scholarly journals A Detailed Forecast of the Technologies Based on Lifecycle Analysis of GMAW and CMT Welding Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3766
Author(s):  
André Souza Oliveira ◽  
Raphael Oliveira dos Santos ◽  
Bruno Caetano dos Santos Silva ◽  
Lilian Lefol Nani Guarieiro ◽  
Matthias Angerhausen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Base Material ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Market Process ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Mature Phase ◽  
Inflection Points ◽  
Cmt Welding ◽  
S Curve ◽  
Welding Processes

In this study, GMAW and CMT welding technologies were evaluated in terms of their technological lifecycles based on their patent datasets together with the S-curve concept, and the joints were evaluated in terms of their welding characteristics. To predict the future trends for both technologies, different models based on the time-series and growth-curve methods were tested. From a process point of view, the results showed better performance and stability for the CMT process based on the heat input to the base material and the frequency of the short circuits. The temperature distribution in the sample revealed that the GMAW process delivers higher values and, consequently, greater heat transfer. Regarding the technological lifecycle, the analyses revealed that the CMT welding process, despite being recent, is already in its mature phase. Moreover, the GMAW welding process is positioned in the growth phase on the S-curve, indicating a possibility of advancement. The main findings indicated that through mathematical modelling, it is possible to predict, in a precise way, the inflection points and the maturity phases of each technology and chart their trends with expert opinions. The new perspectives for analysing maturity levels and welding characteristics presented herein will be essential for a broaden decision-making market process.

Comparison of Mechanical and Microstructural Characteristics in Maraging 300 Steel Welded by PAW and GTAW Processes Submitted to Repair

2016 ◽  
Vol 1135 ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Roberto Sakai ◽  
Deivid Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Sandro Lombardo ◽  
Antonio Jorge Abdalla
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Repair Process ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
Maraging Steels ◽  
Ultrahigh Strength ◽  
Ultrahigh Strength Steels ◽  
Welding Processes

Maraging steels are a special class of ultrahigh-strength steels which presents a combination of high mechanical strength, excellent toughness, high temperature strength and corrosion resistance. The joint of sheets/plates by welding processes are fundamental for aeronautical and industrial products in addition Brazil has been developing technologies in welding ultrahigh-strength steels such as AISI 4340ESR and SAE 300M steels for its domestic space launch program and has currently decided for the replacement of these steels by Maraging 300 steel in some projects. In this work, we studied the welding process of the Maraging 300 steel for two different routes: Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG or GTAW) and Plasma Arc Welding (PAW). Filler additions were used for both processes. Procedure after any welding demands non destructive testing and sometimes non approved defects considering the usage of the product require for welding repair. Verification of the effects of this operation was made through a simulation of a welding repair for both types of welding. Specimens were submitted to heat treatment consisting of a solution annealing and aging and their microstructures were examined. The microhardness measurements were made on samples with and without repair characterized the fusion and heat affected zones. Specimens were submitted to tensile testing and the fractured surfaces were examined by a scanning electron microscope. Results of microstructure exam revealed the presence of austenite (γ) in FZ (Fusion Zone). After the welding repair simulation, a new different colored zone appeared in the HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) for both processes due to reheating of the sheet provided by the repair process. In the HAZ near FZ an important grain growth due to the heating occurred. Also, close FZ that was submitted to new heating due to repair it was noted an apparent growing of grain size relative to original grain size. The microhardness measurements showed that there is a reduction in hardness in the FZ and the region immediately (fusion line) compared to base material values. After the aging heat treatment a recovery of hardness values took place in these regions but the values themselves remain smaller than the base material. It was observed an increase of values of the microhardness in dark regions in the HAZ provoked by a phenomenon of aging locally due to the dissipation of the heat of the welding process and posterior repair. After aging, those differences disappeared. It was observed that there was not a large difference between the yield and strength limits considering both processes of welding, as well as between both situations after repair. It could be seen that the rupture began in the region near FZ and followed in the direction of the weld bead. The analysis of the fracture surfaces showed that this happened by ductile way, forming dimples.

