scholarly journals Exploring Flood-Related Unintentional Fatal Drowning of Children and Adolescents Aged 0–19 Years in Australia

Safety ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Peden ◽  
Richard C. Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Socially Disadvantaged ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Adult Supervision ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Almost All

Disasters, such as flooding, are predicted to increase. Drowning is one of the leading causes of death during times of flood. This study examined the little explored topic of child drowning during floods, with the aim of identifying risk factors to inform prevention strategies. A retrospective, total population examination of cases of children and adolescents aged 0–19 years who died from unintentional flood-related drowning in Australia for the 16-year period 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2018 was undertaken. Univariate and chi-square analysis was conducted, with Fisher’s exact test used for cell counts <5. Across the study period, 44 flood-related drowning deaths occurred among children and adolescents (63.6% male; 34.1% aged 10–14 years). Almost all (84.1%) occurred in rivers, creeks, or streams in flood, with the remaining incidents occurring in storm water drains (n = 7). Leading activities immediately prior to drowning were non-aquatic transport (40.9%), swimming in floodwaters (25.0%), and falls into floodwaters (15.9%). Flood-related fatal drowning among children and adolescents is rare (0.05 per 100,000 population), however flood-drowning risk increases as remoteness increases, with children and adolescents drowning in floodwaters in very remote areas at a rate 57 times that of major cities. All drownings are preventable, and this study has identified key causal factors that must be considered in advocacy and prevention efforts. These include: the importance of adult supervision, avoiding flooded waterways when driving or for recreational purposes, and the increased risks for those residing in geographically isolated and socially disadvantaged areas. Findings must be considered when developing interventions and advocacy for the purposes of the reduction of child and adolescent drowning during times of flood.

Analysis of Contingency Tables with Sparse Values

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Shields ◽  
Roger M. Heeler
Keyword(s):  
Contingency Tables ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Loss Of Information ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
The Cost

In the chi square analysis of cross-tabulated variables, the problem of low cell counts is usually solved by combining categories, at the cost of a loss of information, or by using larger samples, at added financial cost. Use of a chi square statistic based on an extension of the Fisher Exact Test can provide a third, less costly, alternative.

CUSTOMERS’ PREFERENCE FOR E – BANKING SERVICES: A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED BANKS IN SIERRA LEONE

2011 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
R. A. GBADEYAN ◽  
O. O. AKINYOSOYE GBONDA
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Software Verification ◽  
Banking Industry ◽  
Online Banking ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Almost All

The development and the increasing progress that is being experienced in the Information and Communication Technology have brought about a lot of changes in almost all facets of life. In the Banking Industry, it has been in the form of online banking, which is now replacing the traditional banking practice. Online banking has a lot of benefits which add value to customers’ satisfaction in terms of better quality of service offerings and at the same time enable the banks gain more competitive advantage over other competitors. There are some associated risks identified in the study that seem to hinder the success of e-banking services and thus constitute major concern to both financial institutions and customers. This paper therefore, examines, if customers’ choice of banks is influenced by the quality of e–banking services provided. Stratified sampling was used; while the survey Instrument was a developed Questionnaire comprising open ended and Likert type of questions. The Likert type questions have a 4 point scale (indicating 1 = very comfortable and 4 = uncomfortable) divided into two (2) sections: personal details and customers’ e-banking preference in Sierra Leone. The instrument contained 36 items and was administered to about 400 respondents, while 360 completed and returned their Questionnaire. The statistical techniques used for the analysis were the Chi–Square and correlation. The Chi–Square analysis revealed that the quality of e–banking services offered by banks have significant influence on their customers at 95%, 3 degree of freedom. The paper recommends that various measures should be put in place to ensure more security such as installation of encrypted software, verification system of customer’s identification cards, frequent change of password, examining test questions and using mixed password such as the use of alphanumeric amongst others. The paper concludes that e –banking has become important phenomenon in the banking industry and it will continue as more progress and innovations are made in information technology.

scholarly journals Treatment of children and adolescents with hemangioma using propranolol: preliminary results from a retrospective study

