scholarly journals Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12826
Author(s):  
Pekka Taskinen ◽  
Katri Avarmaa
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Iron Sulphides ◽  
The Heat Balance ◽  
Nickel Lead

The depleting and increasingly complex mineral resources bring challenges into the area of metal production, bringing new boundary conditions to the smelting and refining processes. Thermodynamics of phases and equilibria are the key to the analysis of pyrometallurgical processes, enabling descriptions of their limiting boundary conditions. The raw material basis of non-ferrous metals needs an effective control of iron oxide fluxing due to the challenging fact that the targeted metal values of, e.g., copper, nickel, lead, and tin will exist as minority components in the smelter feeds compared to iron sulphides, gangue, and many harmful elements. This means more complex slag compositions and the amount of produced slag being several times that of the metal production. This feature severely impacts the heat balance of the smelting vessels where autogenous operation without external fuels becomes more and more difficult to maintain.

scholarly journals PERSPECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL BUILDING STONE- LIMESTONE IN THE REPUBLIC SRPSKA

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Slobodan Majstorović ◽  
Vladimir Malbašić ◽  
Miodrag Čelebić
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Fragmentation Of Production ◽  
Republika Srpska

Curent situation of raw material base and study of limestone like construction stone deposits in the Republic of Serbian were relatively poorly considered during the last decades, and the main problems are the following: low production capacity fragmentation of production, needs for raw materials homogenization and delivering of standard quality, undeveloped market, the recession of the domestic economy and the economies in the region, the relatively low level of exploration by many deposits, especially lack of knowledge of the occurrence legality for certain types and quality of raw materials and lack of complete quality indicators for raw material, which sometimes causes the utilization of only the highest quality deposit parts.This paper provides an overview of active quarries in the Republic Srpska with exploitation of limestone like technical building stone and present an attempt to determine the basic quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the raw material and the current working conditions at these quarries. The purpose of such a review would be in an effort to create a clearer picture about production, market, social and other aspects of the limestone exploitation in the Republika Srpska and the realistic possibilities of maintaining and developing of these mineral resources utilization, which can certainlybe interesting for the development of many other industries in the Republic Srpska.

scholarly journals LOW- GRADE STRUCTURES OF NOBLE AND NON- FERROUS METALS AND METHODS OF THEIR SELECTIVE SEPARATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169
Author(s):  
Tatyana ALEXANDROVA ◽  
◽  
Anastasia AFANASOVA ◽  
Nadezhda NIKOLAEVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Rare Metals ◽  
Flotation Process

There is a worldwide trend of increasing the share of extraction and processing of low-grade minerals, but their extraction and processing volumes are still low. There are several reasons for this: high mining and transportation costs, imperfect techniques and technological difficulties in enrichment and processing of refractory and low-quality minerals. Due to the depletion of reserves of easily beneficiated raw materials and to compensate for the growing shortage of high-quality minerals, the Russian mining industry development strategy provides for the involvement of new and unconventional types of deposits into production. Examples of such deposits are deposits of carbonaceous raw materials (black shale, refractory sulphide carbon-bearing ores, impactites, etc.) containing carbon of varying degrees of metamorphism. On the basis of the most modern mineralogical, physical, nuclear and chemical methods of research of composition, structure and properties of the carbonaceous raw materials at the micro- and nanolevel, the composition of the productive mineral matter, physical, chemical and thermodynamic laws of separation of valuable mineral components and the basic technological processes to obtain the finished product for valorization of the unconventional carbonaceous mineral raw materials were determined with maximum reliability. One of the possible reasons of difficulty of beneficiation of carbonaceous raw materials is the fine phenocrysts in graphite which can be solved by using the flotation process. Contrast of surface properties of minerals with similar technological properties can be increased by application of different energy effects (MEMI, MIO, microwave, electrochemical treatment etc.) at successive stages of raw material transformation, regulation of pulp conditioning conditions (duration and intensity of agitation, heat treatment of pulp) as well as by development and application of selective reagent regimes. The special feature of flotation as a method of extraction of noble and rare metals is the ability to extract valuable metals not only in their native free form, but also in close association with sulphides and carbon. Flotation with the use of intensifying influences made it possible to transfereven low-sized structures of noble and rare metals, which are not extracted by conventional methods of cyanidation, gravitation enrichment and amalgamation, into the concentrate. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of the flotation process is preliminary modification of the additive which is introduced in addition to the main reagents of the sinter - “carrier material”.

