COVID-19 Syndrome: Nexus with Herbivory and Exposure Dynamics for Monitoring Livestock Welfare and Agro-Environment

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a public health emergency that turns the year 2020–2021 into annus horribilis for millions of people across international boundaries. The interspecies transmission of this zoonotic virus and mutated variants are aided by exposure dynamics of infected aerosols, fomites and intermediate reservoirs. The spike in the first, second and third waves of coronavirus confirms that herd immunity is not yet reached and everyone including livestock is still vulnerable to the infection. Of serious concern are the communitarian nature of agrarians in the livestock sector, aerogenous spread of the virus and attendant cytocidal effect in permissive cells following activation of pathogen recognition receptors, replication cycles, virulent mutations, seasonal spike in infection rates, flurry of reinfections and excess mortalities that can affect animal welfare and food security. As the capacity to either resist or be susceptible to infection is influenced by numerous factors, identifying coronavirus-associated variants and correlating exposure dynamics with viral aerosols, spirometry indices, comorbidities, susceptible blood types, cellular miRNA binding sites and multisystem inflammatory syndrome remains a challenge where the lethal zoonotic infections are prevalent in the livestock industry, being the hub of dairy, fur, meat and egg production. This review provides insights into the complexity of the disease burden and recommends precision smart-farming models for upscaling biosecurity measures and adoption of digitalised technologies (robotic drones) powered by multiparametric sensors and radio modem systems for real-time tracking of infectious strains in the agro-environment and managing the transition into the new-normal realities in the livestock industry.

Download Full-text

MAIN PROBLEMS OF DETECTION OF TRANSACTION COSTS IN ACCOUNTING-INFORMATION PROVIDED MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES IN THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY

Economic Analysis ◽

10.35774/econa2020.01.01.126 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 126-132

Author(s):

Dmytro Liudvenko

Keyword(s):

Transaction Costs ◽

Information Management ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Institutional Environment ◽

Economic Environment ◽

Livestock Industry ◽

Agricultural Enterprises ◽

Doing Business ◽

Agricultural Enterprise ◽

Livestock Sector

Introduction. The article describes the market and globalization exacerbate the problem of competitiveness of products, enterprises, states. The role of accounting-formation support is increasing for the management, socioeconomic and environmental basis of the competitiveness of enterprises in the livestock sector. Accounting in the agrarian sector has unquestionable success. It is demonstrated clearly by the identification of transaction and transaction costs in the livestock industry today. The importance of accounting are achievements in the agricultural sector. The accountants' attention and therefore at all levels of management are not isolated in accounting standards for these costs in the economic activity of an agricultural enterprise. Purpose. The task is to substantiate: The need to isolate the composition of transaction costs in accounting accounts. We must to ensure competitiveness in the new economic environment. It is requires accounting and information management of agricultural enterprises engaged in the livestock industry. Results. Scientists are suggest: transaction costs depend on the institutional environment in which the agrarian business operates. It makes impossible to directly influence such costs. The problem of competitiveness transaction costs are of great importance.We must require greater control at all levels of management. It is requires appropriate response of accounting specialization in accountingThe information management of agricultural enterprises engaged in the livestock industry. It should be emphasized: Transaction costs have become particularly important in the socio-economic environment over the last century. This component operates outside the scope of transformational costs. This component has a significant impact on the convenience of doing business in agriculture. The presence of these costs derive from the availability and clarity of accounting. The information management of agricultural enterprises engaged in the livestock sector . This is determine the competitiveness of economies.