2014 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Costa Albuquerque ◽  
Rosane Aline Magalhaes ◽  
Jamille Araujo Felix ◽  
Maria Vilani Rodrigues Bastos ◽  
Juvenia Bezerra Fontenele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Capillary Hemangioma ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Vascular Tumors ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
One Year ◽  
Almost All

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Hemangiomas are the commonest vascular tumors during childhood. In 2008, the effect of propranolol for treating capillary hemangiomas was demonstrated. Other similar results followed, showing that it rapidly reduces lesion volume. The objective here was to evaluate children and adolescents with hemangiomas that were treated with propranolol. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study, conducted in a children's hospital. METHODS : Patients aged 0-19 years with or without previous treatment, who were treated between January 2009 and December 2010, were included. The response was assessed by comparing the lesion appearance between the start of treatment and the last consultation. We considered partial or complete responses as the response to treatment. RESULTS : Sixty-nine patients with a median follow-up of 11 months (mean age: 31 months) were included. Of these, 58 patients were recently diagnosed and 11 had had previous treatment. A response (partial or complete) was seen in 60 patients (87%). Among the capillary hemangioma cases, responses were seen in 50 out of 53 (94%), while in other lesion types, it was 10 out of 16 (63%) (P = 0.3; chi-square). Responses in patients less than one year of age were seen in 37 out of 38 (97%), whereas in those over one year of age, in 23 out of 31 (74%) (P = 0.4; chi-square). Side effects were uncommon and mild. CONCLUSIONS: Propranolol seemed to be effective for treatment of hemangiomas in children and adolescents, and not just in the proliferative stage, with responses in almost all the patients.

Labour Shortage Effects on Stress Level of Employees in Oyo State Agricultural Development Programme (OYSADEP)

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeogun Stephen Oluseun
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Labour Shortage ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Stress occurs when the demands placed on employees in an organization outweigh their technical, physical, educational and professional capabilities to meet such demands. If this goes unchecked, it can affect the health and job performance of employees and the overall objective of organziation may become unattainable.This study was conducted to assess the effects of labour shortage on stress level of employees in OYSADEP, Oyo State. Out of the four zones in Oyo State, two zones namelyOgbomosho and Ibadan/Ibarapa zones were randomly selected. The total population of employees in two zones was 74 which constituted the sample for the study. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and means while inferential statistics such as Chi-square and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were used to analyze the data. The result indicated that more than half (51.4%) of the employees were male, 85.1% were married with a mean age of 41 years. Most of the employees (91.9%) had tertiary education with 5 years and above years of experience. The results indicated the problem associated with labour shortage. Rewards of employees were low as compared to the risk of the job they were doing ( =3.35), the limited number of employees were being stressed due to labour shortage ( =3.01), and inadequate strength of staff was affecting the success of the organization ( =2.85). The result also reveals the stress level of employees. Stress effect on staff was affecting their work ( =2.80) and the nature of their job was such that they desired to quit if they had alternative ( =2.70). Chi-square analysis revealed that only working experience (χ2=11.740, df=4, P less than 0.05) had a significant relationship with employees stress level. There was also a significant correlation between employees perception of labour shortage and their stress level. The study concluded that due to the problem of labour shortage in OYSADEP the stress associated with the job was high as compared to the pay. It is therefore recommended that management of OYSADEP should employ more staff to reduce the stress on the existing employees of the organization.

scholarly journals STUDI CROSS-SECTIONAL: HUBUNGAN LOKASI SEKOLAH (PEDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN) DENGAN STATUS GIZI MURID SEKOLAH DASAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Rosyanne Kushargina ◽  
Nunung Cipta Dainy
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
T Test ◽  
School Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
School Location ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Almost All

