scholarly journals Modelling Salinity and Sodicity Risks of Long-Term Use of Recycled Water for Irrigation of Horticultural Crops

Soil Systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Vinod Phogat ◽  
Dirk Mallants ◽  
Jirka Šimůnek ◽  
James W. Cox ◽  
Paul R. Petrie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
The Impact

Long-term use of recycled water (RW) for irrigation in arid and semiarid regions usually changes the soil solution composition and soil exchange characteristics, enhancing the risk for salinity and sodicity hazards in soils. This modelling study focuses on developing alternative management options that can reduce the potentially harmful impacts of RW use on the irrigation of wine grapes and almonds. The multicomponent UNSATCHEM add-on module for HYDRUS-1D was used to evaluate the impact of long-term (2018–2050) use of irrigation waters of different compositions: good-quality low-salinity (175 mg/L) water (GW), recycled water with 1200 mg/L salinity (RW), blended water of GW and RW in the 1:1 proportion (B), and monthly (Alt1) and half-yearly (Alt6) alternate use of GW and RW. The management options include different levels of annual gypsum applications (0, 1.7, 4.3, and 8.6 t/ha soil) to the calcareous (Cal) and hard red-brown (HRB) soils occurring in the Northern Adelaide Plain (NAP) region, South Australia. Additional management scenarios involve considering different leaching fractions (LF) (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) to reduce the salinity build-up in the soil. A new routine in UNSATCHEM to simulate annual gypsum applications was developed and tested for its applicability for ameliorating irrigation-induced soil sodicity. The 1970–2017 period with GW irrigation was used as a warmup period for the model. The water quality was switched from 2018 onwards to reflect different irrigation water qualities, gypsum applications, and LF levels. The data showed that the GW, B, Alt1, and Alt6 irrigation scenarios resulted in lower soil solution salinity (ECsw) than the RW irrigation scenario, which led to increased ECsw values (4.1–6.6 dS/m) in the soil. Annual gypsum applications of 1.7, 4.3, and 8.6 t/ha reduced pH, SAR, and ESP in both soils and reduced the adverse impacts of irrigation, especially in surface soils. A combination of water blending or cyclic water use with 3.8 t/ha annual gypsum applications showed promise for the SAR and ESP control. Additionally, irrigation with RW, a 0.2 LF, and annual gypsum applications limited the harmful salinity impacts in the soils. However, in the RW irrigation scenario, ECsw and ESP at the bottom of the crop root zone (90–120 cm depth) in the HRB soil were still higher than the wine grape and almond salinity thresholds. Thus, annual amendment applications, combined with the long-term use of blended water or cyclic use of RW and GW, represent a sustainable management option for crop production at the calcareous and hard red-brown soils.

Modelling of the impact of future climate changes on salt accumulation in paddocks of different soil types due to recycled water irrigation

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muhitur Rahman ◽  
Dharma Hagare ◽  
Basant Maheshwari ◽  
Peter Dillon ◽  
Golam Kibria
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Global Climate Model ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Salt Accumulation ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Impact

Recycled water contains elevated amounts of salt compared with irrigation water originating from surface water sources. As such, recycled water, if used for irrigation over a long period of time may increase the root zone salinity. However, the phenomenon depends on variability of climatic condition and soil characteristics. In this study, a salt transport model, HYDRUS 1D, was used to predict long-term salt accumulation in two paddocks containing loamy sand and loam soil. The paddocks are located within Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury campus. Impact of rainfall on salt accumulation was studied with the data from the Global Climate Model for the years 2021–2040. The long-term (20 years) salt accumulation showed a cyclical pattern because of variation in rainfall and evapotranspiration. It was found that soil water electrical conductivity (ECSW) was 24% higher in loam soil paddock compared with that of loamy sand. Amount of leachate in the loamy sand paddock was 27% more than the amount leached from that of loam, which may pose a salinity risk to the groundwater if there is a perched aquifer in the field at a depth <1 m. Results from this study indicate that salt accumulation depends on soil type which seems to be more pronounced under low rainfall condition.

