scholarly journals Why the Uncertain Term Occurs in the Farmland Lease Market: Evidence from Rural China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoling Zou ◽  
Biliang Luo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
Land Loss ◽  
Pension Insurance ◽  
Agricultural Insurance ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Informal Contracts ◽  
Low Efficiency

Urbanization and aging of the agricultural population lead to the insufficient supply of agricultural labor and land being idle in rural China, calling for the farmland lease market to maintain sustainable and efficient use of farmland. However, rural households tend to agree on an uncertain term for farmland leasing in/out, which leads to low efficiency and land loss in agriculture. Therefore, using the survey data collected from 2704 rural households and a logistic regression model, we examine the effects of risk faced by the rural households on the likelihood of the uncertain term for farmland leasing. Results reveal that a large share of labor with low education and high income increase the likelihood of an uncertain term for farmland leasing out activities, while a high disaster frequency, a high education of household and a high share of agricultural income increase the probability of an uncertain term for farmland leasing in activities. Additionally, leasing farmland to/from relatives or neighbors, informal contracts, low rent and the lack of pension insurance also increase the likelihood of the uncertain term for farmland leasing out/in activities. Findings suggest that more attention should be paid to education, agricultural insurance and social security system in rural areas.

POVERTY REDUCTION IN CHINA AND INDIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 95-115
Author(s):  
TONGJIN ZHANG ◽  
YUAN ZHANG ◽  
GUANGHUA WAN ◽  
HAITAO WU
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
China And India ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Better Than

This paper attempts to explain why China performed better than India in reducing poverty. As two of the most populous countries in the world, China and India have both experienced fast economic growth and high inequality in the past four decades. Conversely, China adopted a more export-oriented development strategy, resulting in faster industrialization or urbanization and deeper globalization, than India. Consequently, to conduct the comparative study, we first decompose poverty changes into a growth and an inequality components, assessing the relative importance of growth versus distributional changes on poverty in China and India. Then, Chinese data are used to estimate the impacts of industrialization, urbanization and globalization on poverty reduction in rural China. The major conclusion of this comparative study is that developing countries must prioritize employment generation in secondary and tertiary industries through industrialization and globalization in order to absorb surplus agricultural labor, helping reduce poverty in the rural areas.

scholarly journals Poverty reduction in rural China: Does the digital finance matter?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261214
Author(s):  
Boou Chen ◽  
Chunkai Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Financial Policies ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Reduction Effect ◽  
Financial Technology

As digital finance is widely spread and applied in China, this new format of financial technology could become a new way to reduce poverty in rural areas. By matching digital financial indexes of the prefectural-level cities with microdata on rural households from the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) in 2017, we find that digital finance significantly suppresses absolute poverty and relative poverty among rural households in China, which is supported by a series of robustness tests, such as the instrumental variable approach, using alternative specifications, and excluding extreme observations. Additionally, we provide evidence that the poverty reduction effect of digital finance is likely to be explained by alleviating credit constraints and information constraints, broadening social networks, and promoting entrepreneurship. Our findings further complement the research field on financial poverty reduction and offer insights for the development of public financial policies of poverty reduction in other countries, especially in some developing countries.

scholarly journals Impacts of Health Services on Agricultural Labor Productivity of Rural Households in Burkina Faso

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Omer Combary ◽  
Salimata Traore
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Farm Labor ◽  
Agricultural Labor ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This article has used the method of instrumental variables to evaluate the impact of health services on the productivity of rural households’ farming labor in Burkina Faso. The distance from the household's homestead to the Health and Social Promotion Center (HSPC) was considered as an instrumental variable. The results revealed that resorting to a HSPC in case of an unexpected illness in the rainy season significantly improves the farm labor productivity by FCFA 3170.5880 per person-day. For improving agricultural productivity, we suggest that public decision-makers should focus on the availability and the quality of HSPC services in rural areas.

scholarly journals The Impact of Farmland Transfer on Rural Households’ Income Structure in the Context of Household Differentiation: A Case Study of Heilongjiang Province, China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 362
Author(s):  
Lili Chen ◽  
Hongsheng Chen ◽  
Chaohui Zou ◽  
Ye Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Agricultural Employment ◽  
Agricultural Households ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Production Area ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

