scholarly journals Reinforcement Learning-Enabled Cross-Layer Optimization for Low-Power and Lossy Networks under Heterogeneous Traffic Patterns

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 4158
Author(s):  
Arslan Musaddiq ◽  
Zulqar Nain ◽  
Yazdan Ahmad Qadri ◽  
Rashid Ali ◽  
Sung Won Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Heterogeneous Traffic ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Collision Probability ◽  
Distributed Coordination ◽  
Network Efficiency ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Network Layer

The next generation of the Internet of Things (IoT) networks is expected to handle a massive scale of sensor deployment with radically heterogeneous traffic applications, which leads to a congested network, calling for new mechanisms to improve network efficiency. Existing protocols are based on simple heuristics mechanisms, whereas the probability of collision is still one of the significant challenges of future IoT networks. The medium access control layer of IEEE 802.15.4 uses a distributed coordination function to determine the efficiency of accessing wireless channels in IoT networks. Similarly, the network layer uses a ranking mechanism to route the packets. The objective of this study was to intelligently utilize the cooperation of multiple communication layers in an IoT network. Recently, Q-learning (QL), a machine learning algorithm, has emerged to solve learning problems in energy and computational-constrained sensor devices. Therefore, we present a QL-based intelligent collision probability inference algorithm to optimize the performance of sensor nodes by utilizing channel collision probability and network layer ranking states with the help of an accumulated reward function. The simulation results showed that the proposed scheme achieved a higher packet reception ratio, produces significantly lower control overheads, and consumed less energy compared to current state-of-the-art mechanisms.

Designing and Implementing a Lightweight WSN MAC Protocol for Smart Home Networking Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Han Chen ◽  
Ming-Yi Lin ◽  
Wen-Hung Lin
Keyword(s):  
Smart Home ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Packet Delivery

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) represent a promising solution in the fields of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine networks for smart home applications. However, to feasibly deploy wireless sensor devices in a smart home environment, four key requirements must be satisfied: stability, compatibility, reliability routing, and performance and power balance. In this study, we focus on the unreliability problem of the IEEE 802.15.4 WSN medium access control (MAC), which is caused by the contention-based MAC protocol used for channel access. This problem results in a low packet delivery ratio, particularly in a smart home network with only a few sensor nodes. In this paper, we first propose a lightweight WSN protocol for a smart home or an intelligent building, thus replacing the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, which is highly complex and has a low packet delivery ratio. Subsequently, we describe the development of a discrete event system model for the WSN by using a GRAFCET and propose a development platform based on a reconfigurable FPGA for reducing fabrication cost and time. Finally, a prototype WSN controller ASIC chip without an extra CPU and with our proposed lightweight MAC was developed and tested. It enhanced the packet delivery ratio by up to 100%.

scholarly journals A Novel QoS-Oriented Intrusion Detection Mechanism for IoT Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abdulfattah Noorwali ◽  
Ahmad Naseem Alvi ◽  
Mohammad Zubair Khan ◽  
Muhammad Awais Javed ◽  
Wadii Boulila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Soft Decision ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Malicious Nodes ◽  
Detection Mechanism ◽  
Iot Applications

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an integral part of Internet of Things (IoT). The sensor nodes in WSN generate large sensing data which is disseminated to intelligent servers using multiple wireless networks. This large data is prone to attacks from malicious nodes which become part of the network, and it is difficult to find these adversaries. The work in this paper presents a mechanism to detect adversaries for the IEEE 802.15.4 standard which is a central medium access protocol used in WSN-based IoT applications. The collisions and exhaustion attacks are detected based on a soft decision-based algorithm. In case the QoS of the network is compromised due to large data traffic, the proposed protocol adaptively varies the duty cycle of the IEEE 802.15.4. Simulation results show that the proposed intrusion detection and adaptive duty cycle algorithm improves the energy efficiency of a WSN with a reduced network delay.

Enhanced Distributed Coordination Function of MAC for VoIP Services Using IEEE802.11 Networks

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 2304-2309
Author(s):  
B. Suvarna Vignan ◽  
B. Lalu Naick
Keyword(s):  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Contention Window ◽  
Collision Probability ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Distributed Coordination ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Packet Collision ◽  
Distributed Coordination Function ◽  
Coordination Function

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is an important service with strict Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements with in wireless local area networks. The popular Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) of IEEE802.11 Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol adopts Multiplicative Increase and linear Decrease procedure to reduce the packet collision probability in WLANs. In DCF, the size of contention window is doubled upon a collision regardless of the network loads. This paper presents an enhanced DCF scheme to improve the QoS of VoIP in WLANs. This scheme applies a threshold of the collision rate to switch between two different functions for increasing the size of contention window based on the status of network loads. The performance of this scheme investigated and compared to the original DCF using the network simulator NS-2. Under the high traffic loads the packet loss probability decreases with the enhanced DCF compared to the original DCF. Some other parameters like throughput and access delay is decreased with the enhanced DCF.

scholarly journals Efficient and Secure Key Distribution Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Alshammari ◽  
Khaled Elleithy
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Key Distribution ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Replay Attack ◽  
Wireless Sensor Nodes