Background: Adequate nutrition plays an important roles for children on school age to developed and maintain their growth and health. Many factors could affect the nutritional status of school children, one of them is the school location.Objectives: To analysis the correlation between school location with nutritional status of elementary school students.Method: The research design used was a cross-sectional design. 80 subjects were observed from two different schools namely SDN 1 Cikelet Garut (Urban) and SDN Pesanggrahan 02 Pagi Jakarta Selatan (Rural). The relationship of school location and gender with nutritional status were analyzed using Chi Square. Independent Sample T-test used to analyze nutritional status based on different locations.Result: In rural there are 25% of children with over nutritional status (weight/age). There are still stunted child both in urban (7.50%) and rural (10%), but based on weight/height nutritional status, almost all subjects in both urban (92.50%) and rural (97.50%) in obese category. Chi Square analysis showed that the school location was significantly related (P 0.05) only with the weight/age nutritional status. Gender is significantly related to height/age nutritional status. The majority of boys (15,4%) are shorter than girls (2,4%). The results of the Independent Sample T-test based on location, showed that the nutritional status of subjects in urban was significantly different (P0.05) from the nutritional status of subjects in rural. In line with this, based in gender there is significantly different (P0.05) in nutritional status between boy and girl.Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that differences in school locations are related to the nutritional status of elementary school students.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN ANTARA TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN, PEKERJAAN DAN PENGETAHUAN IBU TENTANG IMUNISASI DENGAN KEBERHASILAN PEMBERIAN IMUNISASI DASAR PADA BAYI

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Warsini Warsini ◽  
Kevin Anung Joseptian
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Maternal Knowledge ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

Background: It is undoubted if basic immunization has benefited immensely to child for over the years. Nevertheless there aresome parents who remains reluctant to immunize their children. This condition could be proved by the achievement of UCI (Universal Child Immunization) in 2015 in Klaten which involved 401 villages. There was only 90% of the total population who participated in this program. The Purpose: To analized the relationship between education level, work satus and mother's knowledge about basic immunization with the successness of giving basic immunization to babies. The Subjects: The study was observational analytic with cross sectional design. The population were all mothers who had infants aged 9-12 months in January-February 2018 in Wonosari District taken using total sampling technique. The data was then collected by using questionnaires. The results: Most of the infants were 11 months old (50%), most of mother were 25-35 years old (66.8%), most of the mother's education level was Senior High School (46.7%), most of the mother's knowledge about immunization was high (96.7%), the majority of mothers did not work (53.3%), most infants were fully immunized (96.7%). Chi Square analysis found that the correlation between education level and the successness of immunization in infant p=0.245, work relation with success of immunization giving to infant p=0.341, and relation of mother knowledge about basic immunization with successness immunization giving to infant p=0.000. The conclusion: There was no correlation between the level of education with the successness of immunization in infants (p=0.245), there was no relationship between work status with successness immunization in infants (p=0.341), and there was a statistically significant relationship between maternal knowledge of basic immunization with successness immunization in infants (p=0.000). Keywords: basic immunization, education, employment, knowledge

scholarly journals Assessment of Mobile Voice Agricultural Messages Given to Farmers of Cauvery Delta Zone of Tamil Nadu, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganesan Muthiah
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Audio Quality ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Cauvery Delta ◽  
Chi Square Analysis ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

The study describes the assessment of mobile phone based agricultural voice messages disseminated to farmers of Cauvery delta zone in Tamil Nadu, India, during September, 2012 to June, 2013. The present study was conducted in July, 2013 for about 20 days period through telephonic interview using a well structured questionnaire with randomly selected 200 farmers across five districts (Thanjavur, Nagapattinam, Thiruchirapalli, Thiruvarur and Cuddalore of Cauvery delta zone in Tamil Nadu, India). The survey results showed that majority of the farmers have adopted the agricultural information disseminated through their mobile phone. In addition, Chi square analysis showed that the farmers with irrespective of socio economic characteristics such as gender, age, education, land holding and farming experience have adopted the agricultural information. More than half of the farmers had expressed that either all or most of the agricultural information were useful. Majority of them had expressed the information received on their mobile phone were trust worthy. With reference to satisfaction level of farmers, almost all the farmers were very satisfied with audio quality, simplicity of language and contents of voice messages. Majority of the farmers’ have indicated that the mobile voice messages were of better as compared to other sources of information that they were accessing.

scholarly journals The Correlation Between The Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Soil-Transmitted Helminths Infection in the Workers of Kaliputih Plantation Jember Regency