Farmland transfer is an important factor affecting rural households’ income and sustainable development of rural areas in developing countries. However, recent studies have reached controversial conclusions on how farmland transfer affects rural households’ income because of ignoring the household differentiation and the difference in the impacts of farmland transfer-in and transfer-out on the income structure. Taking the Heilongjiang province, the major cereal production area in China, as the study area, the paper aims to estimate the impacts of farmland transfer-in or transfer-out of different rural households on income structure based on the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) model. Results showed that the total income of all rural households transferring-in farmland increased significantly while the income decreased after transferring-out farmland, and I part-time households have the largest increase, followed by pure-agricultural households and II part-time households, whereas I part-time households has the smallest reduction, followed by pure-agricultural households and II part-time households. Because the increase in the agricultural income and subsidies was greater than the decrease in the outworking income for I part-time households transferring-in farmland, while the outworking income not increasing but decreasing when II part-time households transferring-out farmland. We can conclude that (1) encouraging pure-agricultural and I part-time households to transfer farmland in and II part-time households to transfer out of farmland, and develop mutual assistance for the aged in rural areas should be strengthened. (2) Improving the farmland transfer market and promoting non-agricultural employment of surplus-labor need to be synchronized. (3) Agricultural subsidies should be provided to cultivators.

scholarly journals Development and application of biogas project for domestic sewage treatment in rural China: opportunities and challenges

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikun Cheng ◽  
Mingyue Zhao ◽  
Heinz-Peter Mang ◽  
Xiaoqin Zhou ◽  
Zifu Li
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Low Efficiency

Abstract The biogas project for domestic sewage treatment (BPDST) is considered a promising facility for wastewater management in rural areas of China. This paper explores previous experimental works, cost analysis, and BPDST structure and design based on Chinese literature. Opportunities for developing decentralized or neighborhood-based BPDSTs include fulfilling Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the water pollution situation and deficiency of wastewater treatment facilities, the advantages of BPDSTs compared with centralized sewage plant, government support and policy drive for rural wastewater treatment, and reuse demand for resources. Meanwhile, challenges faced are emphasized as follows: uncertain responsibility for BPDSTs under different governmental departments restricts BPDST development and should be specified; uncertain effluent quality due to low efficiency of nutrient removal requires aerobic post-treatment to some extent; rural environmental awareness is still low and should be heightened; more funds should be invested in R&D for improvement of technology innovation; more reuse and resource recovery elements should be considered during implementation; follow-up services are lacking and should be improved; and BPDST maintenance should be trained. This paper could provide valuable reference for other developing countries.

scholarly journals Assessing the Vulnerability of Rural Households to Floods at Pol-e Dokhtar Region in Iran

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 762
Author(s):  
Somayeh Ahmadi ◽  
Rezvan Ghanbari Movahed ◽  
Saeed Gholamrezaie ◽  
Mehdi Rahimian
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Agricultural Insurance ◽  
Coping Capacity ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Government

The agricultural sector in rural areas is seriously affected by climate change, affecting agricultural production and farming communities. This paper investigates rural households’ vulnerability to floods in the seven agricultural-based regions of Pol-e Dokhtar, south of Lorestan Province, Iran. The primary data for the vulnerability indicators were collected from 322 households. Three main components of vulnerability, including exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, were measured using the obtained data. The weighting of indicators was done by the MSF method and using MATLAB software. The results showed that the social and economic characteristics of households affect their vulnerability to floods. The Jayder, Mamolan, and Afrineh regions, which were more exposed to floods, had less capacity for adaptation. The results showed that the most vulnerable communities could be described by characteristics such as low levels of agricultural insurance, limited access to credit, low levels of income diversification, high levels of unemployment, low levels of social capital, higher dependency ratios, and poor infrastructure. This research showed that diversified livelihoods have a significant effect on reducing farmers’ sensitivity to floods. The study proposes policy implications to increase resilience and reduce farmers’ vulnerability to floods. The government and other development partners should prioritize the most vulnerable areas by improving their access to finance and providing the technical assistance required for increasing their coping capacity.

scholarly journals The Brink of Poverty: Implementation of a Social Assistance Programme in Rural China

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Kuhn ◽  
Stephan Brosig ◽  
Linxiu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
Implementation Gap ◽  
Assistance Programme ◽  
Monetary Transfers ◽  
Additional Monitoring

