scholarly journals Implementation of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles in Cities Could Have Neutral Effects on the Total Travel Time Costs: Modeling and Analysis for a Circular City

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Medina-Tapia ◽  
Francesc Robusté
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
City Planning ◽  
City Size ◽  
Future Scenario ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Time Costs ◽  
The Future

Autonomous vehicles promise to revolutionize the automobile market, although their implementation could take several decades in which both types of cars will coexist on the streets. We formulate a model for a circular city based on continuous approximations, considering demand surfaces over the city. Numerical results from our model predict direct and indirect effects of connected and autonomous vehicles. Direct effects will be positive for our cities: (a) less street supply is needed to accommodate the traffic; (b) congestion levels decrease: travel costs may decrease by 30%. Some indirect effects will counterbalance these positive effects: (c) a decrease of 20% in the value of travel time can reduce the total cost by a third; (d) induced demand could be as high as 50%, bringing equivalent total costs in the future scenario; (e) the vehicle-kilometers traveled could also affect the future scenario; and (f) increases in city size and urban sprawl. As a conclusion, the implementation of autonomous vehicles could be neutral for the cities regarding travel time costs. City planning agencies still have to promote complementary modes such as active mobility (walking and bicycle), transit (public transportation), and shared mobility (shared autonomous vehicles and mobility as a service).

scholarly journals The opportunity of shared autonomous vehicles to improve spatial equity in accessibility and socio-economic developments in European urban areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Eppenberger ◽  
Maximilian Alexander Richter
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Well Being ◽  
District Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Spatial Equity ◽  
Economic Well Being

Abstract Background This paper provides insight into the opportunity offered by shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) to improve urban populations’ spatial equity in accessibility. It provides a concrete implementation model for SAVs set to improve equity in accessibility and highlights the need of regulation in order for SAVs to help overcome identified spatial mismatches. Methodology Through the formulation of linear regression models, the relationship between land-use and transportation accessibility (by car and public transport) and socio-economic well-being indicators is tested on district-level in four European cities: Paris, Berlin, London and Vienna. Accessibility data is used to analyse access to points of interest within given timespans by both car and public transport. To measure equity in socio-economic well-being, three district-level proxies are introduced: yearly income, unemployment rate and educational attainment. Results In the cities of Paris, London and Vienna, as well as partially in Berlin, positive effects of educational attainment on accessibility are evidenced. Further, positive effects on accessibility by yearly income are found in Paris and London. Additionally, negative effects of an increased unemployment rate on accessibility are observed in Paris and Vienna. Through the comparison between accessibility by car and public transportation in the districts of the four cities, the potential for SAVs is evidenced. Lastly, on the basis of the findings a ‘SAV identification matrix’ is created, visualizing the underserved districts in each of the four cities and the need of equity enhancing policy for the introduction of SAVs is emphasized.

scholarly journals The use of autonomous vehicles in transportation

Tehnika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Jelena Pisarov ◽  
Gyula Mester
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Delivery Vehicles

The objective of this paper is to examine the types of autonomous vehicles already employed in transportation. It exemplifies the segments of transportation which already use autonomous vehicles. This paper gives an insight of the places in the world where autonomous vehicles are put in use. Furthermore, companies such as Volvo, Volkswagen, Airbus and WAYMO have showed their models of driverless vehicles ranging from trucks, buses, shuttles and helicopters. Moreover, the paper provides a description, testing methods, use and features of the each vehicle presented. In short, this paper aims to raise consciousness about the future of not just public transportation but also transportation of any other type such as good's transportation, delivery, vehicles provided for sightseeing, aircrafts etc.

scholarly journals Autonomous vehicles and smart cities: future directions of ownership vs shared mobility

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nacer-Eddine Bezai ◽  
◽  
Benachir Medjdoub ◽  
Fodil Fadli ◽  
Moulay Larby Chalal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Shared Mobility ◽  
The Future ◽  
Self Driving Cars

Over the last decade, there has been increasing discussions about self-driving cars and how most auto-makers are racing to launch these products. However, this discourse is not limited to transportation only, but how such vehicles will affect other industries and specific aspects of our daily lives as future users such as the concept of work while being driven and productivity, entertainment, travel speed, and deliveries. Although these technologies are beneficial, access to these potentials depends on the behaviour of their users. There is a lack of a conceptual model that elucidate the acceptance of people to Self-driving cars. Service on-demand and shared mobility are the most critical factors that will ensure the successful adoption of these cars. This paper presents an analysis of public opinions in Nottingham, UK, through a questionnaire about the future of Autonomous vehicles' ownership and the extent to which they accept the idea of vehicle sharing. Besides, this paper tests two hypotheses. Firstly, (a) people who usually use Public transportation like (taxi, bus, tram, train, carpooling) are likely to share an Autonomous Vehicle in the future. Secondly, (b) people who use Private cars are expected to own an Autonomous Vehicle in the future. To achieve this aim, a combination of statistical methods such as logistic regression has been utilised. Unexpectedly, the study findings suggested that AVs ownership will increase contrary to what is expected, that Autonomous vehicles will reduce ownership. Besides, participants have shown low interest in sharing AVs. Therefore, it is likely that ownership of AVs will increase for several reasons as expressed by the participants such as safety, privacy, personal space, suitability to children and availability. Actions must be taken to promote shared mobility to avoid AVs possession growth. The ownership diminution, in turn, will reduce traffic congestion, energy and transport efficiency, better air quality. That is why analysing the factors that influence the mindset and attitude of people will enable us to understand how to shift from private cars to transport-on-demand, which is a priority rather than promoting the technology.

