scholarly journals Measuring Child Poverty and Its Uncertainty: A Case Study of 33 European Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8204
Author(s):  
Ilaria Benedetti ◽  
Gianni Betti ◽  
Federico Crescenzi
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
National Level ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
European Countries ◽  
National Estimates ◽  
Poverty Indicators ◽  
The Bootstrap Method

Over the last few years, there has been increased interest in compiling poverty indicators for children, as well as in providing uncertainty measures that are associated with point estimates. In this paper, we provide point, variance, and interval confidence estimates of the at-risk-of-poverty rate indicator for 33 European countries. Using the 2018 EU-SILC survey, we analysed the spatial distribution of poverty by providing graphical representations at the national level. Our results reveal rates of child poverty that are higher than in the national estimates for most of the countries. By considering the computation of standard errors, we used the bootstrap method thanks to its convenient properties. It is worth noting that, for some countries, such as Finland, Belgium, and Ireland, the confidence intervals do not overlap. These results suggest differences among countries not only in terms of child poverty, but also in terms of social protection and the welfare state.

scholarly journals Application of the Bootstrap Method in Data Analysis of Upper Miocene Sandstone Reservoirs of the Western Part of the Sava Depression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josip Ivšinović ◽  
Tomislav Malvić ◽  
Dubravka Pleše
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Formation Water ◽  
Geological Data ◽  
Exploration And Production ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Case Data ◽  
The Bootstrap Method

In deep geological analysis of data, these are input data that are few and include a small set of data. In a small set of case data, it is necessary to obtain reliable data of individual geological variables from this type of data. The paper analyzes the possibility of applying the bootstrap method on variables that are important in the exploration and production of hydrocarbons. The variables analyzed were the following: porosity and total costs of disposal formation water. The case study was made on the data of reservoir "K", field "B" located in the western part of the Sava Depression. The analysis of the results showed the possibility of applying the bootstrap method in the analysis of deep geological data with the application of three different sizes of resampling dataset.

The Recession and the Policy Response for Child Poverty in Japan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya K. Abe
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Child Deprivation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this chapter is to describe how the economic crisis affected children and how the government of Japan responded to mitigate the impact on children. The economic crisis worsened child poverty not by increasing worklessness, but rather by decreasing income of those who had poor-quality jobs. However, the crisis brought about an abrupt change in the government. Even though it was short-lived, the new government put in place some measures to mitigate the impact of the crisis and it seems to have had some success in doing so. There was an improvement in child poverty rate as well as in child deprivation. In a way, Japan presents a unique case study in that the economic crisis did trigger some positive changes in the protection of child well-being.

scholarly journals Ubóstwo i wykluczenie społeczne dzieci w Hiszpanii

2012 ◽  
pp. 285-303
Author(s):  
Anna Romiszewska
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Chronic Poverty ◽  
Immigrant Background ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Poverty Indicators ◽  
Families With Children

For many years Spain has been one of the EU countries with the highest child poverty risk rates. Since the beginning of 1990s child monetary poverty rate has remained at the level of 24–25 per cent, thus being higher than for the overall population. Although Spain recorded high economic growth in years 2002–2007, the lack of changes in social policy towards children and families prevented any improvements in the situation. The ongoing economic crisis has worsened the poverty indicators for children comparing to other age groups and has progressed the process of deterioration of the situation of families with children, especially single-parent families. This article aims to present the ways of measuring the child poverty and social exclusion in Spain, taking into account methodological problems and complexity, and showing the need for multidimensional approach. Features characteristic of child poverty and social exclusion in Spain in comparison with other EU countries i.e. high chronic poverty as well as recurrent and long-term transitory poverty are highlighted. Special attention was paid to children from immigrant background, who were found to be more vulnerable.

scholarly journals Application of the bootstrap method on a large input data set - case study western part of the Sava Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Josip Ivšinović ◽  
Nikola Litvić
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Interval Estimation ◽  
Statistical Tool ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Nonparametric Statistical ◽  
The Bootstrap Method ◽  
Normally Distributed

The bootstrap method is a nonparametric statistical method that provides through resampling the input data set to obtain a new data set that is normally distributed. Due to various factors, deep geological data are difficult to obtain many data set, and in most cases, they are not normally distributed. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce a statistical tool that will enable obtaining a set with which statistical analyses can be done. The bootstrap method was applied to field "A", reservoir "L" located in the western part of the Sava Depression. It was applied to the geological variable of porosity on a set of 25 data. The minimum number of resampling's required for a large sample to obtain a normal distribution is 1000. Interval estimation of porosity for reservoir "L" obtained by bootstrap method is 0.1875 to 0.2144 with 95% confidence level.

