Artificial Intelligence-Enabled DDoS Detection for Blockchain-Based Smart Transport Systems

A smart public transport system is expected to be an integral part of our human lives to improve our mobility and reduce the effect of our carbon footprint. The safety and ongoing maintenance of the smart public transport system from cyberattacks are vitally important. To provide more comprehensive protection against potential cyberattacks, we propose a novel approach that combines blockchain technology and a deep learning method that can better protect the smart public transport system. By the creation of signed and verified blockchain blocks and chaining of hashed blocks, the blockchain in our proposal can withstand unauthorized integrity attack that tries to forge sensitive transport maintenance data and transactions associated with it. A hybrid deep learning-based method, which combines autoencoder (AE) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP), in our proposal can effectively detect distributed denial of service (DDoS) attempts that can halt or block the urgent and critical exchange of transport maintenance data across the stakeholders. The experimental results of the hybrid deep learning evaluated on three different datasets (i.e., CICDDoS2019, CIC-IDS2017, and BoT-IoT) show that our deep learning model is effective to detect a wide range of DDoS attacks achieving more than 95% F1-score across all three datasets in average. The comparison of our approach with other similar methods confirms that our approach covers a more comprehensive range of security properties for the smart public transport system.

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Masivo: Parallel Simulation Model Based on OpenCL for Massive Public Transportation Systems’ Routes

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics8121501 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1501

Author(s):

Juan Ruiz-Rosero ◽

Gustavo Ramirez-Gonzalez ◽

Rahul Khanna

Keyword(s):

Simulation Model ◽

Transport System ◽

Public Transport ◽

Public Transportation ◽

High Performance ◽

Simulation Models ◽

Transportation Systems ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Public Transport System ◽

Speed Up

There is a large number of tools for the simulation of traffic and routes in public transport systems. These use different simulation models (macroscopic, microscopic, and mesoscopic). Unfortunately, these simulation tools are limited when simulating a complete public transport system, which includes all its buses and routes (up to 270 for the London Underground). The processing times for these type of simulations increase in an unmanageable way since all the relevant variables that are required to simulate consistently and reliably the system behavior must be included. In this paper, we present a new simulation model for public transport routes’ simulation called Masivo. It runs the public transport stops’ operations in OpenCL work items concurrently, using a multi-core high performance platform. The performance results of Masivo show a speed-up factor of 10.2 compared with the simulator model running with one compute unit and a speed-up factor of 278 times faster than the validation simulator. The real-time factor achieved was 3050 times faster than the 10 h simulated duration, for a public transport system of 300 stops, 2400 buses, and 456,997 passengers.

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Data-Driven Analysis of Bicycle Sharing Systems as Public Transport Systems Based on a Trip Index Classification

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20154315 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (15) ◽

pp. 4315

Author(s):

Mark Richard Wilby ◽

Juan José Vinagre Díaz ◽

Rubén Fernández Pozo ◽

Ana Belén Rodríguez González ◽

José Manuel Vassallo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transport System ◽

Public Transport ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Mathematical Framework ◽

The Public ◽

Traffic Lights ◽

Public Transport System ◽

Specific Analysis ◽

Last Mile

Bicycle Sharing Systems (BSSs) are exponentially increasing in the urban mobility sector. They are traditionally conceived as a last-mile complement to the public transport system. In this paper, we demonstrate that BSSs can be seen as a public transport system in their own right. To do so, we build a mathematical framework for the classification of BSS trips. Using trajectory information, we create the trip index, which characterizes the intrinsic purpose of the use of BSS as transport or leisure. The construction of the trip index required a specific analysis of the BSS shortest path, which cannot be directly calculated from the topology of the network given that cyclists can find shortcuts through traffic lights, pedestrian crossings, etc. to reduce the overall traveled distance. Adding a layer of complication to the problem, these shortcuts have a non-trivial existence in terms of being intermittent, or short lived. We applied the proposed methodology to empirical data from BiciMAD, the public BSS in Madrid (Spain). The obtained results show that the trip index correctly determines transport and leisure categories, which exhibit distinct statistical and operational features. Finally, we inferred the underlying BSS public transport network and show the fundamental trajectories traveled by users. Based on this analysis, we conclude that 90.60% of BiciMAD’s use fall in the category of transport, which demonstrates our first statement.