Tensile Properties and Microstructure of Butt Weld of Q235A Steel Made by Wet Welding Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 337 ◽  
pp. 448-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Tao Zhang ◽  
Wen Jie Jiang ◽  
Ji Cai Feng ◽  
Shi Sheng Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Tensile Specimen ◽  
Cored Wire ◽  
Butt Weld ◽  
Welding Processes ◽  
Rolled Plates

The effect of underwater wet welding processes with flux-cored wire on tensile properties and microstructure of Q235A steel was studied. Rolled plates of 8 mm thickness have been used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. OM and SEM were used to analyze the microstructure of the joint and the fractography of the tensile specimen. Tensile test showed that the fracure was occured at base metal and tensile strength could reach 415Mpa.

Towards Tool Path Numerical Simulation in Modified Friction Stir Spot Welding Processes

2009 ◽  
Vol 83-86 ◽  
pp. 1220-1227
Author(s):  
Gianluca Buffa ◽  
Livan Fratini
Keyword(s):  
Spot Welding ◽  
Tool Path ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Friction Stir Spot Welding ◽  
Lap Joints ◽  
Hollomon Parameter ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Strain And Strain Rate ◽  
Welding Processes

Spot welding can be considered a very common joining technique in automotive and transportation industries as it permits to obtain effective lap-joints with short process times and what is more it is easily developed through robots and automated systems. Recently the Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) process has been proposed as a natural evolution of the already known Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process, allowing to obtain sound spot joints that do not suffer from the insurgence of typical welding defects due to the fusion of the base material. In the paper, a modified Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) process, with a spiral circular movement given to the tool after the sinking stage, is proposed. A continuum based numerical model for Friction Stir Spot Welding process is developed, that is 2D Lagrangian implicit, coupled, rigid-viscoplastic. This model is used to investigate the distribution of the main field variables, namely temperature, strain and strain rate, as well as the Zener-Hollomon parameter which, in turn, strongly affects the Continuous Dynamic Recrystallization (CDRX) process that takes place in the weld nugget. Numerical and experimental results are presented showing the effects of the process parameters on the joint performances and the mechanical effectiveness of the modified process.

Dynamics of Battery Tabs Under Ultrasonic Welding

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bongsu Kang ◽  
Wayne Cai ◽  
Chin-An Tan
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Vibration ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Ultrasonic Welding ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Structural Vibration ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Weld Quality ◽  
Ultrasonic Metal Welding ◽  
Metal Welding ◽  
Welding Processes

Ultrasonic metal welding for battery tabs must be performed with 100% reliability in battery pack manufacturing as the failure of a single weld essentially results in a battery that is inoperative or cannot deliver the required power due to the electrical short caused by the failed weld. In ultrasonic metal welding processes, high-frequency ultrasonic energy is used to generate an oscillating shear force (sonotrode force) at the interface between a sonotrode and few metal sheets to produce solid-state bonds between the sheets clamped under a normal force. These forces, which influence the power needed to produce the weld and the weld quality, strongly depend on the mechanical and structural properties of the weld parts and fixtures in addition to various welding process parameters such as weld frequencies and amplitudes. In this work, the effect of structural vibration of the battery tab on the required sonotrode force during ultrasonic welding is studied by applying a longitudinal vibration model for the battery tab. It is found that the sonotrode force is greatly influenced by the kinetic properties, quantified by the equivalent mass and equivalent stiffness, of the battery tab and cell pouch interface. This study provides a fundamental understanding of battery tab dynamics during ultrasonic welding and its effects on weld quality, and thus provides useful guidelines for design and welding of battery tabs from tab dynamics point of view.

scholarly journals Impact of mechanical vibrations introduced by up blasting on the structure and hardness of welds on P235GH steel during MAG welding process

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Krajewski ◽  
Paweł Kołodziejczak ◽  
Xiaoming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Base Material ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Mag Welding ◽  
Shot Blasting ◽  
Mechanical Vibrations ◽  
Vibrating System ◽  
Rigid Attachment ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Welding Processes

This article discusses the effects of surfacing with the introduction of mechanical vibrations into the material using shot blasting. It does not require a rigid attachment of the vibrating system to the base material, and vibrations are introduced as a result of supplying energy of collision of the shot with the parent material. The effect of introducing mechanical vibrations through shot blasting during welding of P235GH steel on the structure and hardness of obtained structures was described. Comparative results of tests revealing the basic differences in the structural structure and hardness of reached welds without shot blasting and with its participation were presented. As a result of the conducted research, differences in the structural structure of the welds were shown and it was shown that shot blasting is an effective and alternative method of introducing mechanical vibrations supporting welding processes.

