scholarly journals Assessment of Blue Carbon Storage Loss in Coastal Wetlands under Rapid Reclamation

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Li ◽  
Jianhui Qiu ◽  
Zheng Li ◽  
Yangfan Li
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Blue Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbon Loss ◽  
Coastal Reclamation ◽  
Natural Wetlands ◽  
Reclamation Area

Highly productive coastal wetlands play an essential role in storing blue carbon as one of their ecosystem services, but they are increasingly jeopardized by intensive reclamation activities to facilitate rapid population growth and urbanization. Coastal reclamation causes the destruction and severe degradation of wetland ecosystems, which may affect their abilities to store blue carbon. To assist with international accords on blue carbon, we evaluated the dynamics of blue carbon storage in coastal wetlands under coastal reclamation in China. By integrating carbon density data collected from field measurement experiments and from the literature, an InVEST model, Carbon Storage and Sequestration was used to estimate carbon storage across the reclamation area between 1990 and 2015. The result is the first map capable of informing about blue carbon storage in coastal reclamation areas on a national scale. We found that more than 380,000 hectares of coastal wetlands were affected by reclamation, which resulted in the release of ca. 20.7 Tg of blue carbon. The carbon loss from natural wetlands to artificial wetlands accounted for 72.5% of total carbon loss, which highlights the major task in managing coastal sustainability. In addition, the top 20% of coastal wetlands in carbon storage loss covered 4.2% of the total reclamation area, which can be applied as critical information for coastal redline planning. We conclude that the release of blue carbon due to the conversion of natural wetlands exceeded the total carbon emission from energy consumption within the reclamation area. Implementing the Redline policy could guide the management of coastal areas resulting in greater resiliency regarding carbon emission and sustained ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Impact of Urban Expansion On Carbon Storage Under Multi-Scenario Simulations In Wuhan, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo Wang ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Wanxu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Carbon Loss ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems, which is the basis of the global carbon cycle, reflects the changes in the environment due to anthropogenic impacts. Rapid and effective assessment of the impact of urban expansion on carbon reserves is vital for the sustainable development of urban ecosystems. Previous studies lack research regarding different scenarios during future city and comprehensive analysis on the driving factors from the socioeconomic point of view. Therefore, this study examined Wuhan, China and explored the latent effects of urban expansion on terrestrial carbon storage by combining the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) and Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model. Based on different socioeconomic strategies, we developed three future scenarios, including Baseline Scenario (BS), Cropland Protection Scenario (CP), and Ecological protection Scenario (EP), to predict the urban built-up land use change from 2015 to 2035 in Wuhan and discussed the carbon storage impacts of urban expansion. The result shows that: (1) Wuhan's urban built-up land area expanded 2.67 times between 1980 and 2015, which is approximately 685.17 km2 and is expected to continuously expand to 1,349–1,945.01 km2 by 2035. (2) Urban expansion in Wuhan has caused carbon storage loss by 5.12×106 t during 1980–2015 and will lead to carbon storage loss by 6.15×106 t, 4.7×106 t, and 4.05×106 t under BS, CP, and EP scenarios from 2015 to 2035, accounting for 85.42%, 81.74%, and 78.79% of the total carbon loss, respectively. (3) The occupation of cropland by urban expansion is closely related to the road system expansion, which is the main driver of carbon storage reduction from 2015 to 2035. (4) We expect that by 2035, the districts facing carbon loss caused by the growth of urban built-up land will expand outward around secondary roads, and the scale of outward expansion under various scenarios will be ranked as: BS >CP > EP. In combination, the InVEST and the PLUS model can assess the impact of urban expansion on carbon storage more efficiently and is conducive to carrying out urban planning and promoting a dynamic balance between urban economic development and human well-being.

scholarly journals Blue carbon stocks in Baltic Sea eelgrass (<i>Zostera marina</i>) meadows

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Emilia Röhr ◽  
Christoffer Boström ◽  
Paula Canal-Vergés ◽  
Marianne Holmer
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Blue Carbon ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Over The Top