scholarly journals Soil management and production of alfisols in the semi-arid tropics. IV.* Simulation of decline in productivity caused by soil erosion

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Littleboy ◽  
AL Cogle ◽  
GD Smith ◽  
KPC Rao ◽  
DF Yule
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Yield Decline ◽  
Initial Soil ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Semi Arid

Maintenance of a productive soil base by minimizing soil erosion is vital to long-term crop production. In this study, a modelling approach is used to estimate the effects of soil erosion on productivity for a sorghum cropping system on an Alfisol in the semi-arid tropics of India. Predictions of erosion, runoff and yield decline due to erosion, for variations in initial soil depth, slope, tillage strategy and amendment treatment, are presented. On average, soil depth decreased by 0.91 cm/year at Hyderabad for a 10% slope, 80 cm initial soil depth, shallow tillage at planting and no surface amendment. Rates of soil removal and subsequent yield decline were higher for shallower soils, steeper slopes and if management practices provided less surface cover during the crop. The productive life of the soil was less than 91 years for some soil depths, slope and management combinations. For other combinations, significant yield decline was predicted after 91 years of cropping. The quantification of erosion-productivity relationships allows us to identify regions with a higher risk of degradation from soil erosion and to estimate the impact of various management options on long-term sustainability. Models provide a basis to focus research and a means of assessing alternative management strategies to preserve long-term production.* Part III, Aust. J. Soil Res. 1996, 34, 113–125.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Management Options on Water Allocation in River Mubuku-Sebwe Sub-Catchments of Lake Edward-George Basin, Western Uganda

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2009
Author(s):  
Caroline Ednah Mwebaze ◽  
Jackson-Gilbert Mwanjalolo Majaliwa ◽  
Joshua Wanyama ◽  
Geoffrey Gabiri
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Lake Edward ◽  
Western Uganda ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sustainable Water Resources

Limited studies in East Africa and particularly in Uganda have been carried out to determine and map water use and demands. This study aimed at assessing the impact of management options on sustainable water allocation in environmentally sensitive catchments of Mubuku and Sebwe of Lake Edward-George basin in Western Uganda. We used hydro-meteorological data analysis techniques to quantify the available water. We applied Mike Hydro model to allocate water to the different ongoing developments in the catchment based on 2015 and 2040 water demand management scenarios. We used the Nile Basin Decision Support System to assess the sustainability of the different water management scenarios for sustainable water resources use. Reliability computation did not consider hydropower in this study. Results show that water available in 2015 was 60 MCM/YR and 365 MCM/YR for Sebwe and Mubuku, respectively and is projected to decrease by 15% and 11% by the year 2040 under climate scenario RCP8.5. We project water demand to rise by 64% for domestic, 44% for livestock, 400% for industry, 45% for hydro power and 66% for irrigation by 2040. Mubuku water demand is projected to increase from 5.2 MCM in 2015 to 10.7 MCM in 2040. Mubuku available water is projected to fall from 364.8 to 329.8 MCM per annum. Sebwe water demand is projected to increase from 9.7 MCM in 2015 to 22.2 MCM in 2040 and its available water is projected to fall from 60 to 52 MCM per annum by the year 2040 from 2015. Water managers ought to allocate water based on the reliable water allocation which prioritizes domestic and environmental water demands, allocates 90% of industrial demand, 70% of irrigation and 60% of livestock demand. We recommend institutionalizing this model to guide water allocation in the Mubuku-Sebwe sub catchments. Water users should employ more efficient water use techniques to achieve high reliability and sustainable water resources management.

scholarly journals Climate change and drought effects on rural income distribution in the Mediterranean: a case study for Spain

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 4353-4389
Author(s):  
S. Quiroga ◽  
C. Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This paper examines the effects of climate change and drought on agricultural outputs in Spanish rural areas. By now the effects of drought as a response to climate change or policy restrictions have been analyzed through response functions considering direct effects on crop productivity and incomes. These changes also affect incomes distribution in the region and therefore modify the social structure. Here we consider this complementary indirect effect on social distribution of incomes which is essential in the long term. We estimate crop production functions for a range of Mediterranean crops in Spain and we use a decomposition of inequalities measure to estimate the impact of climate change and drought on yield disparities. This social aspect is important for climate change policies since it can be determinant for the public acceptance of certain adaptation measures in a context of drought. We provide the empirical estimations for the marginal effects of the two considered impacts: farms' income average and social income distribution. In our estimates we consider crop productivity response to both bio-physical and socio-economic aspects to analyze long term implications on both competitiveness and social disparities. We find disparities in the adaptation priorities depending on the crop and the region analyzed.

