scholarly journals Environment-Monitoring IoT Devices Powered by a TEG Which Converts Thermal Flux between Air and Near-Surface Soil into Electrical Energy

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 8098
Author(s):  
Tereza Paterova ◽  
Michal Prauzek ◽  
Jaromir Konecny ◽  
Stepan Ozana ◽  
Petr Zmij ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Thermal Flux ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Environment Monitoring ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Sensor Model ◽  
Thermoelectric Energy ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Energy harvesting has an essential role in the development of reliable devices for environmental wireless sensor networks (EWSN) in the Internet of Things (IoT), without considering the need to replace discharged batteries. Thermoelectric energy is a renewable energy source that can be exploited in order to efficiently charge a battery. The paper presents a simulation of an environment monitoring device powered by a thermoelectric generator (TEG) that harvests energy from the temperature difference between air and soil. The simulation represents a mathematical description of an EWSN, which consists of a sensor model powered by a DC/DC boost converter via a TEG and a load, which simulates data transmission, a control algorithm and data collection. The results section provides a detailed description of the harvested energy parameters and properties and their possibilities for use. The harvested energy allows supplying the load with an average power of 129.04 μW and maximum power of 752.27 μW. The first part of the results section examines the process of temperature differences and the daily amount of harvested energy. The second part of the results section provides a comprehensive analysis of various settings for the EWSN device’s operational period and sleep consumption. The study investigates the device’s number of operational cycles, quantity of energy used, discharge time, failures and overheads.

scholarly journals Survey on Design and Implementation of Indoor Environment Monitoring and control system

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (04) ◽  
pp. 23808-23816
Author(s):  
Hashi Haris
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Home Automation ◽  
Environment Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Monitoring And Control System ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The ideology of the Internet of things has emerged due to the consolidation of multiple technologies. IoT devices are a part of the larger concept of  home automation, also known as domotics. The application of Internet of Things in indoor environment monitoring and control has become a major area as people paying more attention to quality of environment. Intelligent solutions are proposed by studying key technologies of IoT. The system provides a new application for IoT.

Agricultural Application of Web of Things Architecture

Impact ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (10) ◽  
pp. 61-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Agricultural Application ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Type Pressure

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a term that describes a system of computing devices, digital machines, objects, animals or people that are interrelated. Each of the interrelated 'things' are given a unique identifier and the ability to transfer data over a network that does not require human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. Examples of IoT in practice include a human with a heart monitor implant, an animal with a biochip transponder (an electronic device inserted under the skin that gives the animal a unique identification number) and a car that has built-in sensors which can alert the driver about any problems, such as when the type pressure is low. The concept of a network of devices was established as early as 1982, although the term 'Internet of Things' was almost certainly first coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999. Since then, IoT devices have become ubiquitous, certainly in some parts of the world. Although there have been significant developments in the technology associated with IoT, the concept is far from being fully realised. Indeed, the potential for the reach of IoT extends to areas which some would find surprising. Researchers at the Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University in Japan, are exploring using IoT in the agricultural sector, with some specific work on the production of melons. For the advancement of IoT in agriculture, difficult and important issues are implementation of subtle activities into computers procedure. The researchers challenges are going on.

scholarly journals IoT Traffic: Modeling and Measurement Experiments

IoT ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-162
Author(s):  
Hung Nguyen-An ◽  
Thomas Silverston ◽  
Taku Yamazaki ◽  
Takumi Miyoshi
Keyword(s):  
Smart Home ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Traffic Modeling ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Network Behavior ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Traffic Generator ◽  
Multiple Devices ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

We now use the Internet of things (IoT) in our everyday lives. The novel IoT devices collect cyber–physical data and provide information on the environment. Hence, IoT traffic will count for a major part of Internet traffic; however, its impact on the network is still widely unknown. IoT devices are prone to cyberattacks because of constrained resources or misconfigurations. It is essential to characterize IoT traffic and identify each device to monitor the IoT network and discriminate among legitimate and anomalous IoT traffic. In this study, we deployed a smart-home testbed comprising several IoT devices to study IoT traffic. We performed extensive measurement experiments using a novel IoT traffic generator tool called IoTTGen. This tool can generate traffic from multiple devices, emulating large-scale scenarios with different devices under different network conditions. We analyzed the IoT traffic properties by computing the entropy value of traffic parameters and visually observing the traffic on behavior shape graphs. We propose a new method for identifying traffic entropy-based devices, computing the entropy values of traffic features. The method relies on machine learning to classify the traffic. The proposed method succeeded in identifying devices with a performance accuracy up to 94% and is robust with unpredictable network behavior with traffic anomalies spreading in the network.

