scholarly journals Pass/Fail Quality Assessment in Last Mile Smart Metering Networks Based on PRIME Interface

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 7444
Author(s):  
Piotr Kiedrowski ◽  
Beata Marciniak
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Forward Error Correction ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Smart Metering ◽  
Present Measurement ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Presentation Methods

The pass/fail form is one of the presentation methods of quality assessment results. The authors, as part of a research team, participated in the process of creating the PRIME interface analyzer. The PRIME interface is a standardized interface—considered as communication technology for smart metering wired networks, which are specific kinds of sensor networks. The frame error ratio (FER) assessment and its presentation in the pass/fail form was one of the problems that needed to be solves in the PRIME analyzer project. In this paper, the authors present their method of a unified FER assessment, which was implemented in the PRIME analyzer, as one of its many functionalities. The need for FER unification is the result of using different modulation types and an optional forward error correction mechanism in the PRIME interface. Having one unified FER and a threshold value makes it possible to present measurement results in the pass/fail form. For FER unification, the characteristics of FER vs. signal-to-noise ratio, for all modulations implemented in PRIME, were used in the proposed algorithm (and some are presented in this paper). In communication systems, the FER value is used to forecast the quality of a link or service, but using PLC technology, forecasting is highly uncertain due to the main noise. The presentation of the measurement results in the pass/fail form is important because it allows unskilled staff to make many laborious measurements in last mile smart metering networks.

scholarly journals Cryogenic Cooling in Wireless Communications

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 832
Author(s):  
Tomasz G. Markiewicz ◽  
Krzysztof W. Wesołowski
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communications ◽  
Channel Capacity ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Forward Error Correction ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Cryogenic Cooling ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
And Performance

Improving the capacity and performance of communication systems is typically achieved by either using more bandwidth or enhancing the effective signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Both approaches have led to the invention of various transmission techniques, such as forward error correction (FEC), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and many, many others. This paper, however, focuses on the idea that should be immediately apparent when looking at Shannon’s channel capacity formula, but that somehow remained less explored for decades, despite its (unfortunately only in theory) limitless potential. We investigate the idea of improving the performance of communication systems by means of cryogenic cooling of their RF front-ends; the technique, although widely-known and used in radio astronomy for weak signal detection, has attracted limited interest when applied to wireless communications. The obtained results, though mainly theoretical, are promising and lead to a substantial channel capacity increase, implying an increase in spectral efficiency, potential range extension, or decreasing the power emitted by mobile stations. We see its applications in base stations (BSs) of machine-type communication (MTC) and Internet of Things (IoT) systems.

scholarly journals Toward More Efficient and More Secure Last Mile Smart Metering and Smart Lighting Communication Systems with the Use of PLC/RF Hybrid Technology

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Kiedrowski
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Smart Metering ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Hybrid Technology ◽  
Smart Lighting ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Smart Grid Communication

This paper describes the last mile communication system solutions realized in PLC/RF hybrid technology, which is dedicated to Smart Grid communication subsystems, mainly for Smart Metering and Smart Lighting applications. The use of hybrid technology makes the system more efficient and more secure (still being of low cost, in terms of both implementation and operation). This paper proposes a novel parameter, PDR, to describe the performance of the communications in the last mile network. The communications are realized with the use of the narrowband power line communications technique, the low power wireless communications technique, and the combination of them. The cost analysis for the proposed solution is also done. Theoretical considerations, contained in the paper, are the result of the author’s experience in the design, implementation, and operation of the last mile Smart Grid communication systems, realized in the narrowband PLC or 433/868 MHz radio technology. These communication systems were developed for data acquisition and distribution between specific terminals, which are Smart Meters or Smart Lanterns. The aim of this paper is to outline superiorities of the hybrid technology, from which the most important is a low layer protection of the sensitive critical infrastructure, which undoubtedly is a last mile Smart Grid communication network.

Efficient Steganography Algorithm Based On DCT And Entropy Thresholding Technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Satvir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Relative Entropy ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Random Function ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Binary Sequence ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Secret Message ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Confidential Information

Steganography is the special art of hidding important and confidential information in appropriate multimedia carrier. It also restrict the detection of  hidden messages. In this paper we proposes steganographic method based on dct and entropy thresholding technique. The steganographic algorithm uses random function in order to select block of the image where the elements of the binary sequence of a secret message will be inserted. Insertion takes place at the lower frequency  AC coefficients of the  block. Before we insert the secret  message. Image under goes dc transformations after insertion of the secret message we apply inverse dc transformations. Secret message will only be inserted into a particular block if  entropy value of that particular block is greater then threshold value of the entropy and if block is selected by the random function. In  Experimental work we calculated the peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR), Absolute difference , Relative entropy. Proposed algorithm give high value of PSNR  and low value of Absolute difference which clearly indicate level of distortion in image due to insertion of secret message is reduced. Also value of  relative entropy is close to zero which clearly indicate proposed algorithm is sufficiently secure. 

