scholarly journals Fragmentation and Grievances as Fuel for Violent Extremism: The Case of Abu Musa’ab Al-Zarqawi

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Talip Alkhayer
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Dialectical Relationship ◽  
Iraqi Freedom ◽  
Threat Theory

Violent extremism naturally benefits from any state of fragmentation. This article focuses on Iraq in a period of a staggering rise in terrorist attacks that started with “operation Iraqi Freedom.” The rhetoric of Abu Musa’ab Al-Zarqawi is used as a case study. Analyzing his statements between 2003 and 2006 shows his weaponization of the concepts of out-groups and threat; it is shown to have a temporaneous association between the escalating violence and successful mobilization. This highlights the saliency of these concepts, the crucial role of Iraq’s Sunni Arabs’ grievances, and the resulting societal fragmentations, which all play in Zarqawi’s efforts to mobilize his in-group. The use of Social Identity Theory and Integrated Threat Theory outlines Zarqawi’s rhetorical strategies in portraying his enemies, and therefore, exposes the rhetorical justifications behind his violent extremism. Results show, temporally, prominent implementation of out-group/threat in the rhetoric, the different out-groups in question, and the types of threats portrayed. In addition, this article concretely shows the effect of the allied forces/Iraqi government’s policies in fortifying Zarqawi’s rhetoric by way of adopting hostile and discriminatory measures against Sunni Arabs. This article also shows an undeniable dialectical relationship between societal fragmentation/grievances and violent-extremist rhetoric and returns the question to policy makers.

An Analytical Approach to Cruise Tourism As an Option For Development: a Case Study of the Sultanate of Oman

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-109
Author(s):  
Heba Aziz ◽  
Osman El-Said ◽  
Marike Bontenbal
Keyword(s):  
Capital City ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Cruise Tourism ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Average Expenditure ◽  
Return Intention

The objective of this study was to measure the level of cruise tourists' satisfaction as well as the relationship between satisfaction, recommendation, return intention, and expenditure. Also, the impact of factors such as nationality, length of the visit, and age on the level of expenditure was measured. An empirical approach for data collection was followed and a total of 152 questionnaires were collected from cruise tourists visiting the capital city of Oman, Muscat, as cruise liners anchor at Sultan Qaboos Port. Results of the regression analysis supported the existence of a causal relationship between satisfaction with destination attributes, overall satisfaction, recommendation, return intention, and expenditure. It was found that the average expenditure varies according to age and length of the visit. Recommendations for policy makers were suggested on how to increase the role of cruise tourism in strengthening the economy.

ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION, PERFORMANCE AND THE MODERATING ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL CAPITAL: A CASE STUDY OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS IN THAILAND

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (02) ◽  
pp. 1950008
Author(s):  
CHONNATCHA KUNGWANSUPAPHAN ◽  
JIBON KUMAR SHARMA LEIHAOTHABAM
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Entrepreneurial Orientation ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Institutional Capital ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

This study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation of female entrepreneurs and business performance, and analyzes the moderating role of institutional capital on the entrepreneurial orientation-performance link. The results of the study highlight the important role of entrepreneurial orientation, including proactiveness, innovativeness and risk-taking, in directing business performance of female entrepreneurs and the complex interplay among entrepreneurial orientation variables. It also indicates that accessibility to institutional capital, through regulative, cognitive and normative dimensions, encourages female entrepreneurs to be more entrepreneurially oriented, thus leading to better business performance. In addition, this research proposes an integrated framework to guide policy makers on how institutional capital can play a crucial role in helping female entrepreneurs, stressing the importance of becoming entrepreneurial oriented and thus, achieving superior business performance.

scholarly journals Cross-Border Open Innovation of Early Stage Tech Incubation: A Case Study of FORGE, the First UK-China Accelerator Program

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunming Shao ◽  
Lei Shi
Keyword(s):  
Open Innovation ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Border Trade

This paper is a case study of FORGE, the first UK-China cross border accelerator program, conducted in the context of TusPark Newcastle, an overseas innovation center by TUS Holdings in the United Kingdom. It engages with current research that examines the role of trust, particularly in the area of cross-border trade. We suggest that this is especially pertinent for early stage technology companies, since in many cases, their products, business models and even founder reputations, are more unformed. We also look at the topic of cross-border incubation, particularly with China as the target market, and provide new insights for understanding the channels and barriers for international commercialization in China for early stage tech startups. Finally, we provide some suggestions for policy-makers on both sides to better coordinate efforts to increase innovation relationships like FORGE.

