LOW- GRADE STRUCTURES OF NOBLE AND NON- FERROUS METALS AND METHODS OF THEIR SELECTIVE SEPARATION

There is a worldwide trend of increasing the share of extraction and processing of low-grade minerals, but their extraction and processing volumes are still low. There are several reasons for this: high mining and transportation costs, imperfect techniques and technological difficulties in enrichment and processing of refractory and low-quality minerals. Due to the depletion of reserves of easily beneficiated raw materials and to compensate for the growing shortage of high-quality minerals, the Russian mining industry development strategy provides for the involvement of new and unconventional types of deposits into production. Examples of such deposits are deposits of carbonaceous raw materials (black shale, refractory sulphide carbon-bearing ores, impactites, etc.) containing carbon of varying degrees of metamorphism. On the basis of the most modern mineralogical, physical, nuclear and chemical methods of research of composition, structure and properties of the carbonaceous raw materials at the micro- and nanolevel, the composition of the productive mineral matter, physical, chemical and thermodynamic laws of separation of valuable mineral components and the basic technological processes to obtain the finished product for valorization of the unconventional carbonaceous mineral raw materials were determined with maximum reliability. One of the possible reasons of difficulty of beneficiation of carbonaceous raw materials is the fine phenocrysts in graphite which can be solved by using the flotation process. Contrast of surface properties of minerals with similar technological properties can be increased by application of different energy effects (MEMI, MIO, microwave, electrochemical treatment etc.) at successive stages of raw material transformation, regulation of pulp conditioning conditions (duration and intensity of agitation, heat treatment of pulp) as well as by development and application of selective reagent regimes. The special feature of flotation as a method of extraction of noble and rare metals is the ability to extract valuable metals not only in their native free form, but also in close association with sulphides and carbon. Flotation with the use of intensifying influences made it possible to transfereven low-sized structures of noble and rare metals, which are not extracted by conventional methods of cyanidation, gravitation enrichment and amalgamation, into the concentrate. One of the ways to increase the efficiency of the flotation process is preliminary modification of the additive which is introduced in addition to the main reagents of the sinter - “carrier material”.

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Synthesis of NPK fertilizer from low-grade phosphate raw material

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijcre-2021-0246 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Anar Kareeva ◽

Uilesbek Besterekov ◽

Perizat Abdurazova ◽

Ulzhalgas Nazarbek ◽

Irina Pochitalkina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Graphical Method ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Low Grade ◽

Phosphate Raw Material ◽

Npk Fertilizer ◽

Scanning Electron ◽

Comprehensive Study

Abstract The article presents the results of studies of the process of obtaining NPK fertilizer from low-grade phosphate raw materials with P2O5 of about 18%. Phosphate raw materials were leached with a mixture of nitric-phosphoric acids with the addition of potassium carbonate, which serves as a source of potassium in the final product. The main parameters determined were the content of the main nutrients P2O5:N:K2O, temperature and time of the leaching process. According to the graphical method, the “apparent” activation energy of the heterogeneous process is found, which is equal to 3.8 kJ/mol indicates the intradiffusion nature of the process. Methods of chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy and XRD analysis were used for a comprehensive study of raw materials and final products.

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Recovering Cobalt and Sulfur in Low Grade Cobalt-Bearing V–Ti Magnetite Tailings Using Flotation Process

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr7080536 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 536 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Xiao ◽

Zhang

Keyword(s):