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Ivan Iqbal Baidowi ◽  
Yunita Armiyanti ◽  
Zahrah Febianti ◽  
Yudha Nurdian ◽  
Bagus Hermansyah
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Soil Transmitted Helminths ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
The Status ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and the status of Soil-Transmitted Helminths infection in the workers of Kaliputih plantation in Jember Regency. The research method applied was Analytic observational with a Cross-sectional approach. The population, as well as the sample, were all workers of Kaliputih Plantation, Sumber Bulus Village, Ledokombo District, Jember Regency, by the total of 63 people. The sampling technique was the Total sampling. Laboratory analysis on faecal samples of respondents were conducted at the Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jember. Furthermore, the research data were analyzed using Chi-Square analysis or Fisher’s Exact Test. The results demonstrated that the prevalence of STH infection in Kaliputih Plantation workers was 25%. This figure was supported by the good awareness of the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) of workers (91.67%). In addition, the Soil-Transmitted Helminths species that infested the plantation workers were Ascaris lumbricoides, found in 6 people (16.67%), and Hookworm, found in 3 people (8.33%). Finally, the result of Chi-square analysis showed a significance value of <0.05. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of PPE in Kaliputih plantation workers had a significant correlation with the STH infection status. Keywords: Correlation, PPE, Soil-Transmitted Helminths Infection

scholarly journals Association of Cytomegalovirus Infection With Anti-MDA5 Antibody-Positive Dermatomyositis: A Prospective Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linlin Huang ◽  
Wenbo Zhu ◽  
Yan Ye ◽  
Xiaoping Wu ◽  
Qingran Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Inflammatory Myopathy ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Chi Square Test

Objectives: To investigate whether cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection plays a role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM), particularly in anti-MDA5 antibody-positive (anti-MDA5+) dermatomyositis (DM).Methods: A prospective cohort of 204 newly diagnosed IIM patients and 50 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. CMV-IgM and CMV-IgG antibody concentrations and lymphocyte counts were analyzed. Differences in categorical data were compared using Fisher's exact test and the chi-square test. One-year survival rates were analyzed in MDA5+ DM patients with and without CMV infection.Results: In IIM patients, the median CMV-IgM level was significantly higher than in healthy controls (6 U/mL vs. 0 U/mL, p &lt; 0.05) as was the median CMV-IgG level (114 U/mL vs. 105 U/mL, p &lt; 0.05). The percentage of recent CMV infections in the MDA5+ DM group was much higher than it was in the MDA5− IIM group (19.1% vs. 7.0%, p = 0.009). MDA5+ DM patients with CMV DNA-emia had poorer 1 year survival than the CMV-DNA− group (33.3% vs. 86.3%, p = 0.010). CMV-IgM-positive (CMV-IgM+) MDA5+ DM patients had lower CD4+ T cell counts (245.7 cells/μL vs. 420.5 cells/μL, p &lt; 0.05) and CD19+ B cell counts (97.3 cells/μL vs. 240.6 cells/μL, p &lt; 0.05).Conclusion: The number of CMV infections was significantly higher in IIM patients, particularly in MDA5+ DM patients. Lower CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells were observed in CMV-IgM+ MDA5+ DM patients. CMV infection may have an important role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of MDA5+ DM by disrupting immunity.

scholarly journals Knowledge of pregnant women about anemia is related with adherence to iron tablets

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Baksono Winardi ◽  
Elga Caecaria Grahardika Andani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Almost All

Objectives: to identify association between knowledge of pregnant women about anemia and the adherence to consume iron tablets in BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, IndonesiaMaterials and Methods: Observational analysis cross sectional study. Population consisted of 55 trimester pregnant women in BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, in March-April 2017. Samples were recruited using consecutive sampling. The number of sample was 35 respondents. Data were analyzed using chi-square test.Results: This research showed that all of the less knowledgeable women on anemia (100.00%) were non-adherent to consume iron tablets, almost all moderately knowledgeable women (92.9%) were adherent, and all of the fully knowledgeable women (100.00%) were adherent. Fisher exact test in significance level of 0.05 revealed p value equal to 0.0001, indicating association between knowledge about anemia and adherence to consume iron tablets at BPM Titik Suharti, Surabaya, Indonesia.Conclusion: There is an association between knowledge of pregnant women about anemia with adherence to iron tablets.

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