scholarly journals The Use of Cluster Analysis to Evaluate the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Daily Water Demand Patterns

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5772
Author(s):  
Paulina Dzimińska ◽  
Stanisław Drzewiecki ◽  
Marek Ruman ◽  
Klaudia Kosek ◽  
Karol Mikołajewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Diurnal Distribution ◽  
Demand Patterns ◽  
The Impact

Proper determination of unitary water demand and diurnal distribution of water consumption (water consumption histogram) provides the basis for designing, dimensioning, and all analyses of water supply networks. It is important in the case of mathematical modelling of flows in the water supply network, particularly during the determination of nodal water demands in the context of Extended Period Simulation (EPS). Considering the above, the analysis of hourly water consumption in selected apartment buildings was performed to verify the justification of the application of grouping by means of k-means clustering. The article presents a detailed description of the adopted methodology, as well as the obtained results in the form of synthetic distributions of hourly water consumption, and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on their change.

scholarly journals Water Consumption Variability Based on Cumulative Data From Non-simultaneous and Long-term Measurements

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacek Wawrzosek ◽  
Syzmon Ignaciuk ◽  
Justyna Stańczyk ◽  
Joanna Kajewska-Szkudlarek
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Fuzzy Time Series ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Continuous Processes ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Demand Patterns

AbstractDevices for water consumption measurement provide data from periodical readings in a non-simultaneous and cumulative manner. This may result in inaccuracies within the process of inference about the short-term habitual patterns of water supply network users. Maintaining systems at the interface between periodic and continuous processes requires the continuous improvement of research methodology. To obtain reliable results regarding the variability of water consumption, the first step should be to estimate it for each observation day by periodic averaging and a possible water balancing approach, but the analysis of the value of estimators obtained in this way usually does not allow for studying autocorrelation. However, other methods indicate the existence of multiplicative parameters characterizing short- and long-term variations in water demand. The purpose of this study is to create a new and deterministic method for tackling the problem associated with a lack of short-term detailed data with fuzzy time series using a multiplicative model for water consumption. Satisfactory results have been obtained, demonstrating that the dispersed data, received in a cumulative manner for random periods of measurement, can be analyzed by the methodology of proposed statistical inference. The observed variability in water consumption may be used in the planning and modernization of water supply systems, development of water demand patterns, hydraulic models, and in the creation of forecasting models of water consumption.

scholarly journals Determination of an Annual Groundwater Recharge and Demand in Oke-Ero LGA, Kwara State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akeem A Agboola ◽  
Babatunde K Adeogun ◽  
Morufu A Ajibike
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
The People ◽  
Potential Groundwater ◽  
Daily Water

Efficient groundwater management, water consumption rate and quantitative determination of the amount of rainfall that recharges groundwater naturally is essential for a place like Oke-Ero LGA where  the people in Oke-Ero depend mainly on groundwater as the only source of water supply. In this work, an attempt has been made to evaluate the amount of rainfall that recharges aquifers using Krishna model with a view to knowing the groundwater potential of the area and determine the water consumption rate. This study established that Oke-Ero LGA has 65.7 million cubic meters (MCM) groundwater potential annually, from the survey output the average daily water demand in Oke-Ero is 75 l/c/d. The total water demands across the LGA based on 2016 population estimate is 2.11 MCM/year with anticipated increase of 4.34 MCM/year by 2040 and expected water demand increase rate of 3.2% annually. This work has ascertained that the available water is sufficient to take care of the water demand of the people in Oke-Ero LGA and it also shows that there is more water for other activities such as industrial purposes. Keywords - Groundwater potential, Groundwater recharge, Oke-Ero LGA, Water demand. 