Long-term experiments aimed at improving tillage practices

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Birkás
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Surface Protection ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Climate Stress

The Crop Production Institute of Szent István University carried out soil quality trials in the region of Gödöllő between 1977 and 2002, followed by similar experiments near the town of Hatvan since 2002. Soil quality factors that can be improved by tillage include the looseness of the root zone, the depth of the loosened layer, the duration of the loosened state, the thickness of the compact layer impeding water transport, the soil structure, the level of surface protection, the water intake/water loss balance, the organic material balance and earthworm activity. Optimising these factors can help reduce climate stress, so that extreme weather conditions do not undermine the reliability of farming. Most of the tillage methods elaborated on the basis of the findings of the trials, with the aim of alleviating climate stress, differ from conventional recommendations.

Current and Future Surgical and Interventional Management Options for Adenomyosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (02/03) ◽  
pp. 157-167
Author(s):  
Joseph Chen ◽  
Anne E. Porter ◽  
Kimberly A. Kho
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Wedge Resection ◽  
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽  
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Obstetric Outcomes ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
The Impact

AbstractHistorically, hysterectomy has been the recommended treatment for patients with adenomyosis. However, in the past two decades, various uterine-sparing treatment methods have emerged. These range from excisional techniques such as adenomyomectomy or wedge resection to uterine artery embolization, radiofrequency thermal ablation, hysteroscopic excision, endometrial ablation, and high-intensity focused ultrasound. While largely investigative for the treatment of adenomyosis, these procedures have demonstrated improvement in symptoms including abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, and overall quality of life. However, long-term data including fertility and obstetric outcomes are needed. Future research is needed to better understand the impact of these uterine-preserving techniques to expand our armamentarium for the treatment of adenomyosis.

Patterns in data of extreme droughts/floods and harvest grades derived from historical documents in eastern China during 801–1910

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixin Hao
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Extreme Drought ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
The North ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
The Impact

<p>In China, historical documents record a large quantity of information related to climate change and grain harvest. This information can help to explore the impacts of extreme drought or flood on crop production, which can provide implications for the adaptation of agriculture to higher-probability extreme climate in the context of global warming. In this paper, reported extreme drought/flood chronologies and reconstructed grain harvest series derived from historical documents were adopted in order to investigate the association between the reported frequency of extreme drought/flood in eastern China and reconstructed poor harvests during 801–1910. The results show that extreme droughts were reported more often in 801–870, 1031–1230, 1481–1530, and 1581–1650 over the whole of eastern China. On a regional scale, extreme droughts were reported more often in 1031–1100, 1441–1490, 1601–1650, and 1831–1880 in the North China Plain, 801–870, 1031–1120, 1161–1220, and 1471–1530 in Jianghuai, and 991–1040, 1091–1150, 1171–1230, 1411–1470, and 1481–1530 in Jiangnan. The grain harvest was reconstructed to be generally poor in 801–940, 1251–1650, and 1841–1910, but the reconstructed harvests were bumper in 951–1250 and 1651–1840, approximately. During the entire period from 801 to 1910, the frequency of reporting of extreme droughts in any subregion of eastern China was significantly associated over the long term with lower reconstructed harvests. The association between reported frequency of extreme floods and reconstructed low harvests appeared to be much weaker, while reconstructed harvest was much worse when extreme drought and extreme flood in different subregions were reported in the same year. The association between reconstructed poor harvests and reported frequency of regional extreme droughts was weak during the warm epoch of 920–1300 but strong during the cold epoch of 1310–1880, which could imply that a warm climate could weaken the impact of extreme drought on poor harvests; yet other historical factors may also contribute to these different patterns extracted from the two datasets.</p>