CASE STUDY: Regional Cultural Differences Within and Across Four Western European Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-47
Author(s):  
Nadine Waehning ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci ◽  
Stephan Dahl ◽  
Sinan Zeyneloglu
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Business Plans ◽  
Regional Markets ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Western European

This case study examines and illustrates within country regional cultural differences and cross border cultural similarities across four western European countries. Drawing on the data from the World Values Survey (WVS), we refer to the Schwartz Cultural Values Inventory in the survey. The demographic variables of age, gender, education level, marital status and income vary across the regions and hence, have significant effects on the cultural value dimensions across regions. The findings help a better understanding of the homogeneity and heterogeneity of regions withinand across countries. Both researchers and managers will have to justify their sampling methods and generalisations more carefully when drawing conclusions for a whole country. This case study underlines the limited knowledge about regional within country cultural differences, while also illustrating the simplification of treating each country as culturally homogeneous. Cross-country business strategies connecting transnational regional markets based on cultural value characteristics need to take these similarities and differences into account when designating business plans.

Innovative approaches to improving the management system in the sphere of social protection of the population

2018 ◽  
pp. 4-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Mahortov ◽  
Nataliya Telichko
Keyword(s):  
Management System ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Social ◽  
Innovative Approaches

The system of social’s defence of population is considered as object of state administration. Basic problems in her structure are educed under the prism of foreign experience of the European countries. The ways of reformation and realization of state administrations of the social defense’s system of population in Ukraine and development of effective mechanism of its management are offer.

Modernisation of Higher Education – Willful Action or Wishful Thinking? The Case of Bulgaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-17
Author(s):  
Elena Blagoeva
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The impact of the last global economic crisis (2008) on the European economy put a strain on higher education (HE), yet it also pushed the sector towards intensive reforms and improvements. This paper focuses on the “Strategy for the Development of Higher Education in the Republic of Bulgaria 2014-2020”. With a case study methodology, we explore the strategic endeavours of the Bulgarian government to comply with the European directions and to secure sustainable growth for the HE sector. Our research question is ‘How capable is the Bulgarian HE Strategy to overcome the economic and systemic restraints of Bulgarian higher education?’. Because the development of strategies for HE within the EU is highly contextual, a single qualitative case study was chosen as the research approach. HE institutions are not ivory towers, but subjects to a variety of external and internal forces. Within the EU, this is obviated by the fact that Universities obtain their funds from institutions such as governments, students and their families, donors, as well as EU-level programmes. Therefore, to explore how these pressures interact to affect strategic action on national level, the case method is well suited as it enabled us to study the phenomena thoroughly and deeply. The paper suggests the actions proposed within the Strategy have the potential to overcome the delay, the regional isolation and the negative impact of the economic crisis on the country. Nevertheless, the key elements on which the success or failure of this Strategy hinges are the control mechanisms and the approach to implementation. Shortcomings in these two aspects of strategic actions in HE seem to mark the difference between gaining long-term benefits and merely saving face in front of international institutions.

Legal and Institutional Functionality in the Protection of Women – Victims of Domestic Violence in the Republic of Macedonia – Present Situation and Future Perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Zorica Saltirovska Professor ◽  
Sunchica Dimitrijoska Professor
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Women Victims ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
National Level ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Gender Based

Gender-based violence is a form of discrimination that prevents women from enjoying the rights and liberties on an equal level with men. Inevitably, domestic violence shows the same trend of victimizing women to such a degree that the term “domestic violence” is increasingly becoming synonymous with “violence against women”. The Istanbul Convention defines domestic violence as "gender-based violence against women", or in other words "violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately." The situation is similar in the Republic of Macedonia, where women are predominantly victims of domestic violence. However, the Macedonian legal framework does not define domestic violence as gender-based violence, and thus it does not define it as a specific form of discrimination against women. The national legislation stipulates that victims are to be protected in both a criminal and a civil procedure, and the Law on Prevention and Protection from Domestic Violence determines the actions of the institutions and civil organizations in the prevention of domestic violence and the protection of victims. The system for protection of victims of domestic violence closely supports the Law on Social Protection and the Law on Free Legal Aid, both of which include provisions on additional assistance for women victims of domestic violence. However, the existing legislation has multiple deficiencies and does not allow for a greater efficacy in implementing the prescribed measures for the protection of victims of domestic violence. For this reason, as well as due to the inconsistent implementation of legal solutions of this particular issue, the civil sector is constantly expressing their concern about the increasingly wider spread of domestic violence against women and about the protection capabilities at their disposal. The lack of recognition of all forms of gender-based violence, the trivial number of criminal sentences against persons who perform acts of domestic violence, the insufficient support offered to victims – including victim shelters, legal assistance, and counseling, and the lack of systematic databases on domestic violence cases on a national level, are a mere few of the many issues clearly pointing to the inevitable conclusion that the protection of women-victims of domestic violence is inadequate. Hence, the functionality and efficiency of both the existing legislation and the institutions in charge of protection and support of women – victims of domestic violence is being questioned, which is also the subject for analysis in this paper.

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