Evaluvation of Multiresolution Watermarking Algorithm

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
S. Thabasu Kannan ◽  
S. Azhagu Senthil
Keyword(s):  
Digital Watermarking ◽  
Wavelet Transformation ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Discrete Wavelet ◽  
Digital Production ◽  
Common Framework ◽  
Sampling Operation ◽  
Watermarking Scheme

Now-a-days watermarking plays a pivotal role in most of the industries for providing security to their own as well as hired or leased data. This paper its main aim is to study the multiresolution watermarking algorithms and also choosing the effective and efficient one for improving the resistance in data compression. Computational savings from such a multiresolution watermarking framework is obvious. The multiresolutional property makes our watermarking scheme robust to image/video down sampling operation by a power of two in either space or time. There is no common framework for multiresolutional digital watermarking of both images and video. A multiresolution watermarking based on the wavelet transformation is selected in each frequency band of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) domain and therefore it can resist the destruction of image processing.   The rapid development of Internet introduces a new set of challenging problems regarding security. One of the most significant problems is to prevent unauthorized copying of digital production from distribution. Digital watermarking has provided a powerful way to claim intellectual protection. We proposed an idea for enhancing the robustness of extracted watermarks. Watermark can be treated as a transmitted signal, while the destruction from attackers is regarded as a noisy distortion in channel.  For the implementation, we have used minimum nine coordinate positions. The watermarking algorithms to be taken for this study are Corvi algorithm and Wang algorithm. In all graph, we have plotted X axis as peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and y axis as Correlation with original watermark. The threshold value ά is set to 5. The result is smaller than the threshold value then it is feasible, otherwise it is not.

Half-mode substrate integrated plasmonic waveguide for filter and diplexer designs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Cui ◽  
Kai-Da Xu ◽  
Ying-Jiang Guo ◽  
Qiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Surface Plasmon Polariton ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Bandpass Filter ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Plasmonic Waveguide ◽  
Wireless Communication Systems ◽  
Integrated Devices ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Via Holes

Abstract A half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) combined with spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP) structure is proposed to realize bandpass filter (BPF) characteristic and miniaturization, which is termed as the half-mode substrate integrated plasmonic waveguide (HMSIPW). Compared with the conventional HMSIW structure having identical cutoff frequency, this new design of HMSIPW not only supports SSPP modes, but also realizes a transversal size reduction of 19.4% and longitudinal reduction of more than 60%. Then, a diplexer based on two back-to-back placed HMSIPW BPFs is designed, and it has only one row of metallized via holes to further reduce the transversal size. The experimental prototypes of the filters and diplexer have been manufactured, and the measurement results agree well with simulation ones. Due to the size miniaturization and simple structure, the proposed designs will have many potentials in the integrated devices and circuits for wireless communication systems.

scholarly journals NOISE STABILITY OF SIGNAL RECEPTION ALGORITHMS WITH MULTIPULSE PULSE-POSITION MODULATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. I. Parfenov ◽  
D. Y. Golovanov
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Pulse Sequence ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Pulse Position Modulation ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Noise Ratio

An algorithm for estimating time positions and amplitudes of a periodic pulse sequence from a small number of samples was proposed. The number of these samples was determined only by the number of pulses. The performance of this algorithm was considered on the assumption that the spectrum of the original signal is limited with an ideal low-pass filter or the Nyquist filter, and conditions for the conversion from one filter to the other were determined. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm was investigated through analyzing in which way the dispersion of estimates of time positions and amplitudes depends on the signal-to-noise ratio and on the number of pulses in the sequence. It was shown that, from this point of view, the efficiency of the algorithm decreases with increasing number of sequence pulses. Besides, the efficiency of the proposed algorithm decreases with decreasing signal-to-noise ratio.It was found that, unlike the classical maximum likelihood algorithm, the proposed algorithm does not require a search for the maximum of a multivariable function, meanwhile characteristics of the estimates are practically the same for both these methods. Also, it was shown that the estimation accuracy of the proposed algorithm can be increased by an insignificant increase in the number of signal samples.The results obtained may be used in the practical design of laser communication systems, in which the multipulse pulse-position modulation is used for message transmission. 

scholarly journals Calculations of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for Free Space Optical Communication Systems

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Optical Communication ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Full Duplex ◽  
Free Space Optical ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Optical Communication Systems ◽  
Space Optical Communication ◽  
Noise Ratio

In this paper, we calculate and measure the SNR theoretically and experimental for digital full duplex optical communication systems for different ranges in free space, the system consists of transmitter and receiver in each side. The semiconductor laser (pointer) was used as a carrier wave in free space with the specification is 5mW power and 650nm wavelength. The type of optical detector was used a PIN with area 1mm2 and responsively 0.4A/W for this wavelength. The results show a high quality optical communication system for different range from (300-1300)m with different bit rat (60-140)kbit/sec is achieved with best values of the signal to noise ratio (SNR).

scholarly journals Link Quality Assessment Algorithm for Heterogeneous Self-organizing Maritime Communications Network

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Bronk ◽  
Adam Lipka ◽  
Rafał Niski
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Radio Link ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Communications Network ◽  
Link Quality Indicator ◽  
Sea Area

The article introduces a method of performing a radio link quality assessment based on the Link Quality Indicator (LQI) which will be calculated for every system that is available. The method presented has been developed during the netBaltic project completed in Poland and generally applies to the so-called maritime zone A, i.e. the sea area where ships are still within the range of shore-based radio communication systems, particularly 3G/LTE cellular networks. The algorithm was developed based on the results of measurements obtained during two separate campaigns. That measurement data served as a basis for the method’s initial assumptions and was utilized during the method’s verification.

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