Competitive sorption of metals in water repellent soils: Implications for irrigation recycled water

Soil Research ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Xiong ◽  
F. Stagnitti ◽  
N. Turoczy ◽  
G. Allinson ◽  
P. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Competitive Sorption ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
High Sorption

Australia is a water-stressed nation and demand on potable water supply is increasing. Consequently water conservation and reuse are increasingly becoming important. Irrigation of recycled wastewater on water repellent soils is a technology that is being trialled as a means of improving crop production and conserving potable supply. However, recycled water contains potentially harmful heavy metals. This paper reports the competitive sorption and desorption of several common heavy metals found in soils collected from a farm located in the south-east of South Australia. The soil from this location is severely water repellent, but some sites were amended with kaolinite clay (Si4Al4O10(OH)8) about 7 and 15 years ago. The metals studied were Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn. Competitive sorption of the metals was distinctly observed. For all heavy metals, the quantity of metal sorbed was higher in amended soil, and there was a strong correlation between the specific sorption to total sorption ratio and the amount of clay in the soil. The sorption intensities varied with metal, Cr, Pb, and Cu having a high sorption tendencies and Zn, Cd, and Ni having comparatively low sorption tendencies. The total sorption capacity for all metals increased in clay-treated soils compared with non-treated soils. On average, clay-amended water repellent soils had a 20–40% increased capacity to adsorb total metals; however, this increase was largely caused by the increased capacities to adsorb Zn, Cd, and Ni. The effect of clay treatment largely enhanced the sorption capacity of relatively weakly adsorbing heavy metals. The implications for using recycled wastewater on the long-term sustainable agro-environmental management of these soils are discussed.

scholarly journals Impact of soil erosion on production in cropping systems .I. Development and validation of a simulation model

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Littleboy ◽  
DM Silburn ◽  
DM Freebairn ◽  
DR Woodruff ◽  
GL Hammer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
The Impact

A computer simulation model to analyse risks of soil erosion to long-term crop production is described. The model, called PERFECT, simulates interactions between soil type, climate, fallow management strategy and crop sequence. It contains six main modules; data input, water balance, crop growth, crop residue, erosion and model output. Modules are arranged in a framework that allows alternative modules to be used as required for the potential range of applications. The model contains dynamic crop growth models for wheat, sorghum and sunflower. Validation of PERFECT against small catchment and contour bay data collected throughout Queensland showed that PERFECT explained up to 84% of the variation in total available soil water, 89% of the variation in daily runoff, and up to 75% of the variation in grain yield. Average annual soil erosion was accurately predicted but daily erosion totals were less accurate due to the exclusion of rainfall intensity in erosion prediction. Variability in climate dominates agricultural production in the subtropical region of Australia. The validated model can be coupled with long-term climate and soils databases to simulate probabilities of production and erosion risks due to climatic variability. It provides a method to determine the impact of soil erosion on long-term productivity.

scholarly journals Non-destructive collection survey of the historical Classense Library. Part II: Conservation scenarios

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Floriana Coppola ◽  
Natalie Brown ◽  
Floriana Amicucci ◽  
Matija Strlic ◽  
Alberto Modelli
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
First Time ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract The effects of environmental and conservation management scenarios on the permanence of the historical book collections housed at the Classense Library (Ravenna, Italy) were investigated. Non-destructive material surveys delivered paper pH and degree of polymerisation data that, in conjunction with the Collections Demography dose-response function, provide heritage managers with estimations of the predicted collection lifetimes in diverse environmental management scenarios. For the first time, quantitative measurements of paper properties obtained in historical library collection were used to elaborate isochrone and demographic plots, evaluated against the long-term planning horizon of 500 years. The scenarios include preventive and interventive actions aiming to preserve the fitness-for-use of collection items in terms of their ability to withstand manual handling, and consider cooling, dehumidification and deacidification, as well as combinations thereof. The results inform the conservation decision-makers about the preservation outcomes of environmental management options, to be considered for further action, once environmental, economic and social sustainability of such scenarios is considered.

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