Copper Sulfate ◽

Metal Sulfide ◽

Raw Material ◽

Low Grade ◽

Sulfur Recovery ◽

Butyl Xanthate ◽

Flotation Process ◽

Pine Oil ◽

Cobalt Recovery ◽

Flotation Concentration

There is 0.032% cobalt and 0.56% sulfur in the cobalt-bearing V–Ti tailings in the Panxi Region, with the metal sulfide minerals mainly including FeS2, Fe1−xS, Co3S4, and (Fe,Co)S2, and the gangue minerals mainly including aluminosilicate minerals. The flotation process was used to recover cobalt and sulfur in the cobalt-bearing V–Ti tailings. The results showed that an optimized cobalt–sulfur concentrate with a cobalt grade of 2.08%, sulfur content of 36.12%, sulfur recovery of 85.79%, and cobalt recovery and 84.77% were obtained by flotation process of one roughing, three sweeping, and three cleaning under roughing conditions, which employed pulp pH of 8, grinding fineness of < 0.074 mm occupying 80%, flotation concentration of 30%, and dosages of butyl xanthate, copper sulfate, and pine oil of 100 g/t, 30 g/t, and 20 g/t, respectively. Optimized one sweeping, two sweeping, and three sweeping conditions used a pulp pH of 9, and dosages of butyl xanthate, copper sulfate, and pine oil of 50 g/t, 15 g/t, 10 g/t; 25 g/t, 7.5 g/t, 5 g/t; 20 g/t, 5 g/t, 5 g/t, respectively. Optimized one cleaning, two cleaning, and three cleaning condition dosages of sodium silicate of 200 g/t, 100 g/t, 50 g/t, respectively. Study of analysis and characterization of cobalt–sulfur concentrate by X-ray diffraction (XRD), automatic mineral analyzer (MLA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the main minerals in cobalt–sulfur concentrate are FeS2, Co3S4 and (Fe,Co)S2, of which FeS2 and (Fe,Co)S2 accounted for 65.64% and Co3S4 for 22.64%. Gangue minerals accounted for 11.72%. The element Co in (Fe,Co)S2 is closely related to pyrite in the form of isomorphism, and the flotability difference between cobalt and pyrite is very small, which makes it difficult to separate cobalt and sulfur. Cobalt–sulfur concentrate can be used as raw material for further separation of cobalt and sulfur in smelting by pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical methods.

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Mixed magnesian binders using local silicate waste production

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2131/4/042035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2131 (4) ◽

pp. 042035

Author(s):

E Lytkina

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Raw Material ◽

Similar Process ◽

Environmental Aspect ◽

Waste Production ◽

Material Component ◽

Additional Processing ◽

Technogenic Raw Materials

Abstract Today, the waste of the mining industry is more than 8 billion tons. Analysis of the literature data showed that most of the man-made waste that is generated as a result of the development of mineral deposits is suitable for use in many industries, in particular, in the production of building materials. The use of technogenic raw materials allows us to solve the following tasks: Environmental aspect - reducing the number of dumps and reducing their volumes. And this, in turn, improves the ecology of regions and territories. 2. Economic aspect - reducing the cost of construction products through the use of almost free raw materials, the release of more competitive products. Of course, it is necessary to provide that part of the costs will be spent on additional processing, revision, activation, modification of this technogenic raw material component. But today we have to think about how to clear the territory of substandard “waste rock” and use it to reduce the production and consumption of natural raw materials. A similar process can create waste-free production.

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Simulation of Slag–Matte/Metal Equilibria for Complex and Low-Grade Raw Materials

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132212826 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 12826

Author(s):

Pekka Taskinen ◽

Katri Avarmaa

Keyword(s):

Boundary Conditions ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Raw Material ◽

Effective Control ◽

Low Grade ◽

Metal Production ◽

Iron Sulphides ◽

The Heat Balance ◽

Nickel Lead

The depleting and increasingly complex mineral resources bring challenges into the area of metal production, bringing new boundary conditions to the smelting and refining processes. Thermodynamics of phases and equilibria are the key to the analysis of pyrometallurgical processes, enabling descriptions of their limiting boundary conditions. The raw material basis of non-ferrous metals needs an effective control of iron oxide fluxing due to the challenging fact that the targeted metal values of, e.g., copper, nickel, lead, and tin will exist as minority components in the smelter feeds compared to iron sulphides, gangue, and many harmful elements. This means more complex slag compositions and the amount of produced slag being several times that of the metal production. This feature severely impacts the heat balance of the smelting vessels where autogenous operation without external fuels becomes more and more difficult to maintain.

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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERKEMBANGAN UMKM DI SURAKARTA

Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen ◽

10.20961/jbm.v14i1.2678 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

Hartono Hartono ◽

Deny Dwi Hartomo

Keyword(s):

Development Strategy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Small And Medium Enterprises ◽

Raw Material ◽

Labor Costs ◽

Strategic Advice ◽

Medium Enterprises ◽

Performance Conditions ◽

The City

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have a very significant impact on the Indonesian economy. Therefore, it is important to do research in order to determine the condition of current performance and analyze the factors that influence the development of MSMEs and to provide strategic advice on the development of MSMEs in Surakarta. Long-term goal is the development of MSMEs in Surakarta in the future as measured from the increase in sales, so the SMEs entrepreneurs increase revenue, reduce unemployment and ultimately can reduce the level of poverty in Surakarta by particular and Indonesia by general.The study took a sample of 91 MSMEs entrepreneurs spread across five districts in the city of Surakarta. Each district taken by SMEs entrepreneurs with purposive sampling method. Mapping MSMEs performance conditions were analyzed descriptively to describe various aspects such as firm age, labor, raw materials, capital and problems faced. While the factors that influence the development of MSMEs were statistically analyzed with multiple regression models.The results showed that the performance of the mapping conditions of SMEs in Surakarta average face problems in raw material costs, labor costs and promotion costs, as well as in the capital. Capital cost and total variable evidenced by the positive and significant impact on the development of the business. While the age factor and the company's workforce does not have a significant influence on the development of SME. It can be understood that the main problem in SMEs are raw materials and capital. There is a type of business that is not easy to obtain raw materials in the market. Therefore SME development strategy with more emphasis on the supply of raw material, marketing, production, and capital.