scholarly journals Secure the IoT Networks as Epidemic Containment Game

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Juntao Zhu ◽  
Hong Ding ◽  
Yuchen Tao ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Lanping Yu
Keyword(s):  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Heuristic Method ◽  
Exact Algorithms ◽  
Epidemic Threshold ◽  
Solution Quality ◽  
Sis Model ◽  
Linear Programming Formulation ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
General Graphs ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The spread of a computer virus among the Internet of Things (IoT) devices can be modeled as an Epidemic Containment (EC) game, where each owner decides the strategy, e.g., installing anti-virus software, to maximize his utility against the susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) model of the epidemics on graphs. The EC game’s canonical solution concepts are the Minimum/Maximum Nash Equilibria (MinNE/MaxNE). However, computing the exact MinNE/MaxNE is NP-hard, and only several heuristic algorithms are proposed to approximate the MinNE/MaxNE. To calculate the exact MinNE/MaxNE, we provide a thorough analysis of some special graphs and propose scalable and exact algorithms for general graphs. Especially, our contributions are four-fold. First, we analytically give the MinNE/MaxNE for EC on special graphs based on spectral radius. Second, we provide an integer linear programming formulation (ILP) to determine MinNE/MaxNE for the general graphs with the small epidemic threshold. Third, we propose a branch-and-bound (BnB) framework to compute the exact MinNE/MaxNE in the general graphs with several heuristic methods to branch the variables. Fourth, we adopt NetShiled (NetS) method to approximate the MinNE to improve the scalability. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our BnB algorithm can outperform the naive enumeration method in scalability, and the NetS can improve the scalability significantly and outperform the previous heuristic method in solution quality.

scholarly journals Transparent CoAP Services to IoT Endpoints through ICN Operator Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Islam ◽  
Dmitrij Lagutin ◽  
Antti Ylä-Jääski ◽  
Nikos Fotiou ◽  
Andrei Gurtov
Keyword(s):  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Communication Overhead ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Core Network ◽  
Computation Complexity ◽  
State Management ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Novel Applications ◽  
And Storage ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a specialized web transfer protocol which is intended to be used for constrained networks and devices. CoAP and its extensions (e.g., CoAP observe and group communication) provide the potential for developing novel applications in the Internet-of-Things (IoT). However, a full-fledged CoAP-based application may require significant computing capability, power, and storage capacity in IoT devices. To address these challenges, we present the design, implementation, and experimentation with the CoAP handler which provides transparent CoAP services through the ICN core network. In addition, we demonstrate how the CoAP traffic over an ICN network can unleash the full potential of the CoAP, shifting both overhead and complexity from the (constrained) endpoints to the ICN network. The experiments prove that the CoAP Handler helps to decrease the required computation complexity, communication overhead, and state management of the CoAP server.

Applying the Internet of Things into Ecological Environmental Monitoring

2012 ◽  
Vol 198-199 ◽  
pp. 1755-1760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Ping Zhou ◽  
Ya Nan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Environmental Monitoring ◽  
Software Design ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Environment Monitoring ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Applying the Internet of Things (IOT) into ecological environmental monitoring is the goal of this paper. There are several advantages of the Internet of Things (IOT) applying in ecological environment monitoring. A hierarchical monitoring system is presented, including system architecture, hardware/software design, information flow and software implementation. In the end, using carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere for experimental purposes, in data collection and analysis. Experiments showed that this system is capable of monitoring ecologica environment, which orientate the future research of forest ecosystem.

Centralized, Distributed, and Everything in between

2022 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Sophie Dramé-Maigné ◽  
Maryline Laurent ◽  
Laurent Castillo ◽  
Hervé Ganem
Keyword(s):  
Access Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Security Properties ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Security Of Iot

The Internet of Things is taking hold in our everyday life. Regrettably, the security of IoT devices is often being overlooked. Among the vast array of security issues plaguing the emerging IoT, we decide to focus on access control, as privacy, trust, and other security properties cannot be achieved without controlled access. This article classifies IoT access control solutions from the literature according to their architecture (e.g., centralized, hierarchical, federated, distributed) and examines the suitability of each one for access control purposes. Our analysis concludes that important properties such as auditability and revocation are missing from many proposals while hierarchical and federated architectures are neglected by the community. Finally, we provide an architecture-based taxonomy and future research directions: a focus on hybrid architectures, usability, flexibility, privacy, and revocation schemes in serverless authorization.

