Efektivitas Cyhalofop-butyl Mengendalikan Gulma pada Budidaya Padi Sawah Tabela

High competition in the early growth phase will suppress growth and reduce rice yields. Presence of weeds in the rice field ecosystem needs to be controlled. Weed control with herbicides is more effective than other controls. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the herbicide Cyhalofop-butyl in controlling weeds in the cultivation of direct seeds rice cultivation. The research was conducted in Sekaran village, Wonosari sub-district, Klaten district, Central Java. The method used was randomized block with seven treatments and four replications. The treatment consisted of a dose of the herbicide Cyhalofop-butyl 100 g.L^-1with levels: (50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 175 L.ha^-1), mechanical weeding and control (no weeding). The results showed that Cyhalofop-butyl at a dose of 50–175 L.ha^-1 was effective in controlling the weeds of <em>Echinochloa crus-galli, Leptochloa chinensis</em> and other weeds at 3 weeks after application up to 6 weeks after application, without causing phytotoxicity effect on rice plants, herbicide Cyhalofop-butyl does not affect the growth and production of rice but reduces competition between weeds and rice plans. Herbicide Cyhalofop-butyl applied at a dose of 50 - 175 L.ha^-1provide rice grain yield of 10,25 - 11,50 kg per plot.

Carbon Fluxes in Sustainable Tree Crops: Field, Ecosystem and Global Dimension

Carbon (C) budget at cropping systems has not only agronomic but also environmental relevance because of their contribution to both emissions and removals of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Ideally, sustainable orchards are expected to remove atmospheric CO2 at a rate greater than that of the emissions because of (i) optimized biology of the system and (ii) reduced on-site/offsite inputs sourced by the technosphere. However, such a computation might produce inconsistent results and in turn biased communication on sustainability of the cropping systems because C accounting framework(s) are used under unclear context. This study examined the sustainability of orchards in terms of impact on GHGs focusing its significance at the field, ecosystem and global dimension analyzing some operational aspects and limitations of existing frameworks (e.g., net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB), life cycle assessment (LCA)). Global relevance of sustainable orchard was also discussed considering the C sequestration at cropland as instructed by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The uniqueness of olive tree lifespan duration and C sequestration is discussed within the Product Environmental Footprint of agrifood product. The paper also highlighted overlapping components among the NECB, LCA and IPCC frameworks and the need for an integrated C accounting scheme for a more comprehensive and detailed mapping of sustainability in agriculture.

ANALISIS FAKTOR TERJADINYA PERUBAHAN EKOSISTEM SAWAH

<p><em>This study aims to determine the factors of changes in the rice field ecosystem. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques by observation, interviews and supported by literature study from relevant reference sources. Based on the results of observations, interviews and literature studies that have been conducted, three factors have been found to change the rice field ecosystem. Starting from the most influential factors, namely the use of fertilizers and chemicals, genetic engineering, and land narrowing. With this, the authors hope to provide information to the community about changes in the ecosystem caused by their own exploitation of agricultural land.</em></p>

KETAHANAN BEBERAPA VARIETAS PADI TERHADAP PENGGEREK BATANG PADA EKOSISTEM SAWAH MASUKAN BAHAN ORGANIK DAN ANORGANIK

This study aims that knowing the level of resistance of several rice varieties to stem borer in organic and inorganic input paddy ecosystems. The research was conducted in the rice fields of Nonong Village, Batui District, Banggai Regency, from March to June 2020. The research used the Split Plot Design method. The main plot was the rice field ecosystem, namely organic input rice fields and inorganic input rice fields, while the subplots were 4 types of rice varieties, namely: Ciherang, Cisantana, Ciliwung and Towuti. Each treatment unit was repeated three times in order to obtain 24 experimental units. The results showed that the towuti variety planted in the paddy field ecosystem with inorganic input was more resistant to rice stem borer. The intensity of attack and the population of stem borer in the lowland organic matter input ecosystem was higher than the inorganic input lowland ecosystem. There is no interaction between rice varieties and types of paddy ecosystems (input of organic and inorganic materials) on the intensity of stem borer attack and the results of production

Kelimpahan Relatif Artropoda Predator Penghuni Tajuk Tanaman Padi Galur Padi Rakitan Politeknik Negeri Lampung