A Place for Immigrants in the Ghetto: The Rise and Fall of the NaunynRitze Youth Centre

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhat Güney ◽  
Bülent Kabaş ◽  
Fatih Çömlekçi
Keyword(s):  
Immigrant Youth ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Youth Work ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Youth Centre

In this work, we attempt to examine the role of strategies like arts sponsorship and culturalism in the solution of immigrant youth issues around a specific immigrant place. This is a case study that focuses on the NaunynRitze Youth Centre in Berlin-Kreuzberg, which was presented as a successful example by policy makers and the public in the 1990s when the footsteps of the crisis of multiculturalism had begun to be heard in Germany. Our research shows that the social engineering strategies shaped around a multikulti production base are not permanent or sustainable as long as these institutions are also given the responsibility of eliminating the cycle of crime and violence in addition to promote individual artistic development and subcultural entities. As long as political figures and the public opinion continue to generally see the immigrant youth as a danger to the secure and untarnished development of society, it does not appear possible for the multiculturalism and the immigrant youth work system to develop.

scholarly journals Promoting the creation of Innovation Ecosystems: the case of the University of Porto

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Melo Brito
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Innovation Ecosystems ◽  
The University ◽  
Key Success Factor ◽  
Knowledge Valorisation

Universities are increasingly acting as promoters of innovation, economic growth and regional development, a trend that has attracted the attention of both policy makers and researchers. The objective of this paper is to contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of higher education institutions as dynamic promoters of growth and development. The University of Porto is used as a case study to explore how universities can act as innovation ecosystems leaders and integrators. The main contributions of the paper are threefold. First, the case puts in evidence a key success factor: the talent to transform the knowledge produced by universities into valuable solutions for companies and other organisations. Second, links between universities and industry must assume a long-term and relational nature rather than an intermittent and transactional character. Finally, the success of university-based ecosystems depends on the integration of a diversity of actors, resources and competences. This means that a sustainable strategy of innovation and knowledge valorisation requires an approach that fosters both internal and external networking.

scholarly journals A Social Entrepreneurship Case Study of the “Pertubuhan Kebajikan Anak Yatim Islam Segamat” Orphanage in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Saunah Zainon ◽  
Rina Fadhilah Ismail ◽  
Soo Kum Yoke ◽  
Haryati Ahmad ◽  
Nurulzulaiha Saudah Suhadak
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Charitable Donations ◽  
Observation Methods ◽  
Fair Chance

Most orphanages in Malaysia are run by means of charitable donations. However, the donations and contributions collected are usually not regular or one-off. This has led to orphanages being in a run-down state and ill-equipped. The care given to orphans is important as part and parcel of their human rights to be treated and given a fair chance of living with the rest of the human race. As such, this paper aims to investigate the role of social entrepreneurship in providing care for orphans. Particularly, the paper will focus on an orphanage – “Pertubuhan Kebajikan Anak Yatim Islam Segamat” (PKAYIS) which is located in the state of Johor. PKAYIS has provided shelter for 68 orphans and through charitable donations has been running successfully since 1983. The orphanage has been able to successfully bring up orphans who have succeeded academically and found successful careers in life. Based on the theoretical framework on social entrepreneurship and orphans, observation methods and interviews were carried out to supply relevant information and data for the study. This paper will provide some insights on how social entrepreneurship affects the society and would be beneficial for policy makers interested in adopting social entrepreneurship as a mean of care for orphans.

scholarly journals How Relevant Are Non-Use Values and Perceptions in Economic Valuations? The Case of Hydropower Plants

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Sousa ◽  
Anabela Botelho ◽  
Lígia M. Costa Pinto ◽  
Marieta Valente
Keyword(s):  
Stated Preference ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Public Consultation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
Use Values ◽  
Non Market Valuation

The construction of hydropower plants, particularly of large ones, is far from being a consensual decision: advocates defend their construction based on the unquestionable benefits hydropower provides, while critics argue that these facilities are far from harmless and cause adverse impacts on the environment, being not only against the construction but also demanding the destruction of existing ones. We review a selection of recent empirical studies concerning impacts of hydropower developments, to make a case for the consideration of non-use values in the economic valuation of the environmental and social impacts of hydropower plants, through the use of non-market valuation methodologies. Additionally, we present data from a case study of hydropower economic valuation, where different subgroups of the population with differing degrees of contact and familiarity with hydropower rate their perception of impacts. Respondents with more contact are less penalizing of hydropower than other respondents. We conclude that non-use values are non-negligible and can be valued through stated preference methods, but researchers should take into consideration perceptions and the role of users and non-users. Non-use values should thus not be neglected by policy makers and regulators at the planning and public consultation stages or as part of the decommissioning decision.