scholarly journals Service Quality and Passengers’ Loyalty of Public Transportation Companies

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 82-98
Author(s):  
Aniebiet E. ◽  
Joseph A.A. ◽  
Edim E.J. ◽  
Rosemary M.
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Public Road

This study examined service quality and passengers’ loyalty of public transportation companies. It was carried out to determine the effects of passengers’ safety, passengers’ comfort, drivers’ competence, travel time and vehicle cleanliness on passengers’ loyalty of public transportation companies. The study adopted cross-sectional survey research design. Primary data were obtained from 228 passengers of public road transportation companies using an adapted structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics while multiple linear regression was adopted to test the hypotheses of the study with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 23) software. The findings of the study revealed that passengers’ safety, passengers’ comfort, drivers’ competence and vehicle cleanliness had significant positive effects on passengers’ loyalty of public transportation companies, while travel time had a non-significant effect on passengers’ loyalty in this regard. Therefore, the study concluded that, to a large extent, service quality has a significant positive influence on passengers’ loyalty of public transportation companies. Practical implications and suggestions for further studies were made consequently.

scholarly journals Kiberbiztonság a járműiparban

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-6
Author(s):  
László Palkovics
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Vehicle Communication ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Vehicle To Vehicle ◽  
The Future ◽  
Vehicle To Vehicle Communication

Összefoglalás. Jelen cikk célja a járműipar egyes területeit érintő kiberbiztonsági kockázatok vizsgálata. Fentiekkel összhangban a cikk első részében a járműipar kiberbiztonsági szempontból releváns területei kerülnek meghatározásra. Ezt követően megtörténik a 2018. évben rögzített járműipari kibertámadások kockázatalapú értékelő elemzése. Summary. Nowadays, cybersecurity has a critical impact to our lives. The Internet has also got a substantial role in our days since many people are constantly connected to the Internet (e.g., through online social networks) (Török et al. 2020a). Besides, numerous personal and individual devices are connected. The growing number of connected devices and cyberspace expansion make our lives easier. However, this affects our privacy, with the potential for unauthorized use of personal information. In summary, life in a networked world carries unknown dangers. In the future, many new risk factors are expected to occur, which will significantly increase the level of cybersecurity threats. Examining the aspects of the automotive industry, we should mention the summary of Cheng et al., which explores the field’s problems through novel theoretical solutions and related practical considerations. The book pays special attention to vehicle communication and networked systems. This book examines three main scientific directions for 5G-compliant vehicle-to-vehicle communication and cooperative vehicle control: modeling and testing capabilities for vehicle-to-vehicle communication, state-of-the-art technologies related to the physical layer, and MAC design procedures (Cheng et al. 2019). Cheng and colleagues (Cheng et al. 2019) examined the communication channels currently applied in the automotive industry or that are expected to be applied soon. Particular attention has been paid to examining the tasks and challenges that need to be addressed in order to support the spread of the connected transport systems in the future. The evaluation focused on the cooperation of connected vehicles. Their study also outlined the most important security risks and challenges associated with new communication solutions. In the light of the above-mentioned considerations, it can be said that the emergence of connected and autonomous vehicles can make a significant contribution to the positive effects of cyberspace, but can also have a disadvantageous impact on the vulnerability of transport processes. In line with this, it is important to examine and understand the vulnerabilities of connected and autonomous vehicles, the threats to vehicles. With this knowledge, automotive cybersecurity professionals’ responsibility is to develop appropriate security functions and capabilities for connected and autonomous vehicles and transport systems. This enables the systems to detect, evaluate, and, if necessary, treat different attacks and malicious interventions. Along with the above objectives, many research studies in the automotive segment have already focused on identifying cybersecurity assessment frameworks for motor vehicles. Among these, it is worth highlighting the projects “HEAling Vulnerabilities to ENhance Software Security and Safety” and “E-safety vehicle intrusion protected applications” (Cheah et al. 2018).

scholarly journals Identifying the Potential for Partial Integration of Private and Public Transportation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3424
Author(s):  
Iva Bojic ◽  
Dániel Kondor ◽  
Wei Tu ◽  
Ke Mai ◽  
Paolo Santi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
The Future ◽  
Dynamic Landscape ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Bus Services ◽  
Partial Integration

In this paper, we explore the potential for a partial integration of private and public transportation as provided by taxi and bus services on the level of individual trips. While these modes are typically separated for economic reasons, in the future with shared Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) providing cheap and efficient transportation services, such distinctions will blur. Consequently, optimization based on real-time data will allow exploiting parallels in demand in a dynamic way, such as the proposed approach in the current work. New operational and pricing strategies will then need to be considered, along with regulatory tools to limit congestion, encourage sharing and provide services in a more sustainable way by utilizing a dynamic landscape of urban transportation. In the current work, we evaluate existing parallels between individual bus and taxi trips in two Asian cities and show how exploiting these synergies could form the basis of achieving some of the above goals in the future.