Abstract. Although seagrasses cover only a minor fraction of the ocean seafloor, their carbon sink capacity account for nearly one-fifth of the oceanic carbon burial and thus play a critical structural and functional role in many coastal ecosystems. We sampled 10 eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows in Finland and 10 in Denmark to explore the seagrass carbon stocks (Corg stock) and the carbon accumulation (Corg accumulation) in the Baltic Sea area. The study sites represent a gradient from sheltered to exposed locations in both regions to reflect expected minimum and maximum stocks and accumulation. The Corg stock integrated over the top 25 cm of the sediment averaged 627g C m−2 in Finland, while in Denmark the average Corg stock was over six times higher (4324 g C m−2). A conservative estimate of the total carbon pool in the regions ranged between 8.6–46.2 t ha−1. Our results suggest that the Finnish eelgrass meadows are minor carbon sinks compared to the Danish meadows, and that majority of the Corg produced in the Finnish meadows is exported. Similarly, the estimates for Corg accumulation in eelgrass meadows in Finland (< 0.002–0.033 t C y−1) were over two orders of magnitude lower compared to Denmark (0.376–3.636 Corg t y−1). Our analysis further showed that > 40 % of the variation in the Corg stocks was explained by sediment characteristics (density, porosity and silt content). In addition, the DistLm analysis showed, that root: shoot- ratio of Z. marina explained > 12 % and contribution of Z. marina detritus to the sediment surface Corg pool > 10 % of the variation in the Corg stocks, whereas annual eelgrass production explained additional 2.3 %. The mean monetary value for the present carbon storage and sequestration capacity of eelgrass meadows at Finland and Denmark, were 346 and 1862 € ha−1, respectively. We conclude that in order to produce reliable estimates on the magnitude of eelgrass Corg stocks, Corg accumulation and the monetary value of these services, more Blue Carbon studies investigating the role of sediment biogeochemistry, seascape structure, plant species architecture and hydrodynamic regime for seagrass carbon storage capacity are in urgent need.

scholarly journals Potensi Penyimpanan Karbon Pada Vegetasi Padang Lamun di Perairan Pulau Besar Utara, Sikka, Maumere, Nusa Tenggara Timur

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60
Author(s):  
Jan Ericson Wismar ◽  
Wilis Ari Setyati ◽  
Ita Riniatsih
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Blue Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Enhalus Acoroides ◽  
Cymodocea Rotundata ◽  
Syringodium Isoetifolium

Konsep blue carbon adalah salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi emisi gas karbon pemicu pemanasan global dengan cara memanfaatkan vegetasi pesisir sebagai penyerap karbon. Ekosistem lamun merupakan salah satu ekosistem pesisir yang dapat menyerap  karbon dalam jumlah besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi lamun dan kandungan karbon pada lamun di Perairan Pulau Besar Utara, Maumere, Sikka.  Pengamatan lamun menggunakan transek kuadrat 50x50cm menurut panduan LIPI. Sampling lamun dilakukan acak menggunakan seagrass core berdiameter 15 cm di setiap lokasi. Perhitungan kandungan karbon menggunakan metode Loss On Ignition (LOI) yang kemudian dikonversikan dengan nilai biomassa pada setiap titiknya. Jenis lamun yang ditemukan sebanyak 4 spesies yaitu Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii,, Cymodocea rotundata,dan Syringodium isoetifolium. Lokasi pengamatan memiliki tutupan lamun sangat padat. Nilai biomassa dibawah  dan diatas substrat pada lokasi pengamatan didapat nilai 424,60 gbk/m2  dan 79,67 gbk/m2. Total kandungan karbon pada lokasi pengamatan  adalah 41,95 gC/m2. Kandungan karbon terbesar disimpan pada jaringan lamun (akar dan rhizoma) dengan spesies E. acoroides sebagai penyumbang nilai biomassa  dan kandungan karbon tertinggi. Lokasi perairan Pulau Besar Utara, Maumere memiliki kondisi perairan yang baik dengan kerapatan lamun yang tinggi, secara umum kandungan karbon yang terdapat pada perairan tersebut memiliki kandungan yang tinggi. Kondisi lamun yang baik akan memiliki simpanan karbon yang baik dan hal ini merupakan salah satu upaya dalam mitigasi perubahan iklim sekaligus menjaga kelestarian laut.  The concept of blue carbon is one of the efforts to reduce carbon gas emissions that trigger global warming by utilizing coastal vegetation as a carbon sink. Seagrass ecosystems are one of the coastal ecosystems that can absorb large amounts of carbon. This study aims to find seagrass conditions and carbon content in seagrasses on the waters of Besar Utara Island, Maumere, Sikka. Seagrass observations used a 50x50cm quadrant transect according to the LIPI guideline, 2017. Seagrass sampling was using seagrass cores with 15cm diameter in each location. Calculation of carbon content using the Loss On Ignition (LOI) method which is then converted to biomass values at each point. Seagrass species found in location sampling were 4 species, namely Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, and Syringodium isoetifolium. The Location  has very dense seagrass cover. Biomass values below and above the substrate at location sampling (424.60 gbk / m2 and 79.67 gbk / m2). The total carbon content in location sampling is 41.95 gC / m2. The largest carbon content is stored in seagrass tissues (roots and rhizomes) with E. acoroides as a contributor to the highest biomass and carbon content. The location of Besar North island, Maumere has good water conditions with high seagrass density, in general the carbon storage at the location of Besar North island is high condition. Seagrass with good condition will have good carbon storage and this is one of the efforts in mitigating climate change at once preserving the sea.