scholarly journals Religion, community resilience and countering violent extremism in Dir Valley, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-227
Author(s):  
Imran Ahmad Sajid ◽  
Shakeel Ahmed ◽  
Beenish Ijaz Butt
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Community Resilience ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Community Perception ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Peace And Conflict ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Building Community ◽  
Role Of Religion

The post 9/11 terrorism and subsequent wave of violent extremism has generated a significant interest in the role of religion in both peace and conflict. Religion is a significant part of the lives of a significant majority the global population. This realization has led policy makers to seek ways in which religious leaders can and had impacted the community resilience towards violent extremism. Swat and Dir valleys have seen the brunt of violent extremism in the recent past. This extremism was generated and exploited by a few religiously motivated violent organizations. However, we believe there were religious leaders who opposed this surge of violent extremism in those specific communities. This research aims at finding out whether religious leaders mobilized the communities for countering violent extremism. In order to do that, a quantitative survey was designed whereby a community perception was measured. The data was collected from 180 respondents from both the districts of Dir valley, i.e., lower Dir and upper Dir. Our data shows that religious leaders played some role in building community resilience. In terms of bonding, they played a significant role. In terms of bridging, they also played a significant role. However, in terms of linking, the religious leaders played a little role.

scholarly journals Leadership and Peacebuilding: The Role of Young People in Countering Violent Extremism in North East Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mohammed Machina
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Youth Population ◽  
Extremist Groups

The involvement of some young people as foot soldiers of extremist groups has led to the stereotype of youth in general as perpetrators of violence and a threat to peace and stability. That is why many commentaries and media reportage on Nigeria portray young people as perpetrators of violence or victims of conflict. However, this picture of young people is incomplete because it fails to acknowledge the role of young people as peacebuilders. This commentary examines the role of young people in countering violent extremism in North East Nigeria and focuses on the North East Intellectual Entrepreneurship Fellowship (NEIEF) Fellows as a case study. I argue that young people who actively joined extremist groups represent a small minority of the youth population. The majority of young people in North East Nigeria have been actively working to counter extremist narratives of violence.

scholarly journals Understanding the Role of Values in Health Policy Decision-Making From the Perspective of Policy-Makers and Stakeholders: A Multiple-Case Embedded Study in Chile and Colombia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Vélez ◽  
Michael G. Wilson ◽  
Julia Abelson ◽  
John N. Lavis ◽  
Guillermo Paraje
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Key Informants ◽  
Multiple Case

Background: Chile and Colombia are examples of Latin American countries with health systems shaped by similar values. Recently, both countries have crafted policies to regulate the participation of private for-profit insurance companies in their health systems, but through very different mechanisms. This study asks: what values are important in the decision-making processes that crafted these policies? And how and why are they used? Methods: An embedded multiple-case study design was carried out for 2 specific decisions in each country: (1) in Chile, the development of the Universal Plan of Explicit Entitlements -AUGE/GES - and mandating universal coverage of treatments for high-cost diseases; and (2) in Colombia, the declaration of health as a fundamental right and a mechanism to explicitly exclude technologies that cannot be publicly funded. We interviewed key informants involved in one or more of the decisions and/or in the policy analysis and development process that contributed to the eventual decision. The data analysis involved a constant comparative approach and thematic analysis for each case study. Results: From the 40 individuals who were invited, 28 key informants participated. A tension between 2 important values was identified for each decision (eg, solidarity vs. individualism for the AUGE/GES plan in Chile; human dignity vs. sustainability for the declaration of the right to health in Colombia). Policy-makers used values in the decisionmaking process to frame problems in meaningful ways, to guide policy development, as a pragmatic instrument to make decisions, and as a way to legitimize decisions. In Chile, values such as individualism and free choice were incorporated in decision-making because attaining private health insurance was seen as an indicator of improved personal economic status. In Colombia, human dignity was incorporated as the core value because the Constitutional Court asserted its importance in its use of judicial activism as a check on the power of the executive and legislative branches. Conclusion: There is an opportunity to open further exploration of the role of values in different health decisions, political sectors besides health, and even other jurisdictions.

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