scholarly journals Sensitivity of Radiative and Thermal Properties of Building Material in the Urban Atmosphere

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Vinicius Bueno de Morais ◽  
Viviana Vanesa Urbina Guerrero ◽  
Edmilson Dias de Freitas ◽  
Edson R. Marciotto ◽  
Hugo Valdés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Material ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Urban Atmosphere ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Cold Surface ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
The Impact

In the context of the impact of urbanization on climate change, this work aims to evaluate the sensitivity of the thermal and radiative properties of building surfaces in urban areas to the urban heat island intensity, a local scale meteorological phenomenon. For this, variations of albedo values, emissivity, thermal conductivity and heat capacity of roofs, streets and walls were simulated through an urban scheme coupled with the BRAMS mesoscale atmospheric model for the metropolitan area of São Paulo, considering two main urban types. The simulations show that, in general, looking for cold surface situations, the change of building material can contribute to a reduction of up to 3 °C for São Paulo. In addition, the role of orientation and the typological characteristics of constructions should be taken into account. In this sense, it is expected that this work guides civil engineers and builders to search for new materials in order to reduce the effects of urbanization on the local climate.

THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT URBAN LAND USE TYPES ON AIR POLLUTION IN THE MEGACITY OF SÃO PAULO

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Júlio Barboza Chiquetto ◽  
Maria Elisa Siqueira Silva ◽  
Rita Yuri Ynoue ◽  
Flávia Noronha Dutra Ribieiro ◽  
Débora Souza Alvim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Land Use Types ◽  
The Impact

A poluição do ar é influenciada por fatores naturais e antropogênicos. Quatro pontos de monitoramento (veicular, comercial, residencial e background urbano (BGU))da poluição do ar em São Paulo foram avaliados durante 16 anos, revelando diferenças significativas devidoao uso do solo em todas as escalas temporais. Na escala diurna, as concentrações de poluentes primários são duas vezes mais altas nos pontos veicular e residencial do que no ponto BGU, onde a concentração de ozonio (O3) é 50% mais alta. Na escala sazonal, as concentrações de monóxido de carbono(CO) variaram em 80% devido ao uso do solo, e 55% pela sazonalidade.As variações sazonais ede uso do solo exercem impactos similares nas concentrações de O3 e monóxido de nitrogênio (NO). Para o material particulado grosso (MP10) e o dióxido de nitrogênio(NO2), as variações sazonais são mais intensas do que as por uso do solo. Na série temporal de 16 anos, o ponto BGU apresentou correlações mais fortes e significativas entre a média mensal de ondas longas (ROL) e o O3 (0,48) e o MP10 (0,37), comparadas ao ponto veicular (0,33 e 0,22, respectivamente). Estes resultados confirmam que o uso do solo urbano tem um papel significativo na concentração de poluentes em todas as escalas de análise, embora a sua influência se torne menos pronunciada em escalas maiores, conforme a qualidade do ar transita de um sistema antropogênico para um sistema natural. Isto poderá auxiliar decisões sobre políticas públicas em megacidades envolvendo a modificação do uso do solo.

Sobre a Formação da Mão de Obra Industrial no Brasil e a Imigração Estrangeira - 1890-1930

GEOgraphia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Satiê Mizubuti
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Work Relations ◽  
Trade Unionism ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
First Republic ◽  
International Demand

