scholarly journals One Religion, Two Tales: Religion and Happiness in Urban and Rural Areas of China

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Hua Zhang ◽  
Wen Chi Zou ◽  
Xiao Yang Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Life Study ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Most previous studies performed in Western social contexts have revealed that religion can influence an individual’s sense of happiness. Few studies have sought to clarify the influence of religion in a Chinese social context, however, and there has been no study specifically about the potential differences in the dichotomous social environments of urban and rural areas in China. Via the nationwide survey data of the 2007 Spiritual Life Study of Chinese Residents (SLSC), this study examines the association between religion and happiness among urban and rural residents of China. The results reveal that there is a generally positive association between religion and happiness among those with religious affiliations in China. Regardless of affiliation with Buddhism or Protestantism, there is a strong positive association among rural respondents, an insignificant association among urban respondents, and mixed results among town residents.

Empirical analysis of the impact of financial development on the income gap between urban and rural residents in the context of large data using fuzzy Kmeans clustering algorithm

2020 ◽  
pp. 002072092093683
Author(s):  
Yao Li
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact

With the rise of the tertiary industry, the financial industry has achieved unprecedented development, which is mainly reflected in the rapid growth of economic aggregate, the increasingly balanced financial structure system and the increasingly diversified financial products. However, with the rapid development of financial industry, the income of urban and rural residents is increasingly unbalanced. The increasing income gap between urban and rural areas has caused a large number of adverse phenomena in the process of economic development, seriously affecting the income distribution of the people and even causing social instability. Therefore, in today’s big data era, it is necessary to systematically study and analyze the impact of financial industry development on the national income gap between urban and rural areas. At the same time, it is of great significance to improve the problem of excessive income gap between urban and rural areas. This paper mainly analyses the relationship between the three effects of the development of financial industry and the income gap between urban and rural residents. In the empirical aspect, the paper creatively uses the fuzzy Kmeans clustering algorithm to regression analysis the panel data of a certain area from 2010 to 2018. At the same time, in the empirical data analysis, this paper creatively replaces the European norm measure of the Kmeans clustering algorithm with the AE measure, and puts forward a proposal. The index of financial development level is based on the proportion of loans from financial institutions. Through theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper draws the following conclusions: the financial scale in the financial industry will have a huge impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. Finally, based on the above problems and current situation, this paper puts forward relevant improvement suggestions.

scholarly journals The Influence of Information Services on Public Transport Behavior of Urban and Rural Residents

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5454
Author(s):  
Xuemei Zhou ◽  
Jiahui Liang ◽  
Xiangfeng Ji ◽  
Caitlin Cottrill
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Transport Behavior ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Rural and urban areas are mainly connected by public transport in China. The characteristics of the trips of local residents in rural and urban areas are different; therefore, the demand for public transport information services is different. Based on the revealed data, a structural equation model is applied to examine the critical factors affecting the behavior of urban and rural residents in choosing public transport in the Beidaihe District, Qinhuangdao City, China. The effect of information service factors on public transport behavior of urban and rural residents is obtained. The influence level of public transport information service on public transport behavior of urban and rural residents before and during travel is discussed. This study provides valuable insights to improving public transport services between urban and rural areas of China, which can attract more residents to use public transport and promotes sustainable development between urban and rural areas.

Locating the locale of local food: The importance of context, space and social relations

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brídín E. Carroll ◽  
Frances Fahy
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Food System ◽  
Local Food ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractLocalization is one process/outcome that is proffered as key to the ‘grand challenges’ that currently face the food system. Consumers are attributed much agency in this potential transformation, being encouraged from all levels of society to exert their consumer muscle by buying local food. However, due to the social construction of scale it cannot be said that ‘local food’ is a definite entity and consumers understand the term ‘local food’ differently depending on their geographic and social context. As such, the research upon which this paper is based aimed to provide a nuanced understanding of how consumers in the particular spatial and social contexts of urban and rural Ireland understood the concept of ‘local food’. A specific objective was to test the theory that these consumers may have fallen into the ‘local trap’ by unquestioningly associating food from a spatially proximate place with positive characteristics. A three-phase mixed methodology was undertaken with a sample of consumers dwelling in urban and rural areas in both Dublin and Galway, Ireland: 1000 householders were surveyed; 6 focus group discussions took place; and 28 semi-structured interviews were carried out. The results presented in this paper indicate that for most participants in this study, spatial proximity is the main parameter against which the ‘localness’ of food is measured. Also, it was found that participants held multiple meanings of local food and there was a degree of fluidity in their understandings of the term. The results from the case study regions highlight how participants’ understandings of local food changed depending on the food in question and its availability. However, the paper also indicates that as consumers move from one place to another, the meaning of local food becomes highly elastic. The meaning is stretched or contracted according to the perceived availability of food, greater or lesser connections to the local producer community and the relative geographic size of participants’ locations. Our analysis of findings from all three phases of this research revealed a difference in understandings of local food among participants resident in urban and rural areas: participants dwelling in rural areas were more likely than those in urban areas to define local food according to narrower spatial limits. The paper concludes with an overview of the practical and theoretical significance of these results in addressing the current dearth of research exploring the meaning of local food for consumers and suggests avenues for future research.

Rural Tourism and Rural Development under the Integrated Planning Background - Huangtuling Village Tourist Plans in Laiyuan, Baoding

2014 ◽  
Vol 1044-1045 ◽  
pp. 1533-1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Chao Wang ◽  
Ning Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Village

The urban-rural integration is a new stage of urbanization,which is the process of the development of productive forces and promoting the production of urban and rural residents, is the process that has the characteristics of resources between urban and rural areas of mutual integration, mutual resources, mutual market, mutual service, and which will gradually reach rural coordination between the development process. Rural tourism is derived from the developed countries of advanced concepts, with the tourism planning and designing tools of Laiyuan Huangtuling, we put the native village of the existing land, ancient architecture, historical and cultural resources together. and using the designing tools to make travel, leisure, culture, food , and other node element for redesigning, excavating the existing resources within the village, both to highlight the local characteristics, and good protection of the natural environment, and embodies the essence of the role of urban-rural integration.

scholarly journals Associations between Fast-Food Restaurants Surrounding Kindergartens and Childhood Obesity: Evidence from China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 9334
Author(s):  
Chenyang Wang ◽  
Zhiping Zhen ◽  
Nan Zhao ◽  
Chenlin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Fast Food Restaurants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Definition Of

The prevalence of obesity among preschool children has risen dramatically due to the influx of Western fast food in China. In this study, we aimed to provide clear evidence on the associations between fast-food restaurants and childhood obesity. We collected and combined three unique cross-sectional datasets: physical fitness data, geographic information, and the financial data of each kindergarten. The two-stage least squares were used for empirical analyses. The final data including 75,730 children were from 785 kindergartens in 82 cities and 23 provinces in China in 2018. The mean age of participants was 4.94 ± 0.87; 34,249 (45.2%) females and 41,481 (54.8%) males. The number of fast-food restaurants within 1, 2, and 3 km radii had a significant and positive correlation with obesity, and this correlation decreased as the radius increased. Furthermore, the distance to the nearest fast-food restaurant had a significant and negative correlation with obesity. Western fast-food restaurants contributed more to obesity than the broader definition of fast-food restaurants. There was marked heterogeneity between urban and rural areas. Our findings documented that fast-food restaurants had a significant and positive association with childhood obesity, thus the restriction of fast-food restaurants surrounding kindergartens might be considered.

scholarly journals Dynamic Analysis and Prediction of Food Nitrogen Footprint of Urban and Rural Residents in Shanghai

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1760
Author(s):  
Yuling Xia ◽  
Chengsong Liao ◽  
Dianming Wu ◽  
Yanzhuo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
N Management

The food nitrogen (N) footprint reflects the amount of reactive N emission and its impact on the environment as a result of food production and consumption to satisfy the basic food demands of an urban population. The N-Calculator model was used to estimate the food N footprint and its dynamic changes in Shanghai from 2000 to 2017, and the auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series model was used to predict the food N footprint in Shanghai from 2018 to 2027. The results show that the food N footprint was higher in urban areas (15.3–18.8 kg N/capita/yr) than rural areas (12.6–17.4 kg N/capita/yr) of Shanghai from 2000 to 2017. The change in the food N footprint was consistent with changes in food consumption in urban and rural areas, and the total food N footprint of urban and rural residents was positively correlated with the per capita disposable income and population whereas it was negatively correlated with the Engel’s Coefficient and price index. It was predicted that the per capita food N footprint will gradually decrease in 2018–2027 in urban areas of Shanghai, but it will generally increase in the rural areas. This study will help to initiate policy interventions for sustainable N management and contribute to the achievement of key sustainable development goals (SDGs).

scholarly journals Does Financial Development Promote the Growth of Property Income of China’s Urban and Rural Residents?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2849
Author(s):  
Xiaozhun Peng ◽  
Hongyou Lu ◽  
Jiaming Fu ◽  
Zhijuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Investment Environment ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Financial Factors ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Property Income ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The property income growth of urban and rural residents is an important part of the continuous increase in the disposable income of these residents, which is also inseparable from the deepening development of the financial market. After sorting out the various sources of income that affect residents’ property in the existing research and controlling regional fixed effects, based on data from 31 provinces in China, this article considers important financial factors and the process of urbanization as explanatory variables to perform panel regression on the property income of provincial residents under fixed effects and random effects. In the context of large differences in the investment environment between urban and rural areas, we further examine the effects of financial factors on the property income of urban and rural residents. Only by expanding the investment opportunities and enhancing the investment ability of the residents, can the property income of the residents, especially the rural residents, be guaranteed to grow steadily and sustainably.

scholarly journals Nutrition habits and frequency of consumption of selected food products by the residents of urban and rural area from the Subcarpathian voivodeship

2021 ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Mateusz Szałajko ◽  
Wiktoria Stachowicz ◽  
Monika Dobosz ◽  
Martyna Szałankiewicz ◽  
Aneta Sokal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Overweight People ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Processing Techniques

Background. The dynamic development and change of rural lifestyle patterns towards urban patterns has been noticeable since the second half of the 20th century. Nutrition, as well as the lifestyle in urban and rural areas, has undergone a process of urbanization, which is evidenced by the following an increasing number of overweight people. Objective. The aim of the study was to compare eating habits and frequency of consumption of selected groups of products between the urban and rural residents from the Subcarpathian voivodeship. Material and methods. The survey was carried out on a sample of 279 persons from urban and rural areas of Subcarpathian voivodeship. In this study, the diagnostic survey method consisting of 3 (different) parts was used. To check the significance of differences, U Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used; whereas correlations between variables were determined by the Spearman's rank of correlation coefficient and Pearson's chi-quadrat test. Results. In the part concerning eating habits, statistically significant differences occurred among others; for the circumstances of eating meals, the most commonly consumed snacks, food processing techniques and the most frequently selected fat. In the part concerning the frequency of consumption of individual product groups, significant differences occurred among others; for dairy products, grain products, fast food, alcohol. There was a correlation between the frequency of consumption of individual products and socioeconomic status. Conclusions. The quality of the diet and eating habits of urban and rural residents of Subcarpathian voivodeship does not differ significantly. The detected differences in eating habits were more influenced by the education and socioeconomic status of the examined group than the place of residence.

Prescription drug co-payments and cost-related medication underuse

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
TODD H. WAGNER ◽  
MICHELE HEISLER ◽  
JOHN D. PIETTE
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Chronic Condition ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Pharmaceutical Spending ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effectiveness Data

AbstractCo-payments have been linked to the slowing growth in pharmaceutical spending over the last five years. However, patients with health problems frequently have difficulty affording their pharmacotherapy and fail to take their medication as prescribed. We examine the relationship between co-payment amounts and four types of cost-related underuse: taking fewer doses, postponing taking a medication, failing to fill a prescription at all, and taking medication less frequently than prescribed. We conducted a nationwide survey of US adults age 50 and over who take medication for a chronic condition. Participants provided information on 17 chronic conditions, medication they take for those conditions, and whether they underused any medication due to cost. We analyzed those who reported paying co-payments for their prescriptions (n = 2,869). Analysis involved multivariate logistic regression, with adjustments for survey weights and clustering. Our data show a strong positive association between co-payments and cost-related medication underuse. Although people differ in how they underuse medications, these behaviours are strongly associated with co-payment amount. Realigning the co-payments with cost-effectiveness data, also known as value-based insurance design, warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Haematological Status of Preschool and School-Age Children in Urban and Rural Areas of Guatemala

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Eugenia Romero-Abal ◽  
Jesús Bulux ◽  
Ivan Mendoza ◽  
Carlos Grazioso ◽  
Noel W. Solomons
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

We studied the prevalence of low haematocrit values (defined as <38%) in 1,253 children from urban and rural areas of Guatemala, to examine any urban-rural or age-related trends. Though the crude prevalences of low haematocrit for all the children showed a significant difference between urban and rural residents, the significance disappeared when these values were adjusted for differences in the age profiles of the two groups. As expected, preschool children had significantly more low haematocrits (32.0%) than school-age children (6.0%) (p < .05). Ferritin levels were available for 35.9% of the preschool children (one urban and one rural location); of these, 51.8% had levels below 12 mg/l, indicating iron deficiency. These values were used to determine the predictive value of haematocrit compared with ferritin values, and the cut-off at which haematocrit reaches optimum sensitivity and specificity to diagnose iron depletion. A cut-off of 39% had a sensitivity of 61% and a specificity of 45% in urban preschoolers, and a cut-off of 38% had a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 42% in rural preschoolers.

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