The Rural Minimum Living Standard is an important component of social security in rural areas of China, as it provides social assistance to poor rural households. The country's size and large development heterogeneities, however, make the policy's implementation a challenging task. Using quantitative and qualitative data from rural households and administrators in five provinces, we identify the pitfalls of multi-level implementation along with the difficulty of measuring income in rural, underdeveloped areas as key sources of an implementation gap that has led to a considerable degree of misallocation of monetary transfers. Changes in the budgeting process and the distribution method might improve the anti-poverty effect of social assistance without having to carry out additional monitoring.

scholarly journals Effect of livelihood diversification on rural households’ poverty reduction in Central Zone of Tigray regional state, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohannes Halefom Gebretsadik ◽  
Berhane Tsegay Teklemariam ◽  
Hailay Nigusie Gebru
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Rural Livelihood

Abstract Rural livelihood diversification studies previously conducted in Ethiopia lack linkages with poverty. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of livelihood diversification on rural households’ poverty reduction. The result of this study revealed that 49.80%, 40.41% and 9.80% of the rural households’ income was generated from: agriculture, both agricultural & non-agricultural and non-agricultural income sources respectively. The mean rural livelihood diversification index (SDI) was 0.38. This low diversification index was a source of vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate changes. The absolute poverty line was calculated 6067.75 Birr/year per adult equivalents. Hence, 39.58% of female-headed households, 30.96% male-headed households and 32.65% of the population were poor. The logistic marginal effect analysis indicated that as the households’ SDI increased by one unit, the probability of being poor was reduced by 0.282 (p<0.01%). To reduce rural households' poverty, diversification of rural livelihood beyond agricultural income sources should be promoted through skill training, saving mobilization, improving access to credit, market information, and rural transport facility. Moreover, an appropriate institutional arrangement should be made for promoting a rural non-farm economy that can be possible by capacitating and extending of the small and micro-enterprises development agency into rural areas.

An Analysis of Restraints on Effective Demand for Loans in Rural China

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Wenjie Ma ◽  
Minxin He ◽  
Xinyu Zhong ◽  
Shengsong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Effective Demand ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
First Choice

China’s overall economic growth is, to a great extent, hindered by the lack of economic growth in rural areas. Based on data from the Thousand-Village Survey (2015) of 31 provinces conducted by Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, we conduct this empirical study to analyze the current state of rural financial services and the factors influencing effective demand for loans in rural China. Looking at the demand side, in 2014, only 13.91% farmers had loans, and only 15.53% of them made financial institutions their first choice when they needed loans. Clearly, there is still much to do with regard to inclusive finance. From the perspective of the supply side, only 43.86% of dispersed loans can be categorized as productive loans, further reflecting that the financial services industry does not provide strong support for rural economic growth. Further study shows that the main factors influencing effective demand for productive loans are the population age structure and the rate at which migrant workers return home. Therefore, the "Second-Child" policy and policies that encourage migrant workers to go back home to start businesses are of vital importance in order to raise effective financial demand in rural China.

Growth of Rural Indebtedness in Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 336-341
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Utilisation Pattern ◽  
Agricultural Labourers

The problem of indebtedness among the rural households of Punjab was become more serious in the last two decades. A large number of studies were carried out in India and abroad to look into the problem of rural indebtedness and its consequences but most of these studies are either based upon a very small sample of a few districts or cover the farmers only. The present study would be wider in scope as it was also included artisans, agricultural labourers (non- cultivators) along with the farmers (cultivators). This study analysed the situation of Punjab as a whole and district wise analysis was done. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt was made to analyse the growth of indebtedness among the rural households in Punjab and attempt was made to explain the utilisation pattern of loan used by rural households and tried to trace out how the situation of household indebtedness in the Punjab evolved and changed over the course of about ten years. The study will be helpful to planners, academicians, researchers as well as policymakers for solving the problem of indebtedness among rural households for the betterment of the society as a whole. It is suggested that encouragement should be given to subsidiary occupations, improvement in access to health at subsidised rate in rural areas to curb the indebtedness and to monitor the informal mechanism of credit by Government and financial institutions along with availability of the appropriate delivery of credit into the agricultural as well as non-agricultural sector of rural areas by eliminating costly sources of money lenders for the accurate functioning of the economy.

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