The abundance of predatory arthropods in the rice field ecosystem acts as a biological agent that suppresses pest populations. This study aims to analyze the types of species, individuals, and abundance of predatory arthropods. The research was conducted at the Lampung State Polytechnic Seed Teaching Farm in August-December 2020. The rice plant lines planted by Lampung State Polytechnic were 14 New Type Rice (PTB) lines, namely Pandan Wangi (PW, B1, B2, B3, B4, B7, D2, D3, F3, F4, H1, H4, K, and L2 with 2 and comparable superior varieties namely Ciherang (CH) and Gilirang (Gil)). Rice cultivation is carried out conventionally. Observations of predatory arthropods that inhabit rice canopy were carried out using 3 double swings of insect nets / sweepnets per treatment plot. Insect collection was carried out at 06.00-09.00 WIB then identified in the Food Crops Laboratory II, counting the number of species, number of individuals and relative abundance. The results showed that predatory arthropods that inhabit the canopy of rice plants in several rice plant lines were obtained from the Oxyopidae, Tetragnathidae, Lycosidae, Coenagrionidae, Correidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae, and Staphylinidae families. The Tetragnathidae and Coenagrionidae families have the highest proportion of species and are found in each rice plant line.

Keanekaragaman Belalang (Orthoptera: Acrididae) padaEkosistem Sawah di Desa Banyuasin Kecamatan Riau Silip Kabupaten bangka

The paddy field ecosystem is a place for interactions between plants and animals, especially between rice plants and grasshoppers. Grasshoppers act as eaters of rice plants, of course, become a threat to agriculture so that they can reduce agricultural productivity. This study aims to determine the diversity of Orthoptera: Acrididae in the rice fields of Banyuasin Village, Riau Silip District, Bangka Regency and the habitat conditions of Orthoptera: Acrididae in the rice fields of Banyuasin Village, Riau Silip District, Bangka Regency. This research is a descriptive quantitative research using purposive sampling method using insect net and handsorting techniques. Measurement of environmental factors is carried out by taking data on soil temperature, soil moisture, and light intensity. The research data were analyzed using the Shannon diversity index and the evenness index. Based on observations, there were 6 types of Acrididae family found in the rice field ecosystem, namely 16 individuals of Valanga nigricornis, 12 of Xenocatantops humilis, 11 of Phlaeoba fumosa, 13 Traulia azureipennis, 9 Oxya hyla and 3 Trimerotropis pallidipenni. The analysis showed that the diversity index of grasshoppers was 1.70 which was classified as moderate criteria and the evenness index was 0.41 which was classified as moderate. The locust habitat that has been obtained has optimal soil temperatures ranging from 35oC-45oC, with 50% soil moisture. Keywords: Acrididae, diversity, Ecosystem, Orthoptera, Rice Fields ABSTRAK Ekosistem sawah merupakan tempat terjadinya interaksi antara tumbuhan dan hewan khususnya antara tumbuhan padi dan Belalang. Belalang bertindak sebagai pemakan tumbuhan padi tentunya menjadi ancaman bagi pertanian sehingga dapat menurunkan produktivitas pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman Orthoptera:Acrididae di ekosistem sawah Desa Banyuasin Kecamatan Riau Silip Kabupaten Bangka dan kondisi habitat Orthoptera:Acrididae di ekosistem sawah Desa Banyuasin Kecamatan Riau Silip Kabupaten Bangka. Penelitian ini berupa deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan menggunakan tehnik insect net dan handsorting. Pengukuran faktor lingkungan dilakukan dengan mengambil data suhu tanah, kelembaban tanah, dan intensitas cahaya. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis dengan menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman Shanon, dan indeks kemerataan. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, didapatkan sebanyak 6 jenis family Acrididae yang terdapat pada ekosistem sawah, yaitu Valanga nigricornis sebanyak 16 individu, Xenocatantops humilis berjumlah 12 individu, Phlaeoba fumosa berjumlah 11 individu, Traulia azureipennis 13 individu, Oxya hyla berjumlah 9 individu dan Trimerotropis pallidipennis berjumlah 3 individu. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa indeks keanekaragaman belalang sebesar 1,70 tergolong kriteria sedang dan indeks kemerataan sebesar 0,41 tergolong sedang. Habitat belalang yang telah didapatkan ini memiliki suhu tanah yang optimal mulai dari 35oC-45oC, dengan kelembaban tanah 50%. Kata kunci: Acrididae, Ekosistem, keanekaragaman, Orthoptera, Sawah