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STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA KERAJINAN TANGAN SABUT KELAPA DI LKP AKAS KABUPATEN KEBUMEN

MEDIAGRO ◽

10.31942/md.v15i01.3067 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (01) ◽

Author(s):

Yunida Tri Andari ◽

Lutfi Aris Sasongko ◽

Eka Dewi Nurjayanti

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Development Strategy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

External Factors ◽

The Other ◽

Raw Material ◽

Internal Factors ◽

Other Hand ◽

Coconut Coir

Cocunut coir, as a secondary product of coconut, can be processed into eco-friendly fiber. This fiber is used as raw materials for handicrafts. This research aims to analyze the internal and external factors, as well as formulating an alternative strategy for the development of coconut coir handicraft business in LKP AKAS Kebumen Regency. The data used primary and secondary type. Data analysis method is done by using Internal Factors Evaluation (IFE) matrix, External Factors Evaluation (EFE) matrix, Internal External (IE) matrix and SWOT matrix. Data analysis resulted internal factors (strenghts) including abundant availability of raw materials, availability local labor, short marketing channels, national and international marketing. In the other hand, internal factors (weakness) are including lack of product innovation, an effective organizational structure, old manpower, an availability recorded orders, and lack of promotion through the website and social media. The external factors (opportunity) including the partnership with raw materials suppliers, the steadiness of raw material prices and repeated orders, the lack of competitors with the same materials, the supports from local government, and the request of delivery orders. In the other hand, the external factors (threaths) are including the risk of the market (numerous kind of handicraft with different materials), and the presence of other handicraft industry. The result of IE analysis, LKP AKAS is located in zone I, i.e grow and build. Suitable strategies for this area are market penetration, market development, and product development. Alternative strategies that can be done are: (1) make a business plan including production layout, product variation (production) and marketing to add customers; (2) summarize and manage the customer’s orders in order to have regular evaluation of the business progress in the future; (3) modified the product becomes more varied in order to be able to compete with other handicraft products; and (4) increase promotional activities online (website and social media) to attract consumers. Keywords : development strategy, handicraft, coconut coir, SWOT, Kebumen.

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Review on Beneficiation Techniques and Reagents Used for Phosphate Ores

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min9040253 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 253 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Ruan ◽

He ◽

Chi

Keyword(s):

Raw Material ◽

Low Grade ◽

Recovery Ratio ◽

Flotation Reagents ◽

Flotation Process ◽

Phosphate Ore ◽

Feed Stock ◽

Chemical Products ◽

Phosphate Ores ◽

Phosphate Concentrate

Phosphate ore is an important raw material for manufacturing fertilizers and phosphorous chemical products. While most of the phosphate resources cannot be directly treated as feed stock due to the low grade of P2O5 and high content of impurities. In order to obtain a qualified phosphate concentrate, the beneficiation of the low-grade phosphate ore is, hence, of great necessity. Many beneficiation techniques can be employed to upgrade the P2O5 grade of phosphate ores based on their characteristics in chemical composition and texture. The flotation process is most widely applied to balance the P2O5 recovery ratio and cost. In this review, the dominant techniques for the beneficiation of phosphate ores are introduced. Moreover, the factors that affect the flotation of phosphate ore, including the properties of mineralogy, flotation reagents (depressants and collectors) and flotation medium, were systematically analyzed.