Resumo A formação da mão-de-obra no Brasil no decorrer da Primeira República (1890-1930) se fez de forma acelerada e em dois campos simultaneamente no rural e no urbano. No rural, pelo aquecimento da demanda internacional pelo café brasileiro, e, no urbano, pelo início da industrialização, principalmente, nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo. Tanto nas atividades agrícolas, como nas industriais, a presença e a participação do imigrante estrangeiro foram hegemônicas e decisivas. É preciso considerar que a abolição da escravatura havia ocorrido em 1888, criando um esvaziamento do mercado de trabalho no Brasil. Palavras chave: imigração estrangeira; cafeicultura, industrialização; sindicalismo; relações de trabalho.Resumo Labor formation in Brazil took an accelerated rhythmus during the First Republic (1890-1930) in two fields simultaneously: rural and urban. In the rural sector it was due to an increase in international demand for Brazilian coffee. In the urban areas, meanwhile, the beginning of industrialization, specially in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, was the main cause. Not only in the agricultural activities. but also in the industries, the presence and participation of foreign immigrants were decisive. The abolition os slavery in 1888 must be considered as part of this context, as it changed the labour market. Keywords: foreign immigration; coffee growing; industrialization; trade unionism; work relations.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of delaying vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 assuming unlimited vaccine supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Amaku ◽  
Dimas Tadeu Covas ◽  
Francisco Antonio Bezerra Coutinho ◽  
Raymundo Soares Azevedo ◽  
Eduardo Massad
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background At the moment we have more than 177 million cases and 3.8 million deaths (as of June 2021) around the world and vaccination represents the only hope to control the pandemic. Imperfections in planning vaccine acquisition and difficulties in implementing distribution among the population, however, have hampered the control of the virus so far. Methods We propose a new mathematical model to estimate the impact of vaccination delay against the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on the number of cases and deaths due to the disease in Brazil. We apply the model to Brazil as a whole and to the State of Sao Paulo, the most affected by COVID-19 in Brazil. We simulated the model for the populations of the State of Sao Paulo and Brazil as a whole, varying the scenarios related to vaccine efficacy and compliance from the populations. Results The model projects that, in the absence of vaccination, almost 170 thousand deaths and more than 350 thousand deaths will occur by the end of 2021 for Sao Paulo and Brazil, respectively. If in contrast, Sao Paulo and Brazil had enough vaccine supply and so started a vaccination campaign in January with the maximum vaccination rate, compliance and efficacy, they could have averted more than 112 thousand deaths and 127 thousand deaths, respectively. In addition, for each month of delay the number of deaths increases monotonically in a logarithmic fashion, for both the State of Sao Paulo and Brazil as a whole. Conclusions Our model shows that the current delay in the vaccination schedules that is observed in many countries has serious consequences in terms of mortality by the disease and should serve as an alert to health authorities to speed the process up such that the highest number of people to be immunized is reached in the shortest period of time.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 on Urban Agriculture in São Paulo, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6185
Author(s):  
André Ruoppolo Biazoti ◽  
Angélica Campos Nakamura ◽  
Gustavo Nagib ◽  
Vitória Oliveira Pereira de Souza Leão ◽  
Giulia Giacchè ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Community Gardens ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Sales Channels ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

During the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic, farmers worldwide were greatly affected by disruptions in the food chain. In 2020, São Paulo city experienced most of the effects of the pandemic in Brazil, with 15,587 deaths through December 2020. Here, we describe the impacts of COVID-19 on urban agriculture (UA) in São Paulo from April to August 2020. We analyzed two governmental surveys of 2100 farmers from São Paulo state and 148 from São Paulo city and two qualitative surveys of volunteers from ten community gardens and seven urban farmers. Our data showed that 50% of the farmers were impacted by the pandemic with drops in sales, especially those that depended on intermediaries. Some farmers in the city adapted to novel sales channels, but 22% claimed that obtaining inputs became difficult. No municipal support was provided to UA in São Paulo, and pre-existing issues were exacerbated. Work on community gardens decreased, but no garden permanently closed. Post COVID-19, UA will have the challenge of maintaining local food chains established during the pandemic. Due to the increase in the price of inputs and the lack of technical assistance, governmental efforts should be implemented to support UA.

scholarly journals Relationship between preterm birth and air pollution in Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M E L Brandao ◽  
B A L F Braga ◽  
M L C Martins ◽  
P L A A Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fourth Quartile