A Creative Vibration Energy Harvesting System to Support a Self-Powered Internet of Thing (IoT) Network in Smart Bridge Monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saman Farhangdoust ◽  
Claudia Mederos ◽  
Behrouz Farkiani ◽  
Armin Mehrabi ◽  
Hossein Taheri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Cantilever Beam ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Laser Vibrometer ◽  
Stay Cable ◽  
Fe Modelling ◽  
Vibration Energy Harvesting ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Energy Harvesting System

Abstract This paper presents a creative energy harvesting system using a bimorph piezoelectric cantilever-beam to power wireless sensors in an IoT network for the Sunshine Skyway Bridge. The bimorph piezoelectric energy harvester (BPEH) comprises a cantilever beam as a substrate sandwiched between two piezoelectric layers to remarkably harness ambient vibrations of an inclined stay cable and convert them into electrical energy when the cable is subjected to a harmonic acceleration. To investigate and design the bridge energy harvesting system, a field measurement was required for collecting cable vibration data. The results of a non-contact laser vibrometer is used to remotely measure the dynamic characteristics of the inclined cables. A finite element study is employed to simulate a 3-D model of the proposed BPEH by COMSOL Multiphasics. The FE modelling results showed that the average power generated by the BPEH excited by a harmonic acceleration of 1 m/s2 at 1 Hz is up to 614 μW which satisfies the minimum electric power required for the sensor node in the proposed IoT network. In this research a LoRaWAN architecture is also developed to utilize the BPEH as a sustainable and sufficient power resource for an IoT platform which uses wireless sensor networks installed on the bridge stay cables to collect and remotely transfer bridge health monitoring data over the bridge in a low-power manner.

scholarly journals Real world assessment of an auto-parametric electromagnetic vibration energy harvester

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1481-1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Jia ◽  
Jize Yan ◽  
Sijun Du ◽  
Tao Feng ◽  
Paul Fidler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Resonance ◽  
Real World ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Vibration Energy ◽  
Vibration Energy Harvesting ◽  
Vibration Energy Harvester ◽  
Sinusoidal Input ◽  
Micro Electromechanical System

The convention within the field of vibration energy harvesting has revolved around designing resonators with natural frequencies that match single fixed frequency sinusoidal input. However, real world vibrations can be random, multi-frequency, broadband and time-varying in nature. Building upon previous work on auto-parametric resonance, this fundamentally different resonant approach can harness vibration from multiple axes and has the potential to achieve higher power density as well as wider frequency bandwidth. This article presents the power response of a packaged auto-parametric VEH prototype (practical operational volume of ∼126 cm−3) towards various real world vibration sources including vibration of a bridge, a compressor motor as well as an automobile. At auto-parametric resonance (driven at 23.5 Hz and 1 g rms), the prototype can output a peak of 78.9 mW and 4.5 Hz of −3dB bandwidth. Furthermore, up to ∼1 mW of average power output was observed from the harvester on the Forth Road Bridge. The harvested electrical energy from various real world sources were used to power up a power conditioning circuit, a wireless sensor mote, a micro-electromechanical system accelerometer and other low-power sensors. This demonstrates the concept of self-sustaining vibration powered wireless sensor systems in real world scenarios, to potentially realise maintenance-free autonomous structural health and condition monitoring.

scholarly journals STATE ANALYSIS INTERNET OF THINGS DEVICES BASED ON BAGGING

T-Comm ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Mikhail E. Sukhoparov ◽  
◽  
Ilya S. Lebedev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Time ◽  
K Nearest Neighbors ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The development of IoT concept makes it necessary to search and improve models and methods for analyzing the state of remote autonomous devices. Due to the fact that some devices are located outside the controlled area, it becomes necessary to develop universal models and methods for identifying the state of low-power devices from a computational point of view, using complex approaches to analyzing data coming from various information channels. The article discusses an approach to identifying IoT devices state, based on parallel functioning classifiers that process time series received from elements in various states and modes of operation. The aim of the work is to develop an approach for identifying the state of IoT devices based on time series recorded during the execution of various processes. The proposed solution is based on methods of parallel classification and statistical analysis, requires an initial labeled sample. The use of several classifiers that give an answer "independently" from each other makes it possible to average the error by "collective" voting. The developed approach is tested on a sequence of classifying algorithms, to the input of which the time series obtained experimentally under various operating conditions were fed. Results are presented for a naive Bayesian classifier, decision trees, discriminant analysis, and the k nearest neighbors method. The use of a sequence of classification algorithms operating in parallel allows scaling by adding new classifiers without losing processing speed. The method makes it possible to identify the state of the Internet of Things device with relatively small requirements for computing resources, ease of implementation, and scalability by adding new classifying algorithms.

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