Download Full-text

Research Approaches for Improved Pro-Poor Control of Zoonoses

Food and Nutrition Bulletin ◽

10.1177/15648265070282s214 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 28 (2_suppl2) ◽

pp. S345-S356 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Esther Schelling ◽

Delia Grace ◽

A. Lee Willingham ◽

Tom Randolph

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Control Measures ◽

Diagnostic Tools ◽

Informal Markets ◽

Zoonotic Infections ◽

Livestock Sector ◽

The Impact

Background Developing countries face difficulties in sustainably utilizing tools to effectively implement control measures for zoonoses. This is mainly due to dispersed and heterogeneous smallholder livestock systems, predominance of informal markets, poor infrastructure and lack of resources to deliver information, interventions, and regulations. In addition, developing countries lack an evidence base for planning and targeting control efforts. Zoonotic infections are receiving more and more international attention as diseases of neglected and impoverished communities, at the intersection between livestock production, human health, and poverty. Objective To review research innovations and trends that can help identify and test targeted control strategies for zoonoses tailored to poor communities, focusing particularly on Africa. Methods Review of recommendations of relevant working groups and scientific literature. Results New and innovative research approaches promise to better capture the impact of zoonoses from a societal perspective and the perspective of poor livestock owners through more comprehensive frameworks that consider benefits of the control of zoonoses to the public health, livestock, and private sectors. It is challenging to better assure food safety in informal markets. Risk-based approaches with participatory elements provide a framework in which stakeholders can decide an appropriate level of protection to balance the needs for safe food, cheap food, and pro-poor economic growth. Appropriate information for all stakeholders and capacity-building of national and regional authorities is an important element of this process. New diagnostic tools that are accurate and easily used in developing-country health centers and markets can assist in reporting of cases, detection of patients, and testing of control strategies. Conclusions A research agenda on zoonoses of the livestock sector should be interdisciplinary and participatory and include intersectoral collaborations, notably between the livestock and public health sectors.

Download Full-text

Airborne Transmission of Avian Origin H9N2 Influenza A Viruses

10.20944/preprints202107.0694.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

C. Joaquín Cáceres ◽

Daniela S. Rajao ◽

Daniel R. Perez

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

World Health ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Zoonotic Infections ◽

The World ◽

Avian Origin ◽

Health Organization

Influenza A viruses (IAV) are widespread viruses affecting avian and mammalian species worldwide. Outbreaks of IAV in poultry are usually associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, significantly affecting the poultry industry and food security. IAVs from avian species can be transmitted to mammals including humans and, thus, they are of inherent pandemic concern. Most of the efforts to understand the pathogenicity and transmission of avian origin IAVs have been focused on H5 and H7 subtypes due to their highly pathogenic phenotype in poultry. However, IAV of the H9 subtype that circulate endemically in poultry flocks in some regions of the world have also been associated with cases of zoonotic infections. As a result, the World Health Organization includes avian origin H9N2 IAV among the top in the list of IAVs of pandemic concern. In this review, we discuss the interspecies transmission of H9N2 between avian and mammalian species and the molecular factors that are thought relevant for this spillover. Additionally, we discuss factors that have been associated with the ability of these viruses to transmit through the respiratory route in mammalian species.

Download Full-text

Transmission of H7N9 Influenza Viruses with a Polymorphism at PB2 Residue 627 in Chickens and Ferrets

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01444-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 89 (19) ◽

pp. 9939-9951 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Geraldine S. M. Luk ◽

Connie Y. H. Leung ◽

Sin Fun Sia ◽

Ka-Tim Choy ◽

Jie Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Viral Genome ◽

Direct Contact ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Control Measures ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Effective Control ◽