Abstract Santos is a seaboard Brazilian city recognized by its port activity where the road and rail infrastructure along with the large transportation operation, displays an important factor to contribute with all kinds of toxic and air pollutants. Recent studies have suggested associations between air pollution and various birth outcomes. Pollutant gases such as NOx, O3 and particulate matter PM2,5, PM10 have been cited as factors involved in such outcomes. The present study aims to assess the relationship between atmospheric pollutants and perinatal outcomes in the city of Santos from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2015. Cross-sectional study that analyzed 10.319 singleton births in an area set with 2 km radius of the monitoring stations. Birth weight and information on mother and pregnancy were obtained at the Brazilian “Born Alive National Information System”. Daily records of air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3), temperature and relative air humidity, for the study period, were obtained from São Paulo State Environmental Agency (CETESB). Associations between preterm birth and air pollutants mean levels at each gestational trimester were investigated using multiple logistic regression model controlled by the variables: infant sex, type of delivery, maternal education. prenatal care, and number of previous live births, temperature and relative air humidity. NO2 e PM2,5 was not associated with preterm birth. O3 was significantly associated in the first trimester in the fourth quartile (OR = 1,47 CI 95% 1,05; 2,07). PM10 was significantly associated in the first trimester for the fourth quartile (OR = 1,28 CI 95% 1,00; 1,64), second trimester for the second quartile (OR = 1,37 CI 95% 1,07; 1,77). Conclusions the results shows evidence that maternal exposure to air pollution especially during the first trimester of pregnancy may contribute to preterm birth. Further actions are needed towards controlling air pollution are strongly recommended for promoting early-life health. Key messages This is the first research of this kind that was made in Santos. It brings important evidence of the impact in the life of the population, especially those whose is not even born yet. It can be used as a resource to guide public policies in health, especially the guidelines that dictate the concentration of air pollutants and air quality.

scholarly journals Impact of vehicular emissions on the formation of fine particles in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area: a numerical study with the WRF-Chem model

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 777-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Vara-Vela ◽  
M. F. Andrade ◽  
P. Kumar ◽  
R. Y. Ynoue ◽  
A. G. Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Vehicular Emissions ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Mass Size Distribution ◽  
Mass Size ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of vehicular emissions on the formation of fine particles (PM2.5;  ≤  2.5 µm in diameter) in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA) in Brazil, where ethanol is used intensively as a fuel in road vehicles. The Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model, which simulates feedbacks between meteorological variables and chemical species, is used as a photochemical modelling tool to describe the physico-chemical processes leading to the evolution of number and mass size distribution of particles through gas-to-particle conversion. A vehicular emission model based on statistical information of vehicular activity is applied to simulate vehicular emissions over the studied area. The simulation has been performed for a 1-month period (7 August–6 September 2012) to cover the availability of experimental data from the NUANCE-SPS (Narrowing the Uncertainties on Aerosol and Climate Changes in Sao Paulo State) project that aims to characterize emissions of atmospheric aerosols in the SPMA. The availability of experimental measurements of atmospheric aerosols and the application of the WRF-Chem model made it possible to represent some of the most important properties of fine particles in the SPMA such as the mass size distribution and chemical composition, besides allowing us to evaluate its formation potential through the gas-to-particle conversion processes. Results show that the emission of primary gases, mostly from vehicles, led to a production of secondary particles between 20 and 30 % in relation to the total mass concentration of PM2.5 in the downtown SPMA. Each of PM2.5 and primary natural aerosol (dust and sea salt) contributed with 40–50 % of the total PM10 (i.e. those  ≤  10 µm in diameter) concentration. Over 40 % of the formation of fine particles, by mass, was due to the emission of hydrocarbons, mainly aromatics. Furthermore, an increase in the number of small particles impaired the ultraviolet radiation and induced a decrease in ozone formation. The ground-level O3 concentration decreased by about 2 % when the aerosol-radiation feedback is taken into account.

scholarly journals Space-time cluster analysis of American visceral leishmaniasis in Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1949-1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Aparecida Feijó de Souza ◽  
Luiz Ricardo Paes de Barros Cortez ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Dias ◽  
Marcos Amaku ◽  
José Soares Ferreira Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Space Time ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Positive Tendency ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The City

A space-time analysis of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in humans in the city of Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil was carried out based on 239 cases diagnosed between June 2003 and October 2008. Spatial analysis of the disease showed that cases occurred especially in the city's urban areas. AVL annual incidence rates were calculated, demonstrating that the highest rate occurred in 2006 (19.55/100,000 inhabitants). This finding was confirmed by the time series analysis, which also showed a positive tendency over the period analyzed. The present study allows us to conclude that the disease was clustered in the Southwest side of the city in 2006, suggesting that this area may require special attention with regard to control and prevention measures.