scholarly journals Estimasi Biomassa dan Simpanan Karbon pada Vegetasi Lamun di Perairan Pantai Jepara

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-452
Author(s):  
Radila Widya Shafiya ◽  
Ali Djunaedi ◽  
Raden Ario
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Blue Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Substrate Level ◽  
Total Carbon Stock ◽  
Seagrass Coverage

Peningkatan emisi karbon yang berasal dari berbagai aktivitas manusisa dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya pemanasan global. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi emisi gas karbon adalah dengan memanfaatkan vegetasi pesisir seperti lamun yang dikenal dengan istilah blue carbon. Ekosistem lamun merupakan salah satu ekosistem pesisir yang dapat menyerap dan menyimpan karbon dalam jumlah yang besar dan dalam waktu yang lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kerapatan, tutupan lamun, nilai biomassa dan simpanan karbon pada lamun di Pantai Blebak dan Pantai Prawean, Kabupaten Jepara. Metode survei dan penentuan lokasi dipilih dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling, sedangkan metode pengambilan data lamun melalui metode line transect quadrant dengan ukuran 50x50 cm yang mengacu pada metode LIPI 2017. Perhitungan kandungan karbon menggunakan metode Loss On Ignition (LOI). Hasil kerapatan lamun total pada Pantai Prawean yaitu sebesar 221,45 ind/m2 dan nilai tutupan total lamun sebesar 45,98%. Kerapatan lamun total pada Pantai Blebak yaitu sebesar 160 ind/m2 dan nilai tutupan total lamun sebesar 41,67%. Nilai biomassa bawah substrat dan atas substrat pada Pantai Prawean (726,25 gbk/m2 dan 500,50 gbk/m2) menunjukkan nilai yang lebih besar dibandingkan nilai biomassa bawah substrat dan atas substrat pada Pantai Blebak (606,50 gbk/m2 dan 370,75 gbk/m2). Total kandungan karbon pada Pantai Prawean adalah 464,10 gC/m2 sedangkan pada Pantai Blebak adalah 357,79 gC/m2. Hasil perhitungan total stok karbon yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa Pantai Prawean memiliki nilai biomassa dan total stok karbon yang lebih tinggi daripada Pantai Blebak.  Human activities lead to the increasing of carbon emission, which caused global warming. Seagrass and other coastal vegetation are being used to reduce carbon emission. This is known as blue carbon. The seagrass ecosystem is one of coastal ecosystem that can absorb and stock high amount of carbon in a short period of time. This study was done to determine the density, seagrass coverage, biomass, and carbon stock within the seagrass in Prawean and Blebak Beach, Jepara. Survey method and location determination method were done with purposive sampling method. Whereas, the seagrass data was collected by Line Transect Quadrant method 50x50 cm based on LIPI’s 2017 method. Loss on Ignition method was used to measure the carbon’s content. The density of total seagrass in Prawean beach is 221,45 ind/m2 and the total percentage of seagrass coverage is 45,98%. Total density of seagrass in Blebak Beach is 160 ind/m2 with a coverage percentage of 41,67%. The biomass below the substrate level and above the substrate level in Prawean Beach (726,25 gbk/m2 and 500,50 gbk/m2) showed a bigger amount than the amount of biomass in Blebak Beach (606,50 gbk/m2 and 370,75 gbk/m2). Total amount of carbon in Prawean is 464,10 gC/m2 meanwhile in Blebak, the amount of carbon is 357,79 gC/m2. The results of the total carbon stock obtained indicate that Prawean Beach has higher biomass and total carbon stock values than Blebak Beach.

