scholarly journals Manufacturing of Clayey Bricks by Synergistic Use of Waste Brick and Ceramic Powders as Partial Replacement of Clay

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10214
Author(s):  
Anwar Khitab ◽  
Muhammad Saqib Riaz ◽  
Affan Jalil ◽  
Raja Bilal Nasar Khan ◽  
Waqas Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ceramic Powder ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Chemical Attack ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Brick Powder ◽  
Soil Deposits ◽  
Composite Mixture

Clay bricks are extensively used as building material worldwide. Natural soil deposits are in constant reduction due to the frequent use of clay to manufacture bricks. About 1600 billion bricks are produced annually by the consumption of millions of tons of natural resources. The prime focus of this study is to assess the feasibility of using a composite mixture of waste brick powder (WBP) and waste ceramic powder (WCP) as a replacement for depleting natural resource “clay” in brick manufacturing. Based upon the previous studies, the replacement levels were kept as (4 + 5)%, (8 + 10)%, and (12 + 15)% of WCP and WBP, respectively. The brick specimens were evaluated in terms of compressive strength, modulus of rupture, density, water absorption, efflorescence, apparent porosity, resistance to chemical attack and sulfate attack, and freeze-thaw resistance. The study reveals that about 27% of clay can be replaced with ceramic waste powder and waste brick powder, which can preserve a massive amount of natural clay without compromising the quality of the bricks.

scholarly journals Effect of Waste Clay Brick Powder on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cement Paste

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 370-380
Author(s):  
David Sinkhonde ◽  
Richard Ocharo Onchiri ◽  
Walter Odhiambo Oyawa ◽  
John Nyiro Mwero
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Cement Paste ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cement Replacement ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Brick Powder ◽  
Scanning Electron

Background: Investigations on the use of waste clay brick powder in concrete have been extensively conducted, but the analysis of waste clay brick powder effects on cement paste is limited. Materials and Methods: This paper discusses the effects of waste clay brick powder on cement paste. Fragmented clay bricks were grounded in the laboratory using a ball mill and incorporated into cementitious mixes as partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement. Workability, consistency, setting time, density and compressive strength properties of paste mixes were investigated to better understand the impact of waste clay brick powder on the cementitious paste. Four cement replacement levels of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% were evaluated in comparison with the control paste. The chemical and mineral compositions were evaluated using X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Diffractometer, respectively. The morphology of cement and waste clay brick powder was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Results: The investigation of workability exhibited a reduction of slump attributed to the significant addition of waste clay brick powder into the cementitious mixes, and it was concluded that waste clay brick powder did not significantly influence the density of the mixes. In comparison with the control paste, increased values of consistency and setting time of cement paste containing waste clay brick powder confirmed the information available in the literature. Conclusion: Although waste clay brick powder decreased the compressive strength of cement paste, 5% partial cement replacement with waste clay brick powder was established as an optimum percentage for specimens containing waste clay brick powder following curing periods of 7 and 28 days. Findings of chemical composition, mineral composition and scanning electron microscopy of waste clay brick powder demonstrated that when finely ground, fragmented clay bricks can be used in concrete as a pozzolanic material.

scholarly journals Clay-Based Products Sustainable Development: Some Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1364
Author(s):  
Michele La Noce ◽  
Alessandro Lo Faro ◽  
Gaetano Sciuto
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Basalt Fibers ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Brick Powder ◽  
Alkaline Resistance ◽  
Raw Earth

Clay has a low environmental impact and can develop into many different products. The research presents two different case studies. In the first, the clay is the binder of raw earth doughs in order to produce clay-bricks. We investigate the effects of natural fibrous reinforcements (rice straws and basalt fibers) in four different mixtures. From the comparison with a mix without reinforcements, it is possible to affirm that the 0.40% of basalt fibers reduce the shrinkage by about 25% and increase the compressive strength by about 30%. Future studies will focus on identifying the fibrous effects on tensile strength and elastic modulus, as well as the optimal percentage of fibers. In the second study, the clay, in form of brick powder (“cocciopesto”), gives high alkaline resistance and breathability performance, as well as rendering and color to the plaster. The latter does not have artificial additives. The plaster respects the cultural instance of the original building. The research underlines how the use of a local (and traditional) material such as clay can be a promoter of sustainability in the contemporary building sector. Future studies must investigate further possible uses of clay as well as a proper regulatory framework.

scholarly journals Laboratory and In Situ Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity and Their Validity in Transient Seepage Analysis

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1131
Author(s):  
Soonkie Nam ◽  
Marte Gutierrez ◽  
Panayiotis Diplas ◽  
John Petrie
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
In Situ Tests ◽  
Seepage Analysis ◽  
Soil Deposits ◽  
Seepage Modeling ◽  
Sample Disturbance