Synthesis of NPK fertilizer from low-grade phosphate raw material

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anar Kareeva ◽  
Uilesbek Besterekov ◽  
Perizat Abdurazova ◽  
Ulzhalgas Nazarbek ◽  
Irina Pochitalkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Graphical Method ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Phosphate Raw Material ◽  
Npk Fertilizer ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract The article presents the results of studies of the process of obtaining NPK fertilizer from low-grade phosphate raw materials with P2O5 of about 18%. Phosphate raw materials were leached with a mixture of nitric-phosphoric acids with the addition of potassium carbonate, which serves as a source of potassium in the final product. The main parameters determined were the content of the main nutrients P2O5:N:K2O, temperature and time of the leaching process. According to the graphical method, the “apparent” activation energy of the heterogeneous process is found, which is equal to 3.8 kJ/mol indicates the intradiffusion nature of the process. Methods of chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy and XRD analysis were used for a comprehensive study of raw materials and final products.

scholarly journals TLS and SfM Approach for Bulk Density Determination of Excavated Heterogeneous Raw Materials

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Blistan ◽  
Stanislav Jacko ◽  
Ľudovít Kovanič ◽  
Julián Kondela ◽  
Katarína Pukanská ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Terrestrial Laser Scanning ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Raw Material

A frequently recurring problem in the extraction of mineral resources (especially heterogeneous mineral resources) is the rapid operative determination of the extracted quantity of raw material in a surface quarry. This paper deals with testing and analyzing the possibility of using unconventional methods such as digital close-range photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning in the process of determining the bulk density of raw material under in situ conditions. A model example of a heterogeneous deposit is the perlite deposit Lehôtka pod Brehmi (Slovakia). Classical laboratory methods for determining bulk density were used to verify the results of the in situ method of bulk density determination. Two large-scale samples (probes) with an approximate volume of 7 m3 and 9 m3 were realized in situ. 6 point samples (LITH) were taken for laboratory determination. By terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) measurement from 2 scanning stations, point clouds with approximately 163,000/143,000 points were obtained for each probe. For Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, 49/55 images were acquired for both probes, with final point clouds containing approximately 155,000/141,000 points. Subsequently, the bulk densities of the bulk samples were determined by the calculation from in situ measurements by TLS and SfM photogrammetry. Comparison of results of the field in situ measurements (1841 kg∙m−3) and laboratory measurements (1756 kg∙m−3) showed only a 4.5% difference in results between the two methods for determining the density of heterogeneous raw materials, confirming the accuracy of the used in situ methods. For the determination of the loosening coefficient, the material from both large-scale samples was transferred on a horizontal surface. Their volumes were determined by TLS. The loosening coefficient for the raw material of 1.38 was calculated from the resulting values.

scholarly journals Assessment of the mineral raw material potential in Denmark – methods and major findings

1969 ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Jakob Kløve Keiding ◽  
Per Kalvig ◽  
Claus Ditlefsen ◽  
Steen Lomholt ◽  
Peter Roll Jakobsen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Spatial Competition ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Resource Evaluation ◽  
Mineral Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Raw Material ◽  
Per Capita

Aggregates and other mineral raw materials are important prerequisites for the continual development of the infrastructure and economic growth of a country. Th e production of these raw materials in Denmark amounted to c. 4.5 m3 per capita in 2012, which was 57% higher than the average in EU and EFTA countries (UEPG 2014). In this perspective, it is essential to locate and assess the Danish mineral resources in order to plan future exploitation, especially in densely populated regions where both spatial competition for landuse and demands for raw materials are high. Here we present the methods used in a recent resource evaluation that for the fi rst time includes Danish resources both on land and at sea and summarises some of the main fi ndings of this analysis.

scholarly journals Scarcity and Environmental Impact of Mineral Resources—An Old and Never-Ending Discussion