Modern wireless sensor networks have adopted the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. This standard defines the first two layers, the physical and medium access control layers; determines the radio wave used for communication; and defines the 128-bit advanced encryption standard (AES-128) for encrypting and validating the transmitted data. However, the standard does not specify how to manage, store, or distribute the encryption keys. Many solutions have been proposed to address this problem, but the majority are impractical in resource-constrained devices such as wireless sensor nodes or cause degradation of other metrics. Therefore, we propose an efficient and secure key distribution protocol that is simple, practical, and feasible to implement on resource-constrained wireless sensor nodes. We conduct simulations and hardware implementations to analyze our work and compare it to existing solutions based on different metrics such as energy consumption, storage overhead, key connectivity, replay attack, man-in-the-middle attack, and resiliency to node capture attack. Our findings show that the proposed protocol is secure and more efficient than other solutions.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of an Energy-Efficient MAC Scheduler by using a Test Bed Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Alessandrelli ◽  
Luca Mainetti ◽  
Luigi Patrono ◽  
Giovanni Pellerano ◽  
Matteo Petracca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Test Bed ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Medium Access Control Protocols ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard

A Wireless Sensor Network consists of a large number of sensor nodes that are usually battery powered and deployed in large areas in which changing or recharging batteries may be impractical or completely unfeasible. Therefore, energy efficiency represents one of the main design objectives for these networks. Since most of the energy is consumed by the radio communication, the development of Medium Access Control protocols able to minimize the radio energy consumption is a very attractive research area. This paper presents an energy efficient communication protocol and its implementation in the Contiki Operating System. The performances and the portability of the proposed solution are thoroughly evaluated by means of both simulations, carried out using the Contiki simulation tools (i.e., Cooja and MPSim), and test beds based on two different platforms. Obtained results show that the proposed scheme significantly reduces the sensor nodes power consumption compared to the IEEE 802.15.4 standard solution already implemented in Contiki.

scholarly journals WLAN Aware Cognitive Medium Access Control Protocol for IoT Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asfund Ausaf ◽  
Mohammad Zubair Khan ◽  
Muhammad Awais Javed ◽  
Ali Kashif Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Access Control ◽  
Medium Access Control ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Wireless Local Area Network ◽  
Local Area Network ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Medium Access

Internet of Things (IoT)-based devices consist of wireless sensor nodes that are battery-powered; thus, energy efficiency is a major issue. IEEE 802.15.4-compliant IoT devices operate in the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band of 2.4 GHz and are subject to interference caused by high-powered IEEE 802.11-compliant Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) users. This interference causes frequent packet drop and energy loss for IoT users. In this work, we propose a WLAN Aware Cognitive Medium Access Control (WAC-MAC) protocol for IoT users that uses techniques, such as energy detection based sensing, adaptive wake-up scheduling, and adaptive backoff, to reduce interference with the WSN and improve network lifetime of the IoT users. Results show that the proposed WAC-MAC achieves a higher packet reception rate and reduces the energy consumption of IoT nodes.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Synchronous Multi-Radio Multi-Link MAC Protocols in IEEE 802.11be Extremely High Throughput WLANs

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Taewon Song ◽  
Taeyoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.11 ◽  
Markov Chain Model ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Mac Protocols ◽  
Media Access Control ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Distributed Coordination ◽  
Media Access ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Coordination Function

The representative media access control (MAC) mechanism of IEEE 802.11 is a distributed coordination function (DCF), which operates based on carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) with binary exponential backoff. The next amendment of IEEE 802.11 being developed for future Wi-Fi by the task group-be is called IEEE 802.11be, where the multi-link operation is mainly discussed when it comes to MAC layer operation. The multi-link operation discussed in IEEE 802.11be allows multi-link devices to establish multiple links and operate them simultaneously. Since the medium access on a link may affect the other links, and the conventional MAC mechanism has just taken account of a single link, the DCF should be used after careful consideration for multi-link operation. In this paper, we summarize the DCFs being reviewed to support the multi-radio multi-link operation in IEEE 802.11be and analyze their performance using the Markov chain model. Throughout the extensive performance evaluation, we summarize each MAC protocol’s pros and cons and discuss essential findings of the candidate MAC protocols.

scholarly journals Duty Cycle Control Method Considering Buffer Occupancy for IEEE 802.15.4-Compliant Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1362
Author(s):  
Kohei Tomita ◽  
Nobuyoshi Komuro
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Buffer Occupancy ◽  
Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Analytical Expressions

This paper proposes a Duty-Cycle (DC) control method in order to improve the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) for IEEE 802.15.4-compliant heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The proposed method controls the DC so that the buffer occupancy of sensor nodes is less than 1 and assigns DC to each sub-network (sub-network means a network consisting of a router node and its subordinate nodes). In order to use the appropriate DC of each sub-network to obtain the high PDR, this paper gives analytical expressions of the buffer occupancy. The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves a reasonable delay and energy consumption while maintaining high PDR.

scholarly journals Toward Green Sensor Field by Optimizing Power Efficiency Using D-Policy M/G/1 Queuing Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuu-Cheng Jiang ◽  
Hsiang-Wei Wu ◽  
Fang-Yi Leu ◽  
Chao-Tung Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Sensor Field

Power efficiency is a crucially important issue in the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee sensor networks (ZSNs) for majority of sensor nodes equipped with non-rechargeable batteries. To increase the lifetime of sensor networks, each node must optimize power consumption as possible. Among open literatures, much research works have focused on how to optimally increase the probability of sleeping states using multifarious wake-up strategies. Making things different, in this article, we propose a novel optimization framework for alleviating power consumption of sensor node with the D-policy M/G/1 queuing approach. Toward green sensor field, the proposed power-saving technique can be applied to prolong the lifetime of ZSN economically and effectively. For the proposed data aggregation model, mathematical framework on performance measures has been formulated. Data simulation using MATLAB tool has been conducted for exploring the feasibility of the proposed approach. And also we analyze the average traffic load per node for tree-based ZSN. Focusing on ZigBee routers deployed at the innermost shell of ZSN, network simulation results validate that the proposed approach indeed provides a feasibly cost-effective approach for prolonging lifetime of ZSNs.

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