Zoonotic Infections ◽

H7n9 Influenza

ABSTRACTPoultry exposure is a major risk factor for human H7N9 zoonotic infections, for which the mode of transmission remains unclear. We studied the transmission of genetically related poultry and human H7N9 influenza viruses differing by four amino acids, including the host determinant PB2 residue 627. A/Silkie chicken/HK/1772/2014 (SCk1772) and A/HK/3263/14 (HK3263) replicated to comparable titers in chickens, with superior oropharyngeal over cloacal shedding; both viruses transmitted efficiently among chickens via direct contact but inefficiently via the airborne route. Interspecies transmission via the airborne route was observed for ferrets exposed to the SCk1772- or HK3263-infected chickens, while low numbers of copies of influenza viral genome were detected in the air, predominantly at particle sizes larger than 4 μm. In ferrets, the human isolate HK3263 replicated to higher titers and transmitted more efficiently via direct contact than SCk1772. We monitored “intrahost” and “interhost” adaptive changes at PB2 residue 627 during infection and transmission of the Sck1772 that carried E627 and HK3263 that carried V/K/E polymorphism at 60%, 20%, and 20%, respectively. For SCk1772, positive selection for K627 over E627 was observed in ferrets during the chicken-to-ferret or ferret-to-ferret transmission. For HK3263 that contained V/K/E polymorphism, mixed V627 and E627 genotypes were transmitted among chickens while either V627 or K627 was transmitted to ferrets with a narrow transmission bottleneck. Overall, our results suggest direct contact as the main mode for H7N9 transmission and identify the PB2-V627 genotype with uncompromised fitness and transmissibility in both avian and mammalian species.IMPORTANCEWe studied the modes of H7N9 transmission, as this information is crucial for developing effective control measures for prevention. Using chicken (SCk1772) and human (HK3263) H7N9 isolates that differed by four amino acids, including the host determinant PB2 residue 627, we observed that both viruses transmitted efficiently among chickens via direct contact but inefficiently via the airborne route. Chicken-to-ferret transmission via the airborne route was observed, along with the detection of viral genome in the air at low copy numbers. In ferrets, HK3263 transmitted more efficiently than SCk1772 via direct contact. During the transmission of SCk1772 that contained E and HK3263 that contained V/K/E polymorphism at PB2 residue 627, positive selections of E627 and K627 were observed in chickens and ferrets, respectively. In addition, PB2-V627 was transmitted and stably maintained in both avian and mammalian species. Our results support applying intervention strategies that minimize direct and indirect contact at the poultry markets during epidemics.

Download Full-text

Perspectives of the livestock sector in the Philippines: A review

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/1/9101 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 175-188

Author(s):

Arth David Sol Ortega ◽

Malam Abulbashar Mujitaba ◽

Somsy Xayalath ◽

Winson Gutierrez ◽

Ana Celina Soriano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

The Philippines ◽

Livestock Industry ◽

Current Conservation ◽

Livestock Sector ◽

Vital Component ◽

Food Animals ◽

The Government ◽

Increasing Demand

The Philippine livestock industry is a vital component in the country's agricultural sector. It contributes around 18.23 percent of the gross output value in agriculture and provides livelihood to many people living in rural areas, signifying its importance with regard to the country’s economy. The constantly increasing demand for animal protein associated with the increase of the world’s population led to the intensification of livestock production, realized through the various initiatives implemented by the government, such as the import of high producing purebreds of various species. This strategy greatly influenced the country's animal genetic resource's diversity and increased food animals' population; however, it impacted the native breeds of food animals. Understanding the characteristics, performance and value of native and exotic breeds is essential to prioritize their livestock industry existence. Thus, this paper aims to characterize various native and exotic breeds of livestock in the Philippines and assess the current conservation of native animals.

Download Full-text

Aerosol Transmission from Infected Swine to Ferrets of an H3N2 Virus Collected from an Agricultural Fair and Associated with Human Variant Infections

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01009-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 94 (16) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bryan S. Kaplan ◽