Resources ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Environmental Study ◽  
World Population ◽  
Product Systems ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Drying Up

A historical overview shows that mankind has feared the scarcity of mineral resources, especially metals, for many centuries. In the first half of the 20th century, this discussion was marked by the great military demand for raw materials, followed by the growing world population, increasing consumption and environmental awareness. From then on, there was less talk of regional shortages, but more discussion of a global scarcity or even a drying up of raw material sources worldwide. Although these forecasts are still controversially discussed today, the assessment of resource depletion has become an integral element of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) or Life Cycle Impact Assessments (LCIA) of product systems. A number of methodological approaches are available for this purpose, which are presented and applied in a series of articles as part of a special issue of ”Resources”. The fundamental question is also addressed, namely to what extent the assessment of resource depletion in the context of an environmental study such as LCA is appropriate.

Innovation constituent organizationally economic to mechanism of providing of origin of biological raw material of water origin in Ukraine

2019 ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
Igor Sinenok
Keyword(s):  
Natural Waters ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Economic Mechanism ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Water Origin ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Biological Raw Materials

Subject of research – a set of relations that arise in the process of improving the organizational and economic mechanism of regulation of domestic fisheries and aquaculture in Ukraine and the introduction of practical proposals for the action of the mechanism of traceability of biological raw materials of water origin. The purpose of the article is the development of scientific and methodological and practical recommendations for ensuring the organizational and economic mechanism of regulation of fisheries and aquaculture taking into account the traceability of biological raw materials of water origin in Ukraine. The methodology of the work – the theoretical and methodological basis of the study is a system of general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge, the fundamental provisions of modern economic theory. In the article methods are used: historical-logical and analysis and synthesis – when formulating conclusions and proposals in the formation of scientific and methodological foundations with the aim of consistently developing proposals in adapting the regulatory component of the organizational and economic mechanism for ensuring the traceability of biological raw materials of water origin. The results of the work – proposed to practical application of the latest approaches to ensure the mechanism of traceability of biological raw materials of water origin. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the stock of aquatic biological resources in natural waters is an overriding factor in global food security. It has been proved that with the development of technologies for extraction, catching fish and other aquatic living resources, ensuring a stable production volume every year leads to more effective control and implementation of regulatory measures. Conclusions – in the management of fisheries, one of the factors that greatly influences the effectiveness of regulation is the illegal, unrecognized, uncontrolled fishing, and aquaculture – the need to improve the system for collecting information from producers of products is in the foreground. The measures of regulation and methods of introduction of an effective mechanism of traceability of biological raw materials of water origin and improvement of reporting 1A-fish (annual).

RockCheck the rocks – innovative pedagogical approaches for active learning about rock

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Žvab Rožič ◽  
Nina Valand ◽  
Helena Gabrijelčič Tomc ◽  
Jože Guna ◽  
Žiga Fon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Individual

<p>Application RockCheck (original version KamenCheck in Slovenian) was developed as an e-learning material, which can be used for teaching and learning geological contents in formal and non-formal education. Our aim was to create the teaching aid that will contribute to the improvement and quality of teaching and learning of basic geological contents within natural science subjects. It was created to be used in classrooms, as an additional motivation tool combined with active learning methods, and also in challenges for lessons in nature. Since the application uses the approach of experimental and observational based learning no pre-existing knowledge is needed, and users can determine names of typical rocks only by following the app's instructions.</p><p>The application consists of three main chapters  whose contents are interrelated. The main chapter presents the Rock key where through a simple decision key, by answering the question with yes or no, the user identifies the name of the individual rock. The application enables independent research by observing and experimenting with using simple tools. The other two chapters, Encyclopaedia and School of rock, help the user to enable further learning about rocks in general, about their appearance, formation and usage as well as help to understand geological concepts and procedures. The contents of the chapters are cautiously connected with the links. The last two chapters are a crucial support for planning and teaching the geological contents and present also the good base for preparing active learning challenges. All contents within the application were carefully designed and based on learning objectives of the Slovenian curriculum.</p><p>As an important project upgrade the interactive and experimental workshop was created which provides an insight to use the application as a learning aid. The workshop provides the examples and concepts of how the teachers through experiential learning can teach geology and thus increase the understanding and sustainability of knowledge. In order to actively involve the participants in the learning process, the workshop covers a variety of challenges that are addressed through different teaching methods. Besides, the special interactive learning sheets were created, which were designed with a specific goal and level. We also created a  board game called RockGame. It uses the RockCheck app for solving challenges and answering questions in the game. The main aim of the RockGame is to raise awareness about the topic of raw materials. Trough gamification pupils learn about geologist’s role in the raw material value chain. We did so by including the connection between minerals, rocks, raw mineral resources and final products in the game.</p><p>The application was made within the student project StoneKey (call "On the creative path to knowledge 2017-2020"). The project involved 9 students of different degrees and study programs, three teaching mentors and a working mentor from the company DigiEd. The project was co-financed by the Republic of Slovenia and the European Union from the European Social Fund.  The application was later upgraded and translated within the EU project RM@Schools 3.0. funded by the European Institute of Innovation and technology.</p>