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Challenges of Low Carbon Public Transport Systems in the Arabian Gulf City: Case of Muscat, Oman

Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology ◽

10.9734/ajee/2021/v16i430263 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 117-125

Author(s):

Elnazir Ramadan

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Transport System ◽

Public Transport ◽

Arabian Gulf ◽

Sustainable Transportation ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Mass Transportation ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Gulf Region ◽

Public Transport System

The Arabian Gulf cities are growing. The gulf cooperation council states (GCCs) are among the richest and most urbanized in the world. As a major focus on sustainable development of cities, sustainable transportation acts to diminish the city’s energy consumption by providing a public transport system that has greater ecological obligation and societal justice. The study’s significance is to figure out the challenges in the sector of public transport in the city of Muscat. The wide spread of mass transportation plays a significant role in reducing the exhaustion of energy. Also, it contributes to make a better living experience. Provision of sustainable public transport will prevent the increasing number of motor cars and equally accompanied environmental pollution and traffic congestion. The study is based on an in-depth quantitative and qualitative research method to explore the hindrances that are encountered in the way of building sustainable infrastructure of public transport. The findings of the study revealed that public transport system face real challenges in Gulf region, particularly in Muscat. It indicated that for the well-being of Gulf society, the use of public transportation was encouraged and most of the population have their own cars. In addition to it, cultural and social preservations are raised, mainly by the people that act against the operation of public transport system. Due to the substantial effect of clean and sustainable transportation on energy consumption levels, recent years have been marked with a notable trend towards sustainable and low carbon systems, particularly the mass transportation ones.

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Motion Sickness

10.1093/oso/9780198848608.003.0005 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 97-113

Author(s):

Debasish Roy Chowdhury ◽

John Keane

Keyword(s):

Social Networks ◽

Motion Sickness ◽

Transport System ◽

Public Transport ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Life Strategies ◽

Public Transport System ◽

Rail Network ◽

Government Oversight ◽

Social Inequities

This chapter focuses on India’s public transport system. If cities are democratic laboratories that nurture free and equal motion, then India fails the test every day. In Mumbai, for example, up to sixteen people can find themselves packed into a one-square-metre space inside a carriage during peak hours as Indian Railways fails to provide enough trains and coaches to the financial capital’s arterial rail network. Travelling like animals, risking their lives for livelihood, has been the lot of Mumbai’s daily commuters for as long as they can remember. Away from the cities, where 70 per cent of India lives, the picture is even bleaker, with virtually no state-run public transport system—buses or trains. The daily indignities and inconveniences of travelling prevents citizens from freely accessing goods, services, and social networks that are key to the pursuit of their chosen life strategies. By hindering everyday mobility, hazardous and insufficient transport options have the anti-democratic effect of perpetuating social inequities and dispersing communities into isolated silos that prevent collective assembly, deliberation, and action. Other than dilapidated or non-existent public transport systems, elitist policies, and poor government oversight hinder movement—and democracy—in various other ways.

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Capturing Twitter Negativity Pre- vs. Mid-COVID-19 Pandemic: An LDA Application on London Public Transport System

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132313356 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 13356

Author(s):

Ioannis Politis ◽

Georgios Georgiadis ◽

Aristomenis Kopsacheilis ◽

Anastasia Nikolaidou ◽

Panagiotis Papaioannou

Keyword(s):

Transport System ◽

Public Transport ◽

Latent Dirichlet Allocation ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

The Public ◽

Public Transport System ◽

Word Clouds ◽

Negative Sentiment

The coronavirus pandemic has affected everyday life to a significant degree. The transport sector is no exception, with mobility restrictions and social distancing affecting the operation of transport systems. This research attempts to examine the effect of the pandemic on the users of the public transport system of London through analyzing tweets before (2019) and during (2020) the outbreak. For the needs of the research, we initially assess the sentiment expressed by users using the SentiStrength tool. In total, almost 250,000 tweets were collected and analyzed, equally distributed between the two years. Afterward, by examining the word clouds of the tweets expressing negative sentiment and by applying the latent Dirichlet allocation method, we investigate the most prevalent topics in both analysis periods. Results indicate an increase in negative sentiment on dates when stricter restrictions against the pandemic were imposed. Furthermore, topic analysis results highlight that although users focused on the operational conditions of the public transport network during the pre-pandemic period, they tend to refer more to the effect of the pandemic on public transport during the outbreak. Additionally, according to correlations between ridership data and the frequency of pandemic-related terms, we found that during 2020, public transport demand was decreased while tweets with negative sentiment were being increased at the same time.