J. Brian Kimble ◽

Jennifer Chang ◽

Tavis K. Anderson ◽

Phillip C. Gauger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

The United States ◽

Control Measures ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

H3n2 Virus ◽

Influenza A Viruses ◽

Zoonotic Infections ◽

Swine Population ◽

The U.S

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses (IAV) sporadically transmit from swine to humans, typically associated with agricultural fairs in the United States. A human seasonal H3 virus from the 2010-2011 IAV season was introduced into the U.S. swine population and termed H3.2010.1 to differentiate it from the previous swine H3 virus. This H3N2 lineage became widespread in the U.S. commercial swine population, subsequently spilling over into exhibition swine, and caused a majority of H3N2 variant (H3N2v) cases in humans in 2016 and 2017. A cluster of human H3N2v cases were reported at an agricultural fair in 2017 in Ohio, where 2010.1 H3N2 IAV was concurrently detected in exhibition swine. Genomic analysis showed that the swine and human isolates were nearly identical. In this study, we evaluated the propensity of a 2010.1 H3N2 IAV (A/swine/Ohio/A01354299/2017 [sw/OH/2017]) isolated from a pig in the agricultural fair outbreak to replicate in ferrets and transmit from swine to ferret. sw/OH/2017 displayed robust replication in the ferret respiratory tract, causing slight fever and moderate weight loss. Further, sw/OH/2017 was capable of efficient respiratory droplet transmission from infected pigs to contact ferrets. These findings establish a model for evaluating the propensity of swine IAV to transmit from pig to ferret as a measure of risk to the human population. The identification of higher-risk swine strains can then be targeted for control measures to limit the dissemination at human-swine interfaces to reduce the risk of zoonotic infections and to inform pandemic planning. IMPORTANCE A recently emerged lineage of human-like H3N2 (H3.2010.1) influenza A virus (IAV) from swine has been frequently detected in commercial and exhibition swine in recent years and has been associated with H3N2 variant cases in humans from 2016 and 2017. To demonstrate a model for characterizing the potential for zoonotic transmission associated with swine IAV, we performed an in vivo study of transmission between pigs infected with an H3.2010.1 H3N2 IAV and aerosol contact ferrets. The efficient interspecies transmission demonstrated for the H3.2010.1 IAV in swine emphasizes the need for further characterization of viruses circulating at the swine-human interface for transmission potential prior to human spillover and the development and implementation of more robust vaccines and control strategies to mitigate human exposure to higher-risk swine strains.

Download Full-text

Livestock sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan: realities and internal reserves

Problems of AgriMarket ◽

10.46666/2021-2.2708-9991.19 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 152-160

Author(s):

E. B. Daribaeva ◽

◽

B. Maidankyzy ◽

U. K. Kerimova ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Sector ◽

Innovation Policy ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Livestock Production ◽

Agricultural Science ◽

Livestock Industry ◽

Current State ◽

Livestock Sector ◽

The Republic ◽

Food Safety And Quality

The goal is to show the main directions of increasing the volume of livestock production in Kazakhstan aimed to ensure the country's food security. The article sets the following objectives to analyze the current state of the livestock industry; determine the factors hindering its development; to develop proposals for the introduction of scientific achievements into production. Resultsan analysis of the current state of agriculture is presented, in particular, the livestock sector (the share of the industry in the structure of gross output of agricultural sector, the presence of livestock, volume of livestock production, etc.). The article presents data characterizing the current state of animal husbandry and the reasons that impede economic growth: irrational distribution of livestock in the context of farm categories, low level of its productivity, lack of a feed market, ineffective use of the potential of natural pastures and hayfields, violation of technologies in the procurement of feed, low proportion of breeding stock animals in the total livestock, etc. The conducted studies allowed us to draw the appropriate conclusions – in order to increase the competitiveness of the livestock industry, it is necessary to develop a strategy for its development in the republic, which would allow small households to realize their comparative advantages on market so that the products obtained meet the requirements of food safety and quality from the growing number of urban buyers and consumers using imported goods. Agricultural science of Kazakhstan has sufficient potential for the implementation of an active innovation policy – an issue of particular importance for the country's economy.

Download Full-text

Interclass Transmission and Phyletic Host Tracking in Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Retroviruses

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.73.3.2442-2449.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 2442-2449 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Joanne Martin ◽

Elisabeth Herniou ◽

James Cook ◽

Rachel Waugh O’Neill ◽

Michael Tristem

Keyword(s):

Adaptive Radiation ◽

Infectious Virus ◽

Leukemia Virus ◽

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Single Species ◽

Endogenous Retroviruses ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Zoonotic Infections ◽