Advances Research on Preparation of Magnesium Carbonate Whisker

2013 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Rui Shen ◽  
Gang Chu ◽  
Xin Pu Shen
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Temperature Reaction ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Exploitation And Utilization

Magnesium carbonate whisker is a single crystal of magnesium carbonate crystal, which has an integral crystal growth, and small defects, furthermore, it is colorless, transparent, and has high-intensity. It has an incomparable property compared to other conventional whiskers. It is a cost-effective whisker; thus has been of great interest due of this characteristic. Reported magnesium carbonate whiskers have been increased gradually since the beginning of this century. The preparation of magnesium carbonate whisker can be done by using chemicals as raw material, as well as by using natural resources, such as: seawater concentrated liquid and magnesite. Although magnesite resources are abundant in China, its low exploitation and utilization had long been the reason for low grade ore problems. The use of magnesium ore to optimize conditions for the preparation of magnesium carbonate whisker by adjusting reaction conditions, not only took advantage of mineral resources, but also helped to achieve industrial production of magnesium carbonate whiskers. We also analyzed how some factors had influenced the morphologies of MgCO3•3H2O, such as: reaction temperature, reaction time, and stirring speed etc.

scholarly journals New data on the resources of sand and grave aggregates for road investment and construction in Poland

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-118
Author(s):  
Olimpia Kozłowska ◽  
Marta Sołomacha ◽  
Iwona Walentek
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Natural Sand ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Economic Criteria

Abstract Upon accession to the European Union, economic growth became accelerated in Poland, resulting in a boost in infrastructure development. This led to a marked growth in demand for natural sand-gravel aggregates and other raw materials used in road construction. To meet the demand for suitable raw materials, the Ministry of Environment commissioned the Polish Geological Institute–National Research Institute to start a re-evaluation of earlier raw material prognoses assessments in order to delineate prognostic areas for development of new resources. The re-evaluation has been conducted by the PGI-NRI within the frame of the compilation of the Geoenvironmental Map of Poland at the scale of 1:50 000, making it possible to identify potential conflicts with land-use plans as well as already established NATURA 2000 and other natural heritage conservation designations and more or less continuous built up areas which preclude or at least impede exploitation of mineral raw materials. The analyses also covered economic factors related to costs of transport and the current economic criteria of mineral resources and reserves. At the first stage of the project (between 2008 and 2012) the re-evaluation was conducted in 432 prognostic areas with a total area of over 33 thousands of hectares. According to the current economic criteria of sand-gravel aggregate deposits there were estimated resources of over 5 mld tons, of which around 3 mld tons of aggregates were suitable for road investments and over 2 mld tons of aggregates were suitable for construction. The work has made it possible to re-evaluate the occurrences of natural aggregates in the vicinities of urban centers and along corridors delineated for selected planned motorways and expressways as well as those under construction. The study was compiled especially for business entities involved in construction projects or the exploitation of mineral resources and state administrative units as a tool to support land-use planning and management at the level of individual communes, counties (poviats) and voivodeships. Re-evaluated prognostic areas data are gathered in spatial database and are available through WMS service on the Geoenvironmental Map of Poland portal (emgsp.pgi.gov.pl).

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