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SUSTAINABILITY INDEX ASSESSMENT OF URBAN TRANSPORT SERVICES IN DEVELOPING CITIES

ASTONJADRO ◽

10.32832/astonjadro.v10i1.4268 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 150

Author(s):

Muhammad Nanang Prayudyanto

Keyword(s):

Transport System ◽

Public Transport ◽

The State ◽

Urban Transport ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Urban Mobility ◽

Public Transport System ◽

Transport Services ◽

Developing Cities ◽

Asian Cities

<p>The growth and concentration of motor vehicles in developing cities has led to increased demand for urban mobility. Renewed commitments of Asian cities are required in order to achieve the SDG target on urban mobility as well as to enhance overall sustainability of urban transport systems and services. Cities and countries need to track the progress in improving urban mobility. With a view to support evidence based decision, the paper introduces the Sustainable Urban Transport Index (SUTI) of urban transport services, to help summarize, track and compare the state of urban mobility in Asian cities, as model for developing cities in the world. It also presents the results of pilot application of SUTI in four Asian cities: Greater Jakarta; Kathmandu; Hanoi; and Colombo. The four pilot cities were able to collect data, analyzed and assess the state of urban mobility in their city using SUTI. The assessment result supported policy makers to identify policy gaps, prioritize additional measures and investment strategies required to improve urban transport systems and services in each city. The visual output display in spider diagram was useful to comprehend state of all 10 key indicators in a glace. The pilot study demonstrated the usefulness of SUTI tool and the pilot cities were already using the results of SUTI analysis. In Kathmandu additional efforts are required to improve pedestrian infrastructure and facilities, Colombo needed to improve quality and reliability of public transport system, while Hanoi and Greater Jakarta need to put additional efforts to increase mode share of public transport system.</p>

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Competitiveness of the public transport and car owner behavior: interrelations and contradictions in the light of sustainable development of the metropolis

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202020805005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 208 ◽

pp. 05005

Author(s):

Irina Skorobogatykh ◽

Zhanna Musatova ◽

Roman Sidorchuk ◽

Natalia Ivashkova ◽

Petr Nevostruev

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Transport System ◽

Public Transport ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Urban Transport ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

The Public ◽

Public Transport System

Consistent actions taken by car manufacturers to improve the quality of vehicles make them easier to use and reduce their negative impact on the environment significantly strengthen the competitiveness of personal transport. At the same time, high investments in the development of urban transport systems (especially large ones) create conditions for the mobility of all population groups, but do not significantly affect the competitiveness of public transport. At the same time, the high competitiveness of the public transport system is a sign of the successful implementation of the concept of sustainable development of the territory, making it more attractive for tourism and stimulating its development. The study of the limitations of the analysis of the competitiveness of public transport is conducted in this article along with an analysis of the factors that influence the choice of citizens in terms of mobility for their daily tasks. The article presents the results of an empirical study of relations between Moscow residents and public transport, changes in the intensity of use of personal cars in the period 2015-2020. During this period, the transport system has undergone significant positive changes, which have affected the perception of comfort and accessibility of public transport in Moscow.