This paper critically compares the use of laboratory tests against in situ tests combined with numerical seepage modeling to determine the hydraulic conductivity of natural soil deposits. Laboratory determination of hydraulic conductivity used the constant head permeability and oedometer tests on undisturbed Shelby tube and block soil samples. The auger hole method and Guelph permeameter tests were performed in the field. Groundwater table elevations in natural soil deposits with different hydraulic conductivity values were predicted using finite element seepage modeling and compared with field measurements to assess the various test results. Hydraulic conductivity values obtained by the auger hole method provide predictions that best match the groundwater table’s observed location at the field site. This observation indicates that hydraulic conductivity determined by the in situ test represents the actual conditions in the field better than that determined in a laboratory setting. The differences between the laboratory and in situ hydraulic conductivity values can be attributed to factors such as sample disturbance, soil anisotropy, fissures and cracks, and soil structure in addition to the conceptual and procedural differences in testing methods and effects of sample size.

Lime Plasters Containing Waste Ceramic Powder as Partial Replacement of Siliceous Aggregates

2014 ◽  
Vol 1035 ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Vejmelková ◽  
Monika Čáchová ◽  
Dana Koňáková ◽  
Pavel Reiterman ◽  
Robert Černý
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Ceramic Powder ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Vapor Diffusion ◽  
Water Vapor Diffusion ◽  
Hollow Brick ◽  
Lime Plaster

Waste materials are utilized with an increasing frequency in the building industry, during the last decades. The motivation is both environmental and economical. In this paper, waste ceramic powder produced at the grinding of hollow brick blocks used in precise-walling technologies, is applied as a partial replacement of siliceous aggregates of lime plasters. The designed plaster mixes are analyzed from the point of view of their basic physical, mechanical, hygric and thermal properties. The bulk density, matrix density, open porosity, compressive strength, bending strength, water vapor diffusion permeability, water vapor diffusion coefficient, water vapor diffusion resistance factor, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity are the investigated parameters. A reference lime plaster is analyzed as well, for the sake of comparison. Experimental results show a remarkable enhancement of mechanical properties of the plasters with the increasing dosage of ceramic powder. Moreover, the thermal insulation properties are improved and the water vapor diffusion capability of the plasters with ceramic powder increases.

Study on the Durability of Concrete with Mineral Admixtures to Sulfate Attack by Wet-Dry Cycle Method

2011 ◽  
Vol 295-297 ◽  
pp. 165-169
Author(s):  
Guan Guo Liu ◽  
Jing Ming ◽  
Xiong Wen Zhang ◽  
Ai Bin Ma
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Sulfate Attack ◽  
Mineral Admixture ◽  
Mineral Admixtures ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Change Environment ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Chemical Attack ◽  
Tidal Area

Sulfate attack is one of several chemical and physical mechanisms of concrete deterioration. In actual situation, concrete structures always suffer from the coupled effects of multifactor such as wet-dry cycle and sulfate attack when exposed to tidal area or groundwater level change environment. Partial replacement of cement with mineral admixture is one of the efficient methods for improving concrete resistance against sulfate attack. In this regard, the resistance of concrete with fly ash and slag to sulfate attack was investigated by wet-dry cycle method. The degree of sulfate attack on specimens after different cycles was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The results of compressive strength and percentage of compressive strength evolution factor at various cycling times show an increase in the sulfate resistance of concrete with 60% of fly ash and slag than that only with 40% fly ash. The microstructural study indicates that the primary cause of deterioration of concrete under wet-dry cycle condition is swelling of the sulfate crystal rather chemical attack.

scholarly journals Reuse of Clay Brick Waste in Mortar and Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Lihua Zhu ◽  
Zengmei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
Aggregate Concrete ◽  
Strength Concrete ◽  
Cement Replacement ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Brick Powder ◽  
Disposal Problem

The application of recycled clay brick can not only solve the disposal problem of demolished solid waste but also reduce ecological environment damage caused by the excessive development of resources. Clay brick powder (CBP) exhibits pozzolanic activity and can be used as cement replacement. Recycled clay brick aggregate (RBA) can be used to substitute natural coarse aggregate. Recycled clay brick aggregate concrete (RBAC) can attain suitable strength and be used in the production of medium- and low-strength concrete. Clay brick waste as potential partial cement and aggregate replacement material is reviewed herein. Performances in terms of mechanical and durability-related properties of mortar and concrete are discussed. Understanding the properties of clay bricks is crucial to further research and applications.