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Flotation extraction of elemental sulfur from gold-bearing cakes

Записки Горного института ◽

10.31897/pmi.2020.2.202 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 242 ◽

pp. 202

Author(s):

Svetlana IVANIK ◽

Dmitrii ILYUKHIN

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Elemental Sulfur ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Gold Extraction ◽

Temperature Oxidation ◽

Flotation Process ◽

Pyrite Concentrate ◽

Autoclave Oxidation ◽

Gold Bearing

Currently, in the development of the raw materials base of the gold mining industry, there is a tendency to reduce the quality of the initial mineral raw materials due to the depletion of reserves of rich gold-bearing ores. The article discusses the technology of extraction of refractory gold-bearing concentrates based on low-temperature leaching of pyrite concentrate. A decrease in the parameters of the autoclave oxidation of sulfide minerals, such as pyrite and arsenopyrite, leads to the incomplete extraction of gold into the solution and, consequently, its losses during subsequent cyanidation. As a possible option for a more complete extraction of gold using low-temperature oxidation technology, a method of flotation separation of elemental sulfur from leaching cakes is proposed. According to the basic process flow chart, the flotation process designed for gold extraction is carried out after autoclave oxidation, but before cyanidation. A series of experiments were carried out with varying reagent conditions and the dependence of gold losses on the extraction of elemental sulfur in the flotation tailings was established. As determining factors, pH and solid content in the initial pulp were considered. The paper justifies the separation of elemental sulfur from autoclave cake to enriched sulfur concentrate. The cake flotation modes after autoclave oxidative leaching of pyrite concentrate are investigated. The distribution of elemental sulfur and gold by flotation products makes it possible to conduct the tailings cyanidation process with acceptable indicators.

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PENCIPTAAN NILAI TAMBAH DAN PENGEMBANGAN AGROINDUSTRI BERBASIS KOMODITAS KELOR (Moringa Olifiera)

JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics) ◽

10.19184/jsep.v12i2.10873 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Soetriono Soetriono ◽

Djoko Soejono ◽

Dimas Bastara Zahrosa ◽

Ariq Dewi Maharani

Keyword(s):

Development Strategy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Value Added ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Field Analysis ◽

Market Demand ◽

Jasmine Tea ◽

Processed Products

The Banyuwangi Regency area has the opportunity and has the potential to develop Moringa commodities. Moringa commodity enthusiasts in Banyuwangi Regency from various circles, both industry, medicine and vegetables are eaten. This study is to determine the added value The Banyuwangi Regency area has the opportunity and has the potential to develop Moringa commodities. Moringa commodity enthusiasts in Banyuwangi Regency from various circles, both industry, medicine and vegetables are eaten. This study is to determine the value added and economics of Moringa commodities and the strategy of developing Moringa commodity agroindustry. The method of data analysis uses descriptive, income analysis, value added analysis, and FFA (Force Field Analysis). The results obtained from Moringa processed products have a value-added advantage per 1 kg of positive raw material. Revenue per 1 production process, Moringa powder Rp. 2,943,263.89, Ginger Moringa teabag Rp. 1,210,463.89, Moringa dye jasmine tea Rp. 857,183.89, Moringa teabag Rp. 206,563.89, Moringa noodles amounting to Rp 104,255.56, moringa tortillas amounting to Rp 58,755.56, and lemuru kelor tortillas at Rp 177,055.56. The development strategy is to develop the cultivation of Moringa commodities intensively in order to ensure the continuity of raw materials for agro-industries and develop a plasma core partnership pattern with farmers to ensure the availability of raw materials for agro-industries; and optimizing the use of yield processing technology to maximize production capacity maximally while taking into account market demand.

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Interdependence of mining industry and industrial sectors in Slovakia

Acta Montanistica Slovaca ◽

10.46544/ams.v25i4.05 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 494-503

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

National Economy ◽

Global Economy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Raw Material ◽

Future Research ◽

Industrial Sectors ◽

Trend Mining

Due to globalization, all industrial sectors are mutually connected, which means that the sectors are part of the global economy, influenced by a similar trend. Mining relates to various industrial sectors. The base of mineral raw materials provides in the frame of certain regions the value that is possible to evaluate with optimal use complexly, and by this way profit for the owner, state and mining company, as well as single region is created. The goal of the presented contribution is to search for a position of raw material using in industries and its trend from the view of growth rate, in connection to the growth of other industries with the aim to provide long-term prosperity and contribution of industries to the national economy. Research had been done through growth rate of sales and revenues and one-way analysis of sales trend in analyzed period 2009-2018. The research is supported by initial decline analysis, orientated to the evaluation of positive and negatives of raw material using generally. According to the internal analysis, there are selected sectors directly connected to the mining industry. The results show there is the stable or improving character of the mining industry, which is very similar to industrial production, having influence with other industrial sectors. There is a recorded trend in the growth of individual industries, which varies significantly. The results of the contribution are useful in providing long-term prosperity and contribution of industries to the national economy, providing sustainable economic growth. The contribution is limited to the evaluation of industries growth from the view of sales and revenues, and future research can be extended to the evaluation from the view of market share, etc. Future research can also be extended to other macro-economic indicators, influencing the competitiveness of the mining industry and its sustainable tendency.

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