Technological Development Perspectives and Experimental Results of MIG Welding Soldering

2013 ◽  
Vol 814 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Dragos Dana ◽  
Petrică Vizureanu ◽  
Ramona Cimpoeşu ◽  
Dragos Achiţei
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Weld Line ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Filler Material ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Requirements Process ◽  
Welding Processes

In the welding process of metals, two materials are joined by a filler material with low melting point (below 450 °C), also below the melting point of materials to be joined. The braze-welding filler material has a melting point over 450 °C to 1000 °C. Filler material is distributed between two surfaces of the joint by capillary action close, the blended material is applied on an electrode specially manufactured and intended operation. This paper proposes an analyze of the techniques, feathers, technology requirements, process gaseous, materials (standard data base) and conditions used in braze-welding processes. The secret of solder bonding and weld seems to be the opening that supposes to be small. Two methods are proposed and analyzed for welding process based on braze welding. Scanning electrons microscope and EDAX detector were used to characterize the weld line by micro-structural and chemical point of view. The microstructure analysis concentrated on the weld line area presents reduced dimensional variation and a modification of the materials surface smoothness. Chemical elements distribution exhibits an increase of carbon percentage on the weld line and a decrease of iron in the same time and area.

Thermal Analysis to Evaluate Ageing Process in Heated Tool and Electrofusion Welding of Polymer Pipes

2013 ◽  
Vol 837 ◽  
pp. 190-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorin Vasile Savu ◽  
I. Danut Savu ◽  
Ion Ciupitu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Relaxation Modulus ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Welding Parameters ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Welding Cycle ◽  
Welding Processes

Heated tool and electrofusion welding are the most used joining processes of higher than 2 mm thick polymer pipes. The two welding processes have different heating-cooling cycles and they produce different influences on the properties of the polymers. Exploitation of polymer pipes for water and gas distribution revealed ageing behaviour of the material in the welding area. The modification of the behaviour depends on the base material, on the applied welding process and on the used parameters. Thermal analysis can be used as tool to reveal and to evaluate the modification of the physical and mechanical properties. Such knowledge is important when prediction of the in use life is necessary to be predicted. Experimental programme was applied to HDPE 100 and HDPE 80, both welded using heated tool and electrofusion processes and different sets of parameters (factorial experiment principles were used to establish the welding parameters). Plasticity characteristics of the welds material, as elongation and relaxation modulus, were determined by using thermal analysis. Burst stress test, applied to the pipe, was considered. It has been observed important rate of the heating process of the surface in contact with the heater. The DSC analysis revealed a decreasing of the elongation with about 12% and decreasing of the relaxation modulus with amount up to 14%, for the material located at the interface between pipe and the heater. At 0.5 mm from the interface it was revealed an intensity of the modification up to half of the values recorded for the interface. That was explained on the poor thermal conductivity specific to the both materials. By using DSC thermal analysis it has been revealed that the polyethylene has high rate crystallization during welding cycle, after the heating to the viscous state. Such crystallization, together with potential non-uniformity of the heating provides modifications in the geometrical characteristics of the weld. For high energy input, the material experience large quantity of fluid material with important plastic distortion. That means high possibility to reject material during pressing step of the welding cycle. 10% increasing of the temperature, for the same heating pressure, involves 5-8% increasing of the dimensions of the fluid ring in the interface. About 10% difference between the relaxation modulus of the heated and non-heated HDPE and that means local ageing transformation of the HDPE. The material becomes more fragile than before the welding process.

Microstructure of resistance spot welding of maraging steels

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 900-901
Author(s):  
I. Neuman ◽  
S.F. Dirnfeld ◽  
I. Minkoff
Keyword(s):  
Maraging Steel ◽  
Spot Welding ◽  
Lath Martensite ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Aging Treatment ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Maraging Steels ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Current Cycle ◽  
Welding Processes

Experimental work on the spot welding of Maraging Steels revealed a surprisingly low level of strength - both in the as welded and in aged conditions. This appeared unusual since in the welding of these materials by other welding processes (TIG,MIG) the strength level is almost that of the base material. The maraging steel C250 investigated had the composition: 18wt%Ni, 8wt%Co, 5wt%Mo and additions of Al and Ti. It has a nominal tensile strength of 250 KSI. The heat treated structure of maraging steel is lath martensite the final high strength is reached by aging treatment at 485°C for 3-4 hours. During the aging process precipitation takes place of Ni3Mo and Ni3Ti and an ordered solid solution containing Co is formed.Three types of spot welding cycles were investigated: multi-pulse current cycle, bi-pulse cycle and single pulsle cycle. TIG welded samples were also tested for comparison.The microstructure investigations were carried out by SEM and EDS as well as by fractography. For multicycle spot welded maraging C250 (without aging), the dendrites start from the fusion line towards the nugget centre with an epitaxial growth region of various widths, as seen in Figure 1.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Analysis of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction-Stir-Welded Low-Carbon High-Strength Steels with Tensile Strengths Ranging from 590 MPa to 1.5 GPa

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5728
Author(s):  
HyeonJeong You ◽  
Minjung Kang ◽  
Sung Yi ◽  
Soongkeun Hyun ◽  
Cheolhee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Test ◽  
Joint Strength ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Welding Processes

High-strength steels are being increasingly employed in the automotive industry, requiring efficient welding processes. This study analyzed the materials and mechanical properties of high-strength automotive steels with strengths ranging from 590 MPa to 1500 MPa, subjected to friction stir welding (FSW), which is a solid-phase welding process. The high-strength steels were hardened by a high fraction of martensite, and the welds were composed of a recrystallized zone (RZ), a partially recrystallized zone (PRZ), a tempered zone (TZ), and an unaffected base metal (BM). The RZ exhibited a higher hardness than the BM and was fully martensitic when the BM strength was 980 MPa or higher. When the BM strength was 780 MPa or higher, the PRZ and TZ softened owing to tempered martensitic formation and were the fracture locations in the tensile test, whereas BM fracture occurred in the tensile test of the 590 MPa steel weld. The joint strength, determined by the hardness and width of the softened zone, increased and then saturated with an increase in the BM strength. From the results, we can conclude that the thermal history and size of the PRZ and TZ should be controlled to enhance the joint strength of automotive steels.

Microstructure and mechanical property improvement of dissimilar metal joints for TC4 Ti alloy to Nitinol NiTi alloy by laser welding

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
DeShui Yu ◽  
JianPing Zhou ◽  
DaQian Sun ◽  
HongMei Li
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Laser Welding ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Niti Alloy ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Ti Alloy ◽  
The One ◽  
Fusion Weld ◽  
Welding Processes ◽  
Cu Interlayer

Abstract To avoid the formation of Ti-Ni intermetallics in a joint, three laser welding processes for Ti alloy–NiTi alloy joints were introduced. Sample A was formed while a laser acted at the Ti alloy–NiTi alloy interface, and the joint fractured along the weld centre line immediately after welding without filler metal. Sample B was formed while the laser acted on a Cu interlayer. The average tensile strength of sample B was 216 MPa. Sample C was formed while the laser acted 1.2 mm on the Ti alloy side. The one-pass welding process involved the creation of a joint with one fusion weld and one diffusion weld separated by the remaining unmelted Ti alloy. The mechanical performance of sample C was determined by the diffusion weld formed at the Ti alloy–NiTi alloy interface with a tensile strength of 256 MPa.

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