scholarly journals The impact of being homeless on the unsuccessful outcome of treatment of pulmonary TB in São Paulo State, Brazil

BMC Medicine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Otavio T. Ranzani ◽  
Carlos R. R. Carvalho ◽  
Eliseu A. Waldman ◽  
Laura C. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Sao Paulo ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic impact on dentists in Latin America’s epicenter: São-Paulo, Brazil

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256092
Author(s):  
Tatiane Fernandes Novaes ◽  
Maisa Camillo Jordão ◽  
Carlos Felipe Bonacina ◽  
André Oswaldo Veronezi ◽  
Carlos Ariel Rodrigues de Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Impact ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
The Impact

The state of São Paulo, Brazil, where more than 94.000 dentists are currently registered, has become the epicenter of COVID-19 in Latin America. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on dentists in this state. A semi-structured questionnaire was sent via e-mail to 93.280 dentists with active registration in the Dental Council of São Paulo (CROSP). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic was assessed through questions related to demographic, socioeconomic, dental practice characteristics and personal protective equipment (PPE) use. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between all the variables (p<0.05). Over 8 days, 2113 responses were received. Only 26.52% of the sample reported a low-income reduction (from 0–10%), while the majority of dentists reported a more negative financial impact, 35.6% with a reduction of more than 50% of their monthly income. Dentists who worked in the private sector and at the capital had a greater financial impact when compared to those of the public sector and countryside of the state (p<0.05). Furthermore, about 83% reported not having received any specific training to control the transmission of coronavirus in the health area. This study provides evidence of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the routine of dentists in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Hopefully, this study will help dental and other health care professionals to better understand the consequences of disease in dental settings and strengthen preparedness throughout the dental health care system.

scholarly journals Measured and modelled Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) concentration in São Paulo, Brazil: the importance of aerosol size-resolved chemical composition on CCN concentration prediction

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 32353-32389 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Almeida ◽  
J. Brito ◽  
C. A. Morales ◽  
M. F. Andrade ◽  
P. Artaxo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Bulk Composition ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), aerosol size distribution and non-refractory chemical composition were performed from 16 to 31 October 2012 in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA), Brazil. CCN measurements were performed at 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0% water supersaturation and were subsequently compared with Köhler theory, considering the chemical composition. Real-time chemical composition has been obtained deploying for the first time in SPMA an Aerosol Chemical Ionization Monitor (ACSM). CCN closure analyses were performed considering internal mixture. Average aerosol composition during the studied period yielded 4.81 ± 3.05, 3.26 ± 2.10, 0.30 ± 0.27, 0.52 ± 0.32, 0.37 ± 0.21 and 0.04 ± 0.04 μg m−3 for organics, BC, NH4, SO4, NO3 and Cl, respectively. Particle number concentration was 12 813 ± 5350 cm−3, being a large fraction in the nucleation mode. CCN concentrations were on average 1090 ± 328 cm−3 and 3570 ± 1695 cm−3 at SS = 0.2% and SS = 1.0%, respectively. Results show an increase in aerosol hygroscopicity in the afternoon as a result of aerosol photochemical processing, leading to an enhancement of both organic and inorganic secondary aerosols in the atmosphere, as well as an increase in aerosol average diameter. Considering the bulk composition alone, CCN concentrations were substantially overpredicted (29.6 ± 45.1% at 0.2% supersaturation and 57.3 ± 30.0% at 1.0% supersaturation). Overall, the impact of composition on the calculated NCCN decreases with decreasing supersaturation, partially because using bulk composition introduces less bias for large diameters and lower critical supersaturations. Results suggest that the consideration of only inorganic fraction improves the calculated NCCN. Introducing a size-dependent chemical composition based on filter measurements from previous campaigns has considerably improved simulated values for NCCN (average overprediction error 3.0 ± 33.4% at 0.20% supersaturation and average under prediction error 2.4 ± 20.5% at 1.0% supersaturation). This study provides the first insight on aerosol real-time composition and hygroscopicity on a~site strongly impacted by emissions of a unique vehicular fleet due to the extensive biofuel usage.

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