Leukemia Viruses ◽

Murine Leukemia

ABSTRACT Retroviruses are capable of infectious horizontal transmission between hosts, usually between individuals within a single species, although a number of probable zoonotic infections resulting from transmission between different species of placental mammals have also been reported. Despite these data, it remains unclear how often interspecies transmission events occur or whether their frequency is influenced by the evolutionary distance between host taxa. To address this problem we used PCR to amplify and characterize endogenous retroviruses related to the murine leukemia viruses. We show that members of this retroviral genus are harbored by considerably more organisms than previously thought and that phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that viruses isolated from a particular host class generally cluster together, suggesting that infectious virus horizontal transfer between vertebrate classes occurs only rarely. However, two recent instances of transmission of zoonotic infections between distantly related host organisms were identified. One, from mammals to birds, has led to a rapid adaptive radiation into other avian hosts. The other, between placental and marsupial mammals, involves viruses clustering with recently described porcine retroviruses, adding to concerns regarding the xenotransplantation of pig organs to humans.

Download Full-text

Livestock industry of the Urals on the eve of the Great Patriotic War

Samara Journal of Science ◽

10.17816/snv202093209 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 230-233

Author(s):

Rustam S. Bakhtiyarov ◽

Alla V. Fedorova

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

Agricultural Production ◽

Negative Impact ◽

The Urals ◽

Livestock Farming ◽

Livestock Industry ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Livestock Sector ◽

Great Patriotic War ◽

Livestock Products

The study examines the development of the most important branch of agriculture and livestock farming on the eve of the great Patriotic war of 19411945. The work provides the most important indicators of the livestock development in the USSR as a whole and in the Ural Region in particular after the beginning of agricultural production reconstruction in the Soviet Union on an industrial basis. The authors analyze the reasons that influenced the dynamics of the agricultural livestock sector development in the country after the beginning of collectivization in the Soviet village. The paper contains the facts of the negative impact of the first steps that the leaders of the country and the Ural regions made during the transition to industrial methods of livestock farming. The paper also considers the ways of the identified shortcomings and excesses elimination in the agricultural policy in the 20s30s of the XX century. The paper provides clear evidence that, despite the most serious mistakes in planning the development of the industry in conditions when the bulk of commercial livestock products gradually began to be produced by large collective and state agricultural enterprises rather than by small farms, the states efforts to improve the efficiency of the industry yielded positive results. Compared with previous periods, the marketability of agricultural production in general and the livestock industry in particular significantly increased. For example, in comparison with the pre-revolutionary period, the marketability of meat had risen from 42% to 67% by 1940 as well as the amount of meat produced in the country had increased from 2,4 million tons in the late 20s to 4,2 million tons by 1940. At the same time, the Ural economic area during the period under review, contrary to many established stereotypes, was one of the largest livestock areas in the USSR. In the Soviet Union the share of livestock in agricultural production reached 25,4% while in the Urals it was 28,4%.

Download Full-text

What is the risk of a deadly adenovirus pandemic?

PLoS Pathogens ◽

10.1371/journal.ppat.1009814 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (9) ◽

pp. e1009814

Author(s):

Eric J. Kremer

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Homo Sapiens ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

Interspecies Transmission ◽

Liquid Droplets ◽

Latent Infections ◽

Neolithic Revolution ◽

Global Threat

Many of us had refresher courses in virology, immunology, and epidemiology in 2020, and we were reminded of the fact that Homo sapiens, the wiliest predator on the planet, has been hunting everything that moves for millennia. These repeated interspecies contacts inherently lead to recurrent zoonosis (nonhuman to human) and anthroponosis (human to nonhuman). Given the accelerating changes in our ecosystems since the neolithic revolution, it was not surprising to see a virus that spreads via aerosolization and liquid droplets cause a pandemic in a few months. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic begs the question—which viruses could cause a global threat? In this Opinion, the characteristics that make adenoviruses a risk, which include efficient intra- and interspecies transmission, thermostable particles, persistent/latent infections in diverse hosts, and the ability to readily recombine and escape herd immunity, are discussed.

Download Full-text