Hospital Disaster Response Using Business Impact Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Suginaka ◽  
Ken Okamoto ◽  
Yohei Hirano ◽  
Yuichi Fukumoto ◽  
Miki Morikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Publication Type ◽  
Business Impact ◽  
Hospital Operations ◽  
Major Disaster ◽  
Actual Use ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntroductionThe catastrophic Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 created a crisis in a university-affiliated hospital by disrupting the water supply for 10 days. In response, this study was conducted to analyze water use and prioritize water consumption in each department of the hospital by applying a business impact analysis (BIA). Identifying the minimum amount of water necessary for continuing operations during a disaster was an additional goal.ProblemWater is essential for many hospital operations and disaster-ready policies must be in place for the safety and continued care of patients.MethodsA team of doctors, nurses, and office workers in the hospital devised a BIA questionnaire to examine all operations using water. The questionnaire included department name, operation name, suggested substitutes for water, and the estimated daily amount of water consumption. Operations were placed in one of three ranks (S, A, or B) depending on the impact on patients and the need for operational continuity. Recovery time objective (RTO), which is equivalent to the maximum tolerable period of disruption, was determined. Furthermore, the actual use of water and the efficiency of substitute methods, practiced during the water-disrupted periods, were verified in each operation.ResultsThere were 24 activities using water in eight departments, and the estimated water consumption in the hospital was 326 (SD = 17) m3per day: 64 (SD = 3) m3for S (20%), 167 (SD = 8) m3for A (51%), and 95 (SD = 5) m3for B operations (29%). During the disruption, the hospital had about 520 m3of available water. When the RTO was set to four days, the amount of water available would have been 130 m3per day. During the crisis, 81% of the substitute methods were used for the S and A operations.ConclusionThis is the first study to identify and prioritize hospital operations necessary for the efficient continuation of medical treatment during suspension of the water supply by applying a BIA. Understanding the priority of operations and the minimum daily water requirement for each operation is important for a hospital in the event of an unexpected adverse situation, such as a major disaster.SuginakaH,OkamotoK,HiranoY,FukumotoY,MorikawaM,OodeY,SumiY,InoueY,MatsudaS,TanakaH.Hospital disaster response using business impact analysis.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(5):1-8.

PSO Applied to Reduce the Cost of Energy in Water Supply Networks

2013 ◽  
Vol 409-410 ◽  
pp. 703-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Melo Brentan ◽  
Edevar Luvizotto Jr. ◽  
Lubienska Cristina L.J. Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Pumping Stations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Supply Systems

The growth of urban population and subsequent expansion of the cities impose difficulties of gather a reliable water supply systems that attend the fluctuations of demand throughout the day, and their operation with appropriate hydraulic and operational parameters. The search of better routines for water pumping stations with both starting and stopping of pumps or use of variable speed devices has become increasingly common, and the motivation of this search is found in the need for energy saving. But the task is arduous and becomes fertile field for the application of modern techniques and robust optimization. Noteworthy are currently those that seek their inspiration in nature systems, such as Particle Swarm Optimization, which is based on intelligence of groups, such as schools of fish or swarms of bee. By this way, the present work aims to contribute to the topic, developing a hybrid algorithm (simulator-optimizer) for determination of optimized routines for pumping station i.e., routines that seek the best operational routine for an extended period of 24 hours.

Water Supply and Consumption Structure Change and Water Demand Forecast in Northern Shaanxi

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 2943-2947
Author(s):  
Ying Dong ◽  
Xi Jun Wu
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Structure Change ◽  
Demand Forecast ◽  
Consumption Structure ◽  
Water Demand Forecast ◽  
The Future ◽  
Northern Shaanxi

This paper analyzed the water resources and its availability distribution regularities in Northern Shaanxi; and the change laws of water consumption and supply in 1980-2010; according to the relevant planning goal and various industry water standard, forecasted the Northern Shaanxi water demand in future. Result shows that 2020 and 2030 water demand respectively is 1.9×109 m3 and 2.6×109 m3 in Northern Shaanxi. So the 1.6×109 m3 of available water resources at this stage can't meet the future requirements.

scholarly journals Progressive Poling of Large Area, High r33 Electro-Optic Polymer SEO100c

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 8108
Author(s):  
Michael Maurer ◽  
Evan Gawron ◽  
Christopher Middlebrook
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Device Structure ◽  
Poling Process ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Waveguide Modulator ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

SEO100c, an EO-polymer, has been reported of having an r33 in excess of 100 pm/V. Experimental poling research was performed on rib waveguide modulator for device design and development. Reported is the determination of the impact that temperature and voltage have on the poling of a SEO100c waveguide device in order to maximize the r33 while avoiding damage to the device structure ensuring high yield in manufacture. The poling process is shown to have a nonlinear relationship between r33 and poling field aiding in the selection of achievable poling voltages for required r33 values. Device thermal stability is quantified and reported for the complete poling process and the impacts upon r33. Investigation into the possible relaxation of device r33 is measured over an extended period demonstrating desirable use within deployable devices.