REUSE OF GLASS AND CLAY BRICK WASTES AS SUBSTITUTE FOR NATURAL AGGREGATE IN GREEN CONCRETE

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwarotimi Olofinnade ◽  
Anthony Ede ◽  
Julius Ndambuki ◽  
Ayanfe Opeyemi
Keyword(s):  
Waste Glass ◽  
Clay Brick ◽  
Green Concrete ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Brick Powder ◽  
Glass Aggregate ◽  
Natural Aggregates ◽  
Glass Wastes ◽  
Powder Content ◽  
Curing Age

Utilization of recycled waste materials in making concrete is identified as a sustainable means of managing wastes, thereby reducing the energy consumption, preserving the environment and conserving of natural resources from depletion. Researchers referred to this type of concrete as "green" concrete. This study examines the possible reusing of crushed waste glass as partial and complete substitute for natural aggregates in production of moderate strength green concrete with the addition of ground clay brick as admixture. The clay bricks were obtained as generated wastes from the ceramic and brick producing factory, while the glass wastes were sourced from dump sites and waste collection points within Ota, Nigeria. The waste glass varied from 25%-100% in steps of 25%, and the ground clay brick was added in 10%, 15% and 20% by mass of Portland cement into the concrete mixes. Tests, which include workability and characteristics strength were carried out on the concrete specimens. Microstructural examination was performed on selected concrete specimens. Results indicate reduction in workability with increased waste glass and clay brick powder content. Moreover, the characteristic compressive strength of the concrete specimens increased with curing age, however, concrete mixes containing 10% clay brick powder and 25% waste glass aggregate showed significant improvement in strength at curing age of 28 days than the control concrete.

Reuse of Waste Ceramic Powder with a High Content of Amorphous Phases as Partial Replacement of Portland Cement

2014 ◽  
Vol 905 ◽  
pp. 212-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbyšek Pavlík ◽  
Milena Pavlíková ◽  
Jan Fořt ◽  
Tereza Kulovaná ◽  
Robert Černý
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Ceramic Powder ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Laser Diffraction ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cement Pastes ◽  
Amorphous Phases ◽  
Hollow Bricks

A possible use of waste ceramic powder as a partial replacement of Portland cement in blended binders is studied. For the ceramic powder, originating from the contemporary hollow bricks production, the measurement of chemical composition is done using XRF and XRD analysis. The particle size distribution of ceramics and cement is accessed on the laser diffraction principle. The blended binders containing ceramic powder in an amount of 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40% of mass of cement are used for the preparation of cement pastes which are then characterized using the measurement of basic physical properties and mechanical properties. Experimental results show that an application of 16% waste ceramics in the blended binder provides sufficient mechanical properties of the paste. This makes good prerequisites for future research that will be focused on the development of new types of cement-based composites with incorporated ceramic waste powder.

scholarly journals Effect of Lime Stabilization and Partial Clinoptilolite Zeolite Replacement on the Behavior of a Silt-Sized Low-Plasticity Soil Subjected to Freezing–Thawing Cycles

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 994
Author(s):  
Sarah Shirmohammadi ◽  
Saeed Ghaffarpour Jahromi ◽  
Meghdad Payan ◽  
Kostas Senetakis
Keyword(s):  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Transportation Engineering ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Freezing And Thawing Cycles ◽  
Strength And Durability

Soil stabilization, through either physical or chemical techniques of coating-cementation development, is a commonly adopted practice in geotechnical and transportation engineering projects used to strengthen soils and mitigate negative geo-environmental impacts. This can be particularly important in enhancing the mechanical properties of soils which are prone to degradation of their response because of freezing and thawing actions. It was attempted in this research study to examine the effect of lime–zeolite stabilization on the behavior of a silt-sized natural soil of low plasticity, by performing standard compaction tests as well as unconfined compressive experiments evaluating the strength of the composite samples. The natural soil mixed with various contents of lime and zeolite partial replacement was subjected to consecutive freezing and thawing cycles. The results from the study showed significant improvement of the mechanical performance of the treated soil when mixed with lime partially replaced with zeolite in terms of strength and durability and, based on scanning electron microscopic images, additional insights were attempted to be obtained on the microstructure of the specimens subjected to temperature changes.

scholarly journals Effect of Age and Environment on Strength of Old Baked Clay Bricks of Indus Valley Civilization

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-436
Author(s):  
Nawab Ali Lakho ◽  
Muhammad Auchar Zardari ◽  
Ashfaq Ahmed Pathan
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Indus Valley ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
American Society ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Weathering Effects

This paper presents results of experimental investigations conducted on old baked clay bricks of Indus Valley civilization of tenth century. The object of this study is to evaluate the effect of age and environmental conditions on the strength of the baked clay bricks which are about 1000 years old. The brick samples were collected from six different archeological sites at the banks of old route of River Indus in district Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. These specimens were tested for apparent density, compressive strength, tensile strength, modulus of rupture and the weathering effects on them during the course of time. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standard for baked clay bricks, based on compressive strength, suggests that the bricks of four sites can withstand severe weathering while the bricks of two sites are resistant to moderate weathering. These results were compared to the values of the corresponding data of bricks, of same period, obtained from the historical monuments of the world as reported in the literature. The comparison showed that the values of physical properties of old baked clay bricks of Indus valley civilization of tenth century are in agreement with that of old baked clay bricks of contemporary era. The results of this study could also be helpful for preservation of old archeological sites of Indus valley civilization.

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