scholarly journals Coastal Wetlands Effectively Sequester “Blue Carbon”

Eos ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Witman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
Blue Carbon ◽  
Seagrass Beds ◽  
Mangrove Forests

Mangrove forests, salt marshes, seagrass beds, and the like are carbon storage treasure troves.

scholarly journals Peatlands Are More Beneficial if Conserved and Restored than Drained for Monoculture Crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suria Tarigan ◽  
Neviaty P. Zamani ◽  
Damayanti Buchori ◽  
Rilus Kinseng ◽  
Yuli Suharnoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Carbon Budget ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tropical Peatland

Peatlands are especially important but fragile tropical landscapes. The importance of peatlands is owing to their ability to 1) sequester a considerable amount of terrestrial carbon, 2) store freshwater, and 3) regulate floods during the rainy season. Nowadays, extensive peatland degradation occurs because of peatland utilization for agriculture purposes, causing severe environmental consequences such as carbon emission, loss of biodiversity, risk of flooding, and peat fire. Meanwhile, local planners and decision makers tend to overlook the long-term strategic function of peatlands for carbon storage and hydrological regulation, preferring peatland utilization for short-term economic benefits. The objective of our study is to quantify the total ecosystem services (except biodiversity) of a tropical peatland landscape in various peat-utilization scenarios to help build awareness among local planners and decision makers on the strategic tradeoff between peatland utilization and restoration. Studies on the total ecosystem services in a tropical peatland landscape involving hydrological regulation are still rare. Based on the net present value calculation, provisioning services, carbon regulation, and hydrological regulation in our study area account for 19, 70, and 11% of the total ecosystem services, respectively. Based on uncertainty analysis, at any combination of the social cost of carbon emission (within a range of USD 52.7–USD 107.4) and discount rate (within a range of 5–10%), the enrichment of peatlands with paludiculture crops (e.g., jelutong) shows superior ecosystem services compared to other peatland-utilization scenarios. Conversely, planting peatlands with monoculture crops, which are associated with peatland drainage, shows a rapid decrease in the total ecosystem services. The fluvial carbon export in our study, which is often neglected in a peatland carbon budget, increases the estimate of the total carbon budget by 8%. Restoring undrained peatlands with paludiculture crops such as jelutong contributes positively to carbon sequestration and potentially reduces carbon emissions by 11%. These quantitative findings can help local planners and decision makers in understanding the tradeoff between the long-term benefits of peatland restoration and the short-term economic benefits of peatland utilization for monoculture crops.

A FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CARBON STORAGE BY ZOSTERA MARINA IN ISE BAY, JAPAN

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Kokubu ◽  
Hideki Kokubu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Standing Stock ◽  
Coastal Ecosystems ◽  
Blue Carbon ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Ise Bay

Blue Carbon, which is carbon captured by marine organisms, has recently come into focus as an important factor for climate change initiatives. This carbon is stored in vegetated coastal ecosystems, specifically mangrove forests, seagrass beds and salt marshes. The recognition of the C sequestration value of vegetated coastal ecosystems provides a strong argument for their protection and restoration. Therefore, it is necessary to improve scientific understanding of the mechanisms that stock control C in these ecosystems. However, the contribution of Blue Carbon sequestration to atmospheric CO2 in shallow waters is as yet unclear, since investigations and analysis technology are ongoing. In this study, Blue Carbon sinks by Zostera marina were evaluated in artificial (Gotenba) and natural (Matsunase) Zostera beds in Ise Bay, Japan. 12-hour continuous in situ photosynthesis and oxygen consumption measurements were performed in both areas by using chambers in light and dark conditions. The production and dead amount of Zostera marina shoots were estimated by standing stock measurements every month. It is estimated that the amount of carbon storage as Blue Carbon was 237g-C/m2/year and 197g-C/m2/year in the artificial and natural Zostera marina beds, respectively. These results indicated that Zostera marina plays a role towards sinking Blue Carbon.