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Fuzzy-Logic Approach to Estimate the Passengers’ Preference when Choosing a Bus Line within the Public Transport System

Communications - Scientific letters of the University of Zilina ◽

10.26552/com.c.2021.3.a150-a157 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. A150-A157

Author(s):

Vitalii Naumov ◽

Baurzhan Zhamanbayev ◽

Dinara Agabekova ◽

Zhumazhan Zhanbirov ◽

Igor Taran

Keyword(s):

Fuzzy Logic ◽

Transport System ◽

Public Transport ◽

Optimization Problems ◽

The Public ◽

Public Transport System ◽

Wide Range ◽

Fuzzy Logic Approach ◽

Logic Approach ◽

The Given

For the developed system of public transport, the passengers, as the customers, have a variety of alternatives when choosing the transport mode or even the route for the given mode of public transport. The estimation of the passengers’ preference is the key task for transportation planners for solving the wide range of optimization problems in the field of public transport. A methodology for estimation of the passengers’ preference when choosing the bus line within a public transport system is developed in this paper. The proposed approach is based on the fuzzy-logic mathematical apparatus and uses the surveys’ data to calculate the membership functions defining the passengers’ preference. The case study of the passengers’ survey, held in Talas (Kazakhstan), is used to illustrate the developed methodology.

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Multi-stakeholder dialogue on formal and informal forms of public transport in Harare, Zimbabwe: Convergence or divergence perspective

Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management ◽

10.4102/jtscm.v8i1.140 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tatenda Mbara ◽

Smart Dumba ◽

Tapiwa Mukwashi

Keyword(s):

Transport System ◽

Public Transport ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Research Approach ◽

Policy Dialogue ◽

Transit System ◽

The Public ◽

Public Transport System ◽

Multi Stakeholder ◽

The City

Cities in the developing world are growing both geographically and demographically. Thisgrowth has increased pressure on services, including the public transport systems used bythe majority of people. In the last two decades public transport provision has undergoneconsiderable changes. Concomitant to these changes there has been debate on the formof public transport to be operated. Such debate has been informal, general, and at timesacademic, and therefore not able to provide substantive understanding of the views of keystakeholders. Zimbabwe has had an explosion of informal transport activity in the formof minibuses, and decision makers appear to be in a policy dilemma because of a need tostrike a balance between maximising passenger welfare whilst protecting the livelihoods ofindigenous minibus operators and striving to build an efficient and environmentally soundurban transport system. Critical questions for policy dialogue in this conundrum include,inter alia: How do stakeholders perceive the current public transport system? How can publictransport be sustainably provided? This study seeks to answer these questions using a casestudy of Harare. A qualitative research approach blended with some quantitative aspects wasused. Initial steps involved the identification and clustering of key urban public passengertransport stakeholders, followed by structured and unstructured interviews. Although thereis lack of consensus on the form of public transport that the City of Harare should adopt, thereis a strong view that a mass transit system is the backbone of sustainable public transport.

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Level-Based Approach to Public Transport Network Planning

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/2537-01 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2537 (1) ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hermann Orth ◽

Andrew Nash ◽

Ulrich Weidmann

Keyword(s):

Transport System ◽

Public Transport ◽

Transport Network ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Operating Characteristics ◽

Transport Networks ◽

Long Distance ◽

Large Cities ◽

The Public ◽

Public Transport System

The public transport network level is defined and is used to describe the performance and future improvement of the public transport system in Zurich, Switzerland. A public transport level is a specific type of service designed to serve a particular market. “Service” is defined as a combination of vehicles, infrastructure, and operating characteristics. A pure level occurs when the service is targeted specifically at one particular market. A hybrid level occurs when a service is targeted to serve several markets. Urban travel is generally described as three markets: short, inter mediate, and long-distance trips. Consequently many cities have developed three-level public transport networks: surface buses and trams to serve short trips, rapid rail to serve intermediate trips, and regional rail to serve longer-distance trips. Often, by design or for historic reasons, cities have additional levels, fewer levels, levels that are not precisely matched to their markets, or all three. For example, two-level networks are often found in medium-sized cities. Their advantage is lower costs, and their main disadvantage is a mismatch between transport mode and market that manifests itself in capacity limitations. The level concept to help analyze and plan public transport service is useful because it focuses attention on matching service qualities to markets. This approach, used here to analyze the success of the public transport system of Zurich, Switzerland, and to provide a structure for planning improvements that will be needed to meet rapidly increasing public transport demand, could help other cities design or redesign their public transport systems to be more attractive and efficient. More specifically, the approach could show how two-level public transport networks would be a viable option for medium-sized cities and large cities with dispersed settlement patterns.

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