Transmedia Storytelling Initiatives in Brazilian Media

MedienJournal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Renira Rampazzo Gambarato ◽  
Geane Carvalho Alzamora
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Media Development ◽  
Future Scenario ◽  
Transmedia Storytelling ◽  
The Future

This paper is presented in order to understand the evolution of media dynamics in Brazil and investigate its perspectives for the future. Brazil, among the BRICS states (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), will be our focus. From a mono-mediatic paradigm to a convergent one, Brazil is developing new practices in fictional and non-fictional media. Our hypothesis is that the transmedia storytelling strategy is both the reality – although still timid – and the most probable future scenario for media development in Brazil. We can assert that transmedia storytelling is a tendency. Therefore, we will explore examples of transmedia storytelling initiatives in Brazilian media mainly related to journalism, entertainment, branding and advertisement.

scholarly journals A Choice Too Far: Transit Difficulty and Early High School Transfer

2020 ◽  
pp. 0013189X2094950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc L. Stein ◽  
Julia Burdick-Will ◽  
Jeffrey Grigg
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
School System ◽  
Ninth Grade ◽  
Public School System ◽  
Baltimore City ◽  
School Transfer ◽  
The Relationship

The challenge of a long and difficult commute to school each day is likely to wear on students, leading some to change schools. We used administrative data from approximately 3,900 students in the Baltimore City Public School System in 2014–2015 to estimate the relationship between travel time on public transportation and school transfer during the ninth grade. We show that students who have relatively more difficult commutes are more likely to transfer than peers in the same school with less difficult commutes. Moreover, we found that when these students change schools, their newly enrolled school is substantially closer to home, requires fewer vehicle transfers, and is less likely to have been included among their initial set of school choices.

scholarly journals Modeling the Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on Land Use Using a LUTI Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1608
Author(s):  
Rubén Cordera ◽  
Soledad Nogués ◽  
Esther González-González ◽  
José Luis Moura
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Unwanted Effect ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Current Paradigm ◽  
Shed Light

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) can generate major changes in urban systems due to their ability to use road infrastructures more efficiently and shorten trip times. However, there is great uncertainty about these effects and about whether the use of these vehicles will continue to be private, in continuity with the current paradigm, or whether they will become shared (carsharing/ridesharing). In order to try to shed light on these matters, the use of a scenario-based methodology and the evaluation of the scenarios using a land use–transport interaction model (LUTI model TRANSPACE) is proposed. This model allows simulating the impacts that changes in the transport system can generate on the location of households and companies oriented to local demand and accessibility conditions. The obtained results allow us to state that, if AVs would generate a significant increase in the capacity of urban and interurban road infrastructures, the impacts on mobility and on the location of activities could be positive, with a decrease in the distances traveled, trip times, and no evidence of significant urban sprawl processes. However, if these increases in capacity are accompanied by a large augment in the demand for shared journeys by new users (young, elderly) or empty journeys, the positive effects could disappear. Thus, this scenario would imply an increase in trip times, reduced accessibilities, and longer average distances traveled, all of which could cause the unwanted effect of expelling activities from the consolidated urban center.

The human-like trajectory planning for autonomous vehicles based on optimal control in a test track environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110090
Author(s):  
Xing Xu ◽  
Minglei Li ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Ju Xie ◽  
Xiaohan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Optimal Trajectory ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
Test Track ◽  
Optimal Control Method ◽  
The Future ◽  
On The Road

A human-like trajectory could give a safe and comfortable feeling for the occupants in an autonomous vehicle especially in corners. The research of this paper focuses on planning a human-like trajectory along a section road on a test track using optimal control method that could reflect natural driving behaviour considering the sense of natural and comfortable for the passengers, which could improve the acceptability of driverless vehicles in the future. A mass point vehicle dynamic model is modelled in the curvilinear coordinate system, then an optimal trajectory is generated by using an optimal control method. The optimal control problem is formulated and then solved by using the Matlab tool GPOPS-II. Trials are carried out on a test track, and the tested data are collected and processed, then the trajectory data in different corners are obtained. Different TLCs calculations are derived and applied to different track sections. After that, the human driver’s trajectories and the optimal line are compared to see the correlation using TLC methods. The results show that the optimal trajectory shows a similar trend with human’s trajectories to some extent when driving through a corner although it is not so perfectly aligned with the tested trajectories, which could conform with people’s driving intuition and improve the occupants’ comfort when driving in a corner. This could improve the acceptability of AVs in the automotive market in the future. The driver tends to move to the outside of the lane gradually after passing the apex when driving in corners on the road with hard-lines on both sides.

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