scholarly journals Carbon Dynamics in the Northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau from 1990 to 2030 Using Landsat Land Use/Cover Change Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingye Li ◽  
Jian Gong ◽  
Jean-Michel Guldmann ◽  
Shicheng Li ◽  
Jie Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Qinghai Lake ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Ecosystem Carbon ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Impact

Land use/cover change (LUCC) has an important impact on the terrestrial carbon cycle. The spatial distribution of regional carbon reserves can provide the scientific basis for the management of ecosystem carbon storage and the formulation of ecological and environmental policies. This paper proposes a method combining the CA-based FLUS model and the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model to assess the temporal and spatial changes in ecosystem carbon storage due to land-use changes over 1990–2015 in the Qinghai Lake Basin (QLB). Furthermore, future ecosystem carbon storage is simulated and evaluated over 2020–2030 under three scenarios of natural growth (NG), cropland protection (CP), and ecological protection (EP). The long-term spatial variations in carbon storage in the QLB are discussed. The results show that: (1) Carbon storage in the QLB decreased at first (1990–2000) and increased later (2000–2010), with total carbon storage increasing by 1.60 Tg C (Teragram: a unit of mass equal to 1012 g). From 2010 to 2015, carbon storage displayed a downward trend, with a sharp decrease in wetlands and croplands as the main cause; (2) Under the NG scenario, carbon reserves decrease by 0.69 Tg C over 2020–2030. These reserves increase significantly by 6.77 Tg C and 7.54 Tg C under the CP and EP scenarios, respectively, thus promoting the benign development of the regional ecological environment. This study improves our understanding on the impact of land-use change on carbon storage for the QLB in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP).

scholarly journals Carbon Emission Estimation of Assembled Composite Concrete Beams during Construction

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1810
Author(s):  
Kaitong Xu ◽  
Haibo Kang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Ping Jiang ◽  
Na Li
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Composite Beams ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Emission Reduction ◽  
The Government

At present, the issue of carbon emissions from buildings has become a hot topic, and carbon emission reduction is also becoming a political and economic contest for countries. As a result, the government and researchers have gradually begun to attach great importance to the industrialization of low-carbon and energy-saving buildings. The rise of prefabricated buildings has promoted a major transformation of the construction methods in the construction industry, which is conducive to reducing the consumption of resources and energy, and of great significance in promoting the low-carbon emission reduction of industrial buildings. This article mainly studies the calculation model for carbon emissions of the three-stage life cycle of component production, logistics transportation, and on-site installation in the whole construction process of composite beams for prefabricated buildings. The construction of CG-2 composite beams in Fujian province, China, was taken as the example. Based on the life cycle assessment method, carbon emissions from the actual construction process of composite beams were evaluated, and that generated by the composite beam components during the transportation stage by using diesel, gasoline, and electric energy consumption methods were compared in detail. The results show that (1) the carbon emissions generated by composite beams during the production stage were relatively high, accounting for 80.8% of the total carbon emissions, while during the transport stage and installation stage, they only accounted for 7.6% and 11.6%, respectively; and (2) during the transportation stage with three different energy-consuming trucks, the carbon emissions from diesel fuel trucks were higher, reaching 186.05 kg, followed by gasoline trucks, which generated about 115.68 kg; electric trucks produced the lowest, only 12.24 kg.

scholarly journals Carbon Emission Governance Zones at the County Level to Promote Sustainable Development

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 197
Author(s):  
He Zhang ◽  
Jingyi Peng ◽  
Dahlia Yu ◽  
Lie You ◽  
Rui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
County Level ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Indicator Evaluation

Low-carbon governance at the county level has been an important issue for sustainable development due to the large contributions to carbon emission. However, the experiences of carbon emission governance at the county level are lacking. This paper discusses 5 carbon emission governance zones for 1753 counties. The zoning is formed according to a differentiated zoning method based on a multi-indicator evaluation to judge if the governance had better focus and had formulated a differentiated carbon emission governance system. According to zoning results, there is 1 high-carbon governance zone, 2 medium-carbon governance zones, and 2 low-carbon zones. The extensive high-carbon governance zone and medium-carbon zones are key governance areas, in which the counties are mainly located in the northern plain areas and southeast coastal areas and have contributed 51.88% of total carbon emissions. This paper proposes differentiated governance standards for each indicator of the 5 zones. The differentiated zoning method mentioned in this paper can be applied to other governance issues of small-scale regions.

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