scholarly journals Investigation and Statistical Evaluation of Reinforced Aluminum Foams

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Ivana Bunjan ◽  
Krešimir Grilec ◽  
Danko Ćorić
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Aluminum Foams ◽  
Specific Energy Absorption ◽  
Steel Mesh ◽  
Semi Solid

In this study, aluminum foams reinforced with different steel elements were produced by the AluLight process. The master alloy AlMgSi0.6 was used as the matrix material, titanium hydride (TiH2) powder was used as a foaming agent, and steel wire, cylindrical steel mesh and flat steel mesh were used as reinforcing elements. Reinforcements were placed inside the mold, along with the precursors, and samples were manufactured by gas releasing particles in a semi-solid state. To examine the effect of the reinforcements on specific energy absorption, quasi-static uniaxial compression tests were carried out, with a constant separation rate of 1 mm/s. From the tested results, the energy absorption per unit volume and specific energy absorption efficiency were calculated and then also statistically evaluated. The results showed that examined shapes of reinforcements affect differently specific energy absorption and its efficiency, compared to non-reinforced aluminum foams. The best result obtained was with cylindrically shaped steel mesh.

Cushioning energy absorption of composite layered structures including paper corrugation, paper honeycomb and expandable polyethylene

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfeng Guo ◽  
Meijuan Ji ◽  
Yungang Fu ◽  
Dan Pan ◽  
Xingning Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Peak Stress ◽  
Layered Structures ◽  
Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Compression Stress ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Specific Energy Absorption ◽  
Energy Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Paper Honeycomb

The composite layered structures including paper corrugation, paper honeycomb and expandable polyethylene are innovative structures of cushioning energy absorption, and the compression and impact resistances of the expandable polyethylene can be enhanced by laminating the corrugated paperboard or honeycomb paperboard. This article evaluated the compression performance and cushioning energy absorption of the composite layered structures by the static compression and drop impact compression tests. On one hand, the static compression properties showed that the total energy absorption, energy absorption per unit volume and stroke efficiency of the composite layered structures were all higher than those of expandable polyethylene. The specific energy absorption was enhanced with the increase in compression strain but almost not affected by the compression rate. The specific energy absorption of the composite layered structures including the expandable polyethylene and honeycomb paperboard was greater than those of the expandable polyethylene and corrugated paperboard. The energy absorption efficiency of the composite layered structures including the expandable polyethylene and corrugated paperboard was large for the low compression stress level, yet that of the composite layered structures including the expandable polyethylene and honeycomb paperboard was large for the high compression stress level. On the other hand, the dynamic compression characteristics showed that the peak stress, energy absorption per unit area, energy absorption per unit volume and specific energy absorption of the composite layered structures embodying paper sandwich cores and expandable polyethylene had linear increasing trends with the increase of drop shock energy. At the same drop impact condition, the composite layered structures including the honeycomb paperboard and expandable polyethylene had better cushioning energy absorption, the peak stress decreased by 23.6% on average, the energy absorption efficiency raised by 8.85% on average and the specific energy absorption increased by 18.1% on average than those including the corrugated paperboard and expandable polyethylene. Therefore, the corrugated paperboard and honeycomb paperboard can helpfully improve the cushioning energy absorption of the expandable polyethylene, and the composite layered structures embodying the expandable polyethylene, corrugated paperboard and honeycomb paperboard may hold excellent packaging protection.

Impact Energy Absorption of Continuous Fiber Composite Tubes

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Schmueser ◽  
L. E. Wickliffe
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Buckling Mode ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Specific Energy Absorption ◽  
Fiber Splitting

This paper presents the results of an impact testing program that was conducted to characterize the energy absorption and failure characteristics of selected composite material systems and to compare the results with aluminum and steel. Composite tube specimens were constructed using graphite/epoxy (Gr/Ep), Kevlar/epoxy (K/Ep), and glass/epoxy (Gl/Ep) prepreg tape and were autoclave cured. Vertical impact and static compression tests were performed on 56 tubes. Tests results for energy absorption varied significantly as a function of lay-up angle and material type. In general, the Gr/Ep tubes had specific energy absorption values that were greater than those for K/Ep and Gl/Ep tubes having the same ply construction. Angle-ply Gr/Ep and K/Ep tubes had specific energy absorption values that were greater than those for 1024 steel tubes. Gr/Ep and Gl/Ep angle-ply tubes exhibited brittle failure modes consisting of fiber splitting and ply delamination, whereas the K/Ep angle-ply tubes collapsed in an accordian buckling mode similar to that obtained for metal tubes.

Efficient crushable corrugated conical tubes for energy absorption considering axial and oblique loading

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (11) ◽  
pp. 3917-3935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Ahmadi ◽  
Masoud Asgari
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Specific Energy Absorption ◽  
Thin Walled Structures ◽  
Absorption Characteristics

Thin-walled structures are of much interest as energy absorption devices for their great crashworthiness and also low weight. Conical tubes are favorable structures because unlike most other geometries, they are also useful in oblique impacts. This paper investigated the effect of corrugations on energy absorption characteristics of conical tubes under quasi-static axial and oblique loadings. To do so, conical tubes with different corrugation geometries were analyzed using the finite element explicit code and the effects of corrugations on initial peak crushing force and specific energy absorption were studied. The finite element model was validated by experimental quasi-static compression tests on simple and corrugated aluminum cylinders. An efficient analytical solution for EA during axial loading was also derived and compared with the FEM solution. The crushing stableness was analyzed using the undulation of the load-carrying capacity parameter and it was shown that corrugations made collapsing mode, more predictable and controllable. The findings have shown that corrugated conical tubes have much better energy absorption characteristics compared with their non-corrugated counterparts. It was also discovered that during oblique loadings, introducing corrugations can significantly increase the specific energy absorption compared with simple cones.

Collapsed Mode and Specific Energy Absorption of Glass Filled Polypropylene (GPE) and Glass Filled Polyethylene (GPP) Composite Pipes under Quasi-Static Axial Loading

2016 ◽  
Vol 673 ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.H. Ya ◽  
H. El-Sobky
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fibre Volume Fraction ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Fibre Volume ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Specific Energy Absorption ◽  
Composite Pipes

–The behaviour of extruded glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic pipe under axial crushing load was investigated experimentally. It was envisaged that the difference between the axial and hoop moduli and strengths as well as the volume fraction would influence the mode of collapses and energy absorption. The moduli could be varied using a new extrusion technology, which controls the fibre orientation pattern, hence, the mechanical properties. The ability to vary the moduli and the fibre volume fraction provide means of controlling the collapse mode in order to optimise specific energy absorption. Axial compression tests were performed on glass filled Polypropylene and Polyethylene composite pipes. The samples were chosen with a variety of fibre volume fraction, Vf = 5% to 20% and average angle of orientation, θ = 50o to 80o to evaluate the effect of anisotropy and Vf on the energy absorption capacity and collapse modes. The observations indicate that, the samples containing of higher Vf and θ, collapsed in brittle failure mode (fragmentation), while those with less Vf and θ angle collapsed in non-axis-symmetric (diamond) mode with local fracture. The galss fillet with polypropylene-60o (GPP-60) displayed the highest specific energy absorption (Es) compared to the other GPE, MDPE and LDPE pipe samples. However, the glass fillet polyethylene – 75o (GPE-75) displayed the highest Es and the glass fillet polyethylene – 65o (GPE-65) displayed the lowest Es compared with in the GPE pipes. The specific energy absorption of GPP-70 pipe (24 kJ/kg) and GPE-75 pipe (12 kJ/kg) is almost 50 % and 25% of the amount of specific energy absorption of aluminium tubes (60 kJ/kg), respectively. Moreover, it is close to the specific energy absorption of glass-epoxy 15o (GE-15) / which is 30 kJ/kg, and much higher than aramid-epoxy-15o (AE-15)/ which is 9 kJ/kg.

Dynamic Axial Compression of Square CFRP/Aluminium Tubes

2019 ◽  
Vol 794 ◽  
pp. 202-207
Author(s):  
Rafea Dakhil Hussein ◽  
Dong Ruan ◽  
Guo Xing Lu ◽  
Jeong Whan Yoon ◽  
Zhan Yuan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Fibre Composite ◽  
Dynamic Tests ◽  
Carbon Fibre Composite ◽  
Specific Energy Absorption ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Crushing Force ◽  
Cfrp Tubes ◽  
The Impact

Carbon fibre composite tubes have high strength to weight ratios and outstanding performance under axial crushing. In this paper, square CFRP tubes and aluminium sheet-wrapped CFRP tubes were impacted by a drop mass to investigate the effect of loading velocity on the energy absorption of CFRP/aluminium tubes. A comparison of the quasi-static and dynamic crushing behaviours of tubes was made in terms of deformation mode, peak crushing force, mean crushing force, energy absorption and specific energy absorption. The influence of the number of aluminium layers that wrapped square CFRP tubes on the crushing performance of tubes under axial impact was also examined. Experimental results manifested similar deformation modes of tubes in both quasi-static and dynamic tests. The dynamic peak crushing force was higher than the quasi-static counterpart, while mean crushing force, energy absorption and specific energy absorption were lower in dynamic tests than those in quasi-static tests. The mean crushing force and energy absorption decreased with the crushing velocity and increased with the number of aluminium layers. The impact stroke (when the force starts to drop) decreased with the number of aluminium layers.

Ballistic Performance Evaluation of Kevlar-Glass Fibre Hybrid Composite Laminate against Medium Velocity Impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 1165 ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Saurabh S. Kumar ◽  
Rajesh G. Babu ◽  
U. Magarajan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Hybrid Composite ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Areal Density ◽  
Ballistic Performance ◽  
Performance Requirement ◽  
Specific Energy Absorption ◽  
Fabric Composite

In this paper, the post ballistic impact behaviour of kevlar-glass fibre hybrid composite laminates was investigated against 9×19 mm projectile. Eight different types of composite laminates with different ratios of kevlar woven fibre to glass fibre were fabricated using hand lay-up with epoxy matrix. Ballistic behaviour like ballistic Limit (V50), energy absorption, specific energy absorption and Back Face Signature (BFS) were studied after bullet impact. The results indicated that as the Percentage of glass fibre is increased there was a linear increment in the ballistic behaviour. Addition of 16% kevlar fabric, composite sample meets the performance requirement of NIJ0101.06 Level III-A. Since the maximum specific energy absorption was observed in Pure Kevlar samples and the adding of glass fibre increases the weight and Areal Density of the sample, further investigations need to be carried out to utilize the potential of glass fibre for ballistic applications.

scholarly journals Energy Absorption of Different Cell Structures for Closed-Cell Foam-Filled Tubes Subject to Uniaxial Compression

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yu ◽  
Zhuokun Cao ◽  
Ganfeng Tu ◽  
Yongliang Mu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Foam Core ◽  
Aluminum Foams ◽  
Static Compression ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
Closed Cell ◽  
Energy Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Foam Filled ◽  
Quasi Static Compression

The energy absorption of different cell structures for closed-cell aluminum foam-filled Al tubes are investigated through quasi-static compression testing. Aluminum foams are fabricated under different pressures, obtaining aluminum foams with different cell sizes. It is found that the deformation of the foam core is close to the overall deformation, and the deformation band is seriously expanded when the cell size is fined, which leads to the increase of interaction. Results confirm that the foam-filled tubes absorb more energy due to the increase of interaction between the foam core and tube wall when the foaming pressure increases. The energy absorption efficiency of foam-filled tubes can reach a maximum value of 90% when the foam core is fabricated under 0.30 MPa, which demonstrates that aluminum foams fabricated under increased pressure give a new way for the applications of foam-filled tubes in the automotive industry.

Enhancement in specific energy absorption of invertubes

2019 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 424-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Reddy ◽  
V. Narayanamurthy ◽  
Y.V.D. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Specific Energy Absorption
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document