scholarly journals Limitations of Water Resources to Crop Water Requirement in the Irrigation Districts along the Lower Reach of the Yellow River in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Liu ◽  
Jianqin Ma ◽  
Xiuping Hao ◽  
Qingyun Li
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Lower Reach ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Irrigation Districts ◽  
The Impact

To analyze the water-resource limitations for crops in irrigation districts along the lower reach of the Yellow River, we used the single-crop coefficient method provided by FAO-56 to analyze crop water demand (CWD) and irrigation water requirement (IWR) for the main crops (winter wheat, summer maize, and cotton) from 1971 to 2015. The impact of climate threats on IWR was then quantified based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), following which the conflicts between water demand and water supply were analyzed. The results show that about 75.4% of the total annual IWR volume is concentrated from March to June. Winter wheat is the largest water consumer; it used an average of 67.9% of the total IWR volume. The study area faced severe water scarcity, and severe water deficits occurred mainly between March and June, which is consistent with the occurrence of drought. With the runoff from the Yellow River Basin further decreasing in the future, the water supply is expected to become more limited. IWR is negatively correlated with the SPEI. Based on the relationship between SPEI and IWR, the water allocation for irrigation can be planned at different timescales to meet the CWD of different crops.

APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND ALGORYTHMS FOR THE WATER SOURCES CONSUMPTION PLANNING AND FORECASTING

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
В.В. Мокшин ◽  
А.В. Спиридонова ◽  
Г.В. Спиридонов
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Supply Networks ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Backward Elimination ◽  
Water Supply Networks ◽  
Selection Of Variables ◽  
Wide Range

Рассматриваются математические и информационные методы эффективного прогнозирования потребления водных ресурсов. Произведены расчёты водопотребления по типовому административному зданию. Предложенные материалы представляют интерес для широкого круга специалистов, занимающихся разработкой экономико-математических моделей и повышением эффективности при планировании водных ресурсов в сфере жилищно-коммунального хозяйства. Прогнозирование осуществлялось с помощью регрессионных методов Forward Regression и Backward Elimination, включающих в себя как линейные, так и множественные нелинейные подходы анализа данных. Отдельное внимание было уделено сравнению действительных и прогнозируемых показаний. В ходе работы были выявлены наиболее релевантные алгоритмы, которые позволили произвести достаточно точную оценку водопотребления, что считается одной из основных задач водоснабжения и управления водопроводными сетями. В ходе исследования было установлено, что корректность прогнозируемых результатов в равной степени зависит как от количества исходных данных, на основе которых производится построение моделей, так и от количества дней, на которое производится прогнозирование. В случае выборки данных в 255 исходных и 116 прогнозируемых дней наиболее вероятные значения были получены регрессионными методами прямого и обратного отбора переменных. Проведённый анализ позволил указать причины появления ошибок при использовании данных методов. На основе достоверности расчётных показаний можно говорить о востребованности и пригодности изученных методов среди информационных систем на промышленных и жилищно-коммунальных объектах. Комплексный подход оптимизирует процесс планирования и повышает точность прогнозируемых значений суточного водопотребления в пределах жилищных микрорайонов, что сегодня является исключительно важным аспектом в сфере водоснабжения и управления водопроводными сетями This article discusses mathematical and informational methods for effective forecasting of water consumption. We calculated the water consumption for a typical administrative building. The materials proposed in the article are of interest to a wide range of specialists working on the development of economic and mathematical models and increasing the efficiency of housing and communal companies. We carried out the prediction using regression methods - Forward Regression and Backward Elimination, which include both linear and multiple nonlinear approaches to data analysis. We paid special attention to the comparison of actual and predicted readings. In the course of the work, we identified the most relevant algorithms, which allowed us to make a fairly accurate assessment of water consumption, which is an extremely important aspect in the field of water supply and management of water supply networks. In the course of the study, we found that the correctness of the predicted results equally depends both on the amount of initial data, on the basis of which the models are built, and on the number of days for which the forecast is made. In the case of a sample of data of 255 baseline and 116 forecast days, we obtained the most probable values by regression methods of direct and inverse selection of variables. The analysis made it possible to indicate the reasons for the appearance of errors when using these methods. Based on the reliability of the calculated readings, we can talk about the relevance and suitability of the studied methods among information systems at industrial and housing and communal facilities. An integrated approach optimizes the planning process and increases the accuracy of the predicted values of daily water consumption within residential areas, which today is an extremely important aspect in the field of water supply and management of water supply networks

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