injure made by anti-inflammatory medicines.

Effect of Water Activity, Temperature, and Mixed Fungal Spore Interactions on Ochratoxin A Production by Aspergillus carbonarius

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
EFSTATHIA A. KOGKAKI ◽  
PANTELIS I. NATSKOULIS ◽  
GEORGE-JOHN E. NYCHAS ◽  
EFSTATHIOS Z. PANAGOU
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Fungal Spore ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽  
Different Temperatures

The purpose of this work was to investigate the potential of two nontoxigenic Aspergillus section Nigri species (Aspergillus tubingensis and Aspergillus japonicus) to influence the in vitro ochratoxin A (OTA) production of three toxigenic Aspergillus carbonarius isolates (Ac-28, Ac-29, and Ac-33) from Greek vineyards of different geographical areas. OTA accumulation was evaluated by inoculation of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0 ratios of mixed spore suspensions on a synthetic grape juice medium for up to 28 days at different temperatures (15, 20, and 25°C), water activity (aw) levels (0.95 and 0.98 aw) and incubation time (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Results confirmed that environmental factors and fungal species had a significant effect on OTA production. Specifically, maximum OTA concentration for Ac-28 (3.21 μg g−1) and Ac-29 (7.69 μg g−1) was observed at 20°C/0.98 aw and for Ac-33 (9.13 μg g−1) at 15°C/0.95 aw, regardless of incubation time. Moreover, A. tubingensis had no significant influence on OTA concentration of all toxigenic isolates assayed, regardless of temperature, aw, and incubation time. On the other hand, the presence of A. japonicus slightly inhibited OTA production of Ac-29 and Ac-33, while for Ac-28, stimulation of OTA was observed in some cases. Overall, lower aw levels reduced OTA accumulation for Ac-28 and Ac-29, regardless of temperature, inoculum ratio, and time. On the contrary, for Ac-33, low aw increased OTA production, regardless of the investigated parameters. The importance of this study concerns the understanding of interspecific interactions on OTA diffusion by A. carbonarius in an attempt to find ways to prevent the presence of toxins in grapes and their derivatives.

scholarly journals Effects of incubation temperature, inoculum size, and time of reading on broth microdilution susceptibility test results for amphotericin B fgainst Fusarium.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 808-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Pujol ◽  
J Guarro ◽  
J Sala ◽  
M D Riba
Keyword(s):  
Amphotericin B ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility

In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing for filamentous fungi remains unstandardized and is unreliable for determining adequate therapy. A study was performed to evaluate the effect of inoculum size (10(2), 10(3), 10(4), and 10(5) conidia/ml), incubation time (48 and 72 h), and temperature (25, 30, and 35 degrees C) on MICs of amphotericin B for Fusarium spp. (20 strains). The inoculum size showed the clearest effect: when the inoculum was varied from 10(2) to 10(5) conidia/ml, the geometric mean MICs showed increases of between 10- and 19-fold in all the combined conditions of temperature and incubation time assayed. Time of incubation had less effect (increases of between two- and threefold in approximately half of the geometric mean MICs), and temperature especially had little effect (the increases were no higher than twofold). The effects of interaction between inoculum size and temperature on MICs were not statistically significant, while the combined effects of inoculum size and time of reading and of time of reading and temperature produced systematic variation in MICs.

scholarly journals Progranulin Adsorbs to Polypropylene Tubes and Disrupts Functional Assays: Implications for Research, Biomarker Studies, and Therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushmitha Gururaj ◽  
Paul J. Sampognaro ◽  
Andrea R. Argouarch ◽  
Aimee W. Kao
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Time ◽  
Basic Science ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Functional Assays ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Science Laboratories ◽  
Proteins And Peptides

Progranulin (PGRN) is a tightly regulated, secreted glycoprotein involved in a wide range of biological processes that is of tremendous interest to the scientific community due to its involvement in neoplastic, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, progranulin haploinsufficiency leads to frontotemporal dementia. While performing experiments with a HIS-tagged recombinant human (rh) PGRN protein, we observed a measurable depletion of protein from solution due to its adsorption onto polypropylene (PPE) microcentrifuge tubes. In this study, we have quantified the extent of rhPGRN adsorption to PPE tubes while varying experimental conditions, including incubation time and temperature. We found that ∼25–35% of rhPGRN becomes adsorbed to the surface of PPE tubes even after a short incubation period. We then directly showed the deleterious impact of PGRN adsorption in functional assays and have recommended alternative labware to minimize these effects. Although the risk of adsorption of some purified proteins and peptides to polymer plastics has been characterized previously, this is the first report of rhPGRN adsorption. Moreover, since PGRN is currently being studied and utilized in both basic science laboratories to perform in vitro studies and translational laboratories to survey PGRN as a quantitative dementia biomarker and potential replacement therapy, the reported observations here are broadly impactful and will likely significantly affect the design and interpretation of future experiments centered on progranulin biology.

Murine gallbladder epithelial cells can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (5) ◽  
pp. G944-G955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Kuver ◽  
Christopher E. Savard ◽  
Sung Koo Lee ◽  
W. Geoffrey Haigh ◽  
Sum P. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Aldolase B ◽  
Cells Cultured ◽  
In Cells

We determined whether extrahepatic biliary epithelial cells can differentiate into cells with phenotypic features of hepatocytes. Gallbladders were removed from transgenic mice expressing hepatocyte-specific β-galactosidase (β-Gal) and cultured under standard conditions and under experimental conditions designed to induce differentiation into a hepatocyte-like phenotype. Gallbladder epithelial cells (GBEC) cultured under standard conditions exhibited no β-Gal activity. β-Gal expression was prominent in 50% of cells cultured under experimental conditions. Similar morphological changes were observed in GBEC from green fluorescent protein transgenic mice cultured under experimental conditions. These cells showed higher levels of mRNA for genes expressed in hepatocytes, but not in GBEC, including aldolase B, albumin, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, and glutamine synthetase, and they synthesized bile acids. Additional functional evidence of a hepatocyte-like phenotype included LDL uptake and enhanced benzodiazepine metabolism. Connexin-32 expression was evident in murine hepatocytes and in cells cultured under experimental conditions, but not in cells cultured under standard conditions. Notch 1, 2, and 3 and Notch ligand Jagged 1 mRNAs were downregulated in these cells compared with cells cultured under standard conditions. CD34, α-fetoprotein, and Sca-1 mRNA were not expressed in cells cultured under standard conditions, suggesting that the hepatocyte-like cells did not arise from hematopoietic stem cells or oval cells. These results point to future avenues for investigation into the potential use of GBEC in the treatment of liver disease.

scholarly journals Verification and Improvement of the MTT Method for in vitro HSS Bioactivity Activity Determination

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ang Liu ◽  
Wei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Mtt Assay ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Hepatoma Cell ◽  
Orthogonal Test ◽  
Optimal Combination ◽  
Human Hepatoma Cell ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Hepatoma Cell Lines

To optimize the experimental conditions of MTT colorimetric assay for HSS bioactivity in vitro, we studied the optimal combination of the major conditions of the MTT assay by orthogonal test and other experiments, and compared HSS bioactivity in vitro measured by the improved MTT protocol and published MTT assay at serial protein doses. Results showed that the absorbance value (A value) of the MTT assay directly correlated with the number of human hepatoma cell lines SMMC7721. The result of orthogonal test was the number of 5×104 SMMC7721 cells/ml, culture period 6 h before adding HSS, concentration of HSS 100 ?g/ml, incubation time with HSS 36 h. Additionally, several experiments demonstrated the optimal combination of other conditions was 50 ?g MTT, incubation time for MTT 6 h, DMSO was used to dissolve the MTT formazan crystals and measured with ELISA scanner at 570 nm. The result of determining HSS bio-activity in vitro by optimized MTT protocol showed that sHSS bio-activity increased with the growth of protein dose, but decreased when it beyond a certain dose. The optimized MTT protocol was a sensitive, convenient and stable quantitative method to evaluate HSS bio-activity.

Correlation Between Cellular Functions and Morphological Changes of Human Trophoblast in Vitro

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
John C. Garancis ◽  
Robert O. Hussa ◽  
Michael T. Story ◽  
Donald Yorde ◽  
Roland A. Pattillo
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Human Trophoblast ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Marked Activity ◽  
Malignant Trophoblast

Human malignant trophoblast cells in continuous culture were incubated for 3 days in medium containing 1 mM N6-O2'-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) and 1 mM theophylline. The culture fluid was replenished daily. Stimulated cultures secreted many times more chorionic gonadotropin and estrogens than did control cultures in the absence of increased cellular proliferation. Scanning electron microscopy revealed remarkable surface changes of stimulated cells. Control cells (not stimulated) were smooth or provided with varying numbers of microvilli (Fig. 1). The latter, usually, were short and thin. The surface features of stimulated cells were considerably different. There was marked increase of microvilli which appeared elongated and thick. Many cells were covered with confluent polypoid projections (Fig. 2). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated marked activity of cytoplasmic organelles. Mitochondria were increased in number and size; some giant forms with numerous cristae were observed.

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