scholarly journals Evaluation of Transport and Location Policies to Realize the Carbon-Free Urban Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Shinichi Muto ◽  
Hiroto Toyama ◽  
Akina Takai
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
The Public ◽  
Combination Policy

The Japanese Government has declared that it will become carbon-free by 2050. Urban planning to realize a carbon-free society is proposed in the context of urban transport policy, which are policies to agglomerate urban facilities and link among them by public transport. However, transport and location policies to regulate land use are afraid to generate an economic loss. It is important to evaluate not only the effects of reducing GHG emissions but also economic influence. In this paper, we built the Computable General Equilibrium and Urban Economic (CGEUE) model, which modeled the transport and location behavior of each economic agent for a detailed area explicitly. We evaluated some transport and location policies such as (1) conversion from fossil fuel vehicles to electric vehicles, (2) improvement of public transport, (3) environmental tax and (4) making city compact by using the CGEUE model. As a result, it can be concluded that the combination policy of improving the public transport policy and environmental tax is the most effective under the conditions of these simulation results.

scholarly journals Urban public transport as a tool of sustainable mobility policy – the example of Poland

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-184
Author(s):  
Paweł Gałka ◽  
Krzysztof Grzelec ◽  
Katarzyna Hebel ◽  
Eamonn Judge ◽  
Olgierd Wyszomirski
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Public ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Urban Public Transport ◽  
Transport Behaviour ◽  
Technical Solutions

The assumptions and goals of sustainable urban mob ility are defined in global and national documents, for example, the United Nations 2030 Agenda and in the Transport Policy of the State of Poland for 2006–2025. Achieving these goals is a long process. Tools and actions have been identified that play a fundamental role in achieving sustainable mobility, and various methods of measuring the effectiveness of these activities have been presented and compared. The article presents the following research hypotheses: achieving the goals of sustainable mobility through the development of the public transport offer requires the use of modern management methods, it is necessary to identify the main attributes of public transport that determine the use of this type of transport and to finance those elements of the transport offer that correspond to these attributes. The aim of the article is to assess the role of public transport as an element of sustainable mobility and to explain the reasons for unsatisfactory policy effects in Poland. Analysing the effectiveness of actions and tools used in Polish cities in achieving the goals of sustainable mobility, the processes of management in public transport and shaping the attributes of transport services and technical solutions were selected for the analysis. The analysis was carried out on the example of selected Polish cities. On the basis of the conducted research, the authors formulated conclusions: the idea of sustainable mobility development is an element of the transport policy of modern European cities, achