scholarly journals Automatic Wheat Ear Counting Using Thermal Imagery

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Fernandez-Gallego ◽  
Ma. Buchaillot ◽  
Nieves Aparicio Gutiérrez ◽  
María Nieto-Taladriz ◽  
José Araus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pipeline System ◽  
Counting System ◽  
Thermal Images ◽  
Manual Counting ◽  
Rgb Images ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Comparability Of Results ◽  
Automatic Pipeline

Ear density is one of the most important agronomical yield components in wheat. Ear counting is time-consuming and tedious as it is most often conducted manually in field conditions. Moreover, different sampling techniques are often used resulting in a lack of standard protocol, which may eventually affect inter-comparability of results. Thermal sensors capture crop canopy features with more contrast than RGB sensors for image segmentation and classification tasks. An automatic thermal ear counting system is proposed to count the number of ears using zenithal/nadir thermal images acquired from a moderately high resolution handheld thermal camera. Three experimental sites under different growing conditions in Spain were used on a set of 24 varieties of durum wheat for this study. The automatic pipeline system developed uses contrast enhancement and filter techniques to segment image regions detected as ears. The approach is based on the temperature differential between the ears and the rest of the canopy, given that ears usually have higher temperatures due to their lower transpiration rates. Thermal images were acquired, together with RGB images and in situ (i.e., directly in the plot) visual ear counting from the same plot segment for validation purposes. The relationship between the thermal counting values and the in situ visual counting was fairly weak (R2 = 0.40), which highlights the difficulties in estimating ear density from one single image-perspective. However, the results show that the automatic thermal ear counting system performed quite well in counting the ears that do appear in the thermal images, exhibiting high correlations with the manual image-based counts from both thermal and RGB images in the sub-plot validation ring (R2 = 0.75–0.84). Automatic ear counting also exhibited high correlation with the manual counting from thermal images when considering the complete image (R2 = 0.80). The results also show a high correlation between the thermal and the RGB manual counting using the validation ring (R2 = 0.83). Methodological requirements and potential limitations of the technique are discussed.

Profile Imaging of Silicon Surface Reconstructions

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 262-263
Author(s):  
O.L. Krivanek ◽  
G.J. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Structure Determination ◽  
Silicon Surface ◽  
Good Resolution ◽  
Surface Reconstructions ◽  
Bulk Structure ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
The Relationship

Electron microscopy at 0.2nm point-to-point resolution, 10-10 torr specimei region vacuum and facilities for in-situ specimen cleaning presents intere; ing possibilities for surface structure determination. Three methods for examining the surfaces are available: reflection (REM), transmission (TEM) and profile imaging. Profile imaging is particularly useful because it giv good resolution perpendicular as well as parallel to the surface, and can therefore be used to determine the relationship between the surface and the bulk structure.

A combined ultrastructural and gene molecular research for the relationship between human uterine cervical carcinoma and human papillomavirus

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-205
Author(s):  
Kun Lee ◽  
Jingyi Si ◽  
Ricai Han ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Bingbing Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Homologous Sequences ◽  
Normal Cervical Epithelium ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Chronic Cervicitis

There are more supports for the view that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection might be an etiological factor in the development of cervical cancer when the association of persistent condylomata is considered. Biopsies from 318 cases with squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix, 48 with cervical and vulvar condylomata, 14 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 34 with chronic cervicitis and 24 normal cervical epithelium were collected from 5 geographic regions of China with different cervical cancer mortalities. All specimens were prepared for Dot blot, Southern blot and in situ DNA-DNA hybridizations by using HPV-11, 16, 18 DNA labelled with 32P and 3H as probes to detect viral homologous sequences in samples. Among them, 32 cases with cervical cancer, 27 with condyloma and 10 normal cervical epitheliums were randomly chosen for comparative EM observation. The results showed that: 1), 192 out of 318 (60.4%) cases of cervical cancer were positive for HPV-16 DNA probe (Table I)

scholarly journals Novel hydrogen chemisorption properties of amorphous ceramic compounds consisting of p-block elements: exploring Lewis acid-base Al–N pair site formed in-situ within polymer-derived silicon-aluminum-nitrogen-based system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shotaro Tada ◽  
Norifumi Asakuma ◽  
Shiori Ando ◽  
Toru Asaka ◽  
Yusuke Daiko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lewis Acid ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Hydrogen Chemisorption ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Polymer Derived Ceramics ◽  
System P ◽  
Ceramic Compounds ◽  
The Relationship

This paper reports on the relationship between the H2 chemisorption properties and reversible structural reorientation of the possible active site around Al formed in-situ within polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) based on...

scholarly journals A Novel Building Temperature Simulation Approach Driven by Expanding Semantic Segmentation Training Datasets with Synthetic Aerial Thermal Images

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Yu Hou ◽  
Rebekka Volk ◽  
Lucio Soibelman
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
University Campus ◽  
City Center ◽  
Thermal Images ◽  
Complex Envelope ◽  
Virtual Camera ◽  
Image Translation ◽  
Rgb Images ◽  
Synthetic Datasets

Multi-sensor imagery data has been used by researchers for the image semantic segmentation of buildings and outdoor scenes. Due to multi-sensor data hunger, researchers have implemented many simulation approaches to create synthetic datasets, and they have also synthesized thermal images because such thermal information can potentially improve segmentation accuracy. However, current approaches are mostly based on the laws of physics and are limited to geometric models’ level of detail (LOD), which describes the overall planning or modeling state. Another issue in current physics-based approaches is that thermal images cannot be aligned to RGB images because the configurations of a virtual camera used for rendering thermal images are difficult to synchronize with the configurations of a real camera used for capturing RGB images, which is important for segmentation. In this study, we propose an image translation approach to directly convert RGB images to simulated thermal images for expanding segmentation datasets. We aim to investigate the benefits of using an image translation approach for generating synthetic aerial thermal images and compare those approaches with physics-based approaches. Our datasets for generating thermal images are from a city center and a university campus in Karlsruhe, Germany. We found that using the generating model established by the city center to generate thermal images for campus datasets performed better than using the latter to generate thermal images for the former. We also found that using a generating model established by one building style to generate thermal images for datasets with the same building styles performed well. Therefore, we suggest using training datasets with richer and more diverse building architectural information, more complex envelope structures, and similar building styles to testing datasets for an image translation approach.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Concentration of Risk Elements in Alluvial Soils Determined by pXRF In Situ, in the Laboratory, and by ICP-OES

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 938
Author(s):  
Ladislav Menšík ◽  
Lukáš Hlisnikovský ◽  
Pavel Nerušil ◽  
Eva Kunzová
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Fast Method ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Risk Elements ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study was to compare the concentrations of risk elements (As, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in alluvial soil, which were measured by a portable X-ray fluorescence analyser (pXRF) in situ (FIELD) and in the laboratory (LABORATORY). Subsequently, regression equations were developed for individual elements through the method of construction of the regression model, which compare the results of pXRF with classical laboratory analysis (ICP-OES). The accuracy of the measurement, expressed by the coefficient of determination (R2), was as follows in the case of FIELD–ICP-OES: Pb (0.96), Zn (0.92), As (0.72), Mn (0.63), Cu (0.31) and Ni (0.01). In the case of LABORATORY–ICP-OES, the coefficients had values: Pb (0.99), Zn (0.98), Cu and Mn (0.89), As (0.88), Ni (0.81). A higher dependence of the relationship was recorded between LABORATORY–ICP-OES than between FIELD–ICP-OES. An excellent relationship was recorded for the elements Pb and Zn, both for FIELD and LABORATORY (R2 higher than 0.90). The elements Cu, Mn and As have a worse tightness in the relationship; however, the results of the model have shown its applicability for common use, e.g., in agricultural practice or in monitoring the quality of the environment. Based on our results, we can say that pXRF instruments can provide highly accurate results for the concentration of risk elements in the soil in real time for some elements and meet the principle of precision agriculture: an efficient, accurate and fast method of analysis.

Mechanically Aspirated Solar Radiation Shields: A CFD and Neural Network Design Analysis

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Fichera ◽  
R. L. Mahajan ◽  
T. W. Horst
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis ◽  
Radiation Shields ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Accurate air temperature measurements made by surface meteorological stations are demanded by climate research programs for various uses. Heating of the temperature sensor due to inadequate coupling with the environment can lead to significant errors. Therefore, accurate in-situ temperature measurements require shielding the sensor from exposure to direct and reflected solar radiation, while also allowing the sensor to be brought into contact with atmospheric air at the ambient temperature. The difficulty in designing a radiation shield for such a temperature sensor lies in satisfying these two conditions simultaneously. In this paper, we perform a computational fluid dynamics analysis of mechanically aspirated radiation shields (MARS) to study the effect of geometry, wind speed, and interplay of multiple heat transfer processes. Finally, an artificial neural network model is developed to learn the relationship between the temperature error and specified input variables. The model is then used to perform a sensitivity analysis and design optimization.

Reliability, Properties and Microstructure of W80Ti20 Diffusion Barriers Between Al-Based Metallizations and Si.

1992 ◽  
Vol 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Dirks ◽  
R. A. M. Wolters ◽  
A. E. M. De Veirman
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Diffusion Barriers ◽  
Columnar Microstructure ◽  
Compound Formation ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Alloy Films ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Post Deposition ◽  
Deposition Conditions

ABSTRACTTungsten-rich W-Ti (or W-Ti-N) alloy films are known for their applicability as diffusion barriers in advanced silicon technology, especially in the case of aluminium-based metallizations. For a wide variety of deposition conditions and post-deposition anneal treatments these refractory-metal barriers show a columnar microstructure. In contact with aluminium the W-Ti films do not form absolute barriers, because of mutual diffusion resulting in compound formation. The reactivity of the W-Ti barriers with the Al99Si1 interconnect has been studied by in-situ resistance measurements in vacuum at temperatures of approximately 450 °C (for W-Ti alloy films) and 475 °C (for W-Ti-N alloy films). In this paper new results dealing with the relationship between deposition conditions, microstructure and barrier properties will be discussed. Furthermore, it will be shown that the actual distribution of the titanium atoms in the tungsten matrix has a substantial influence on the reactivity of the barrier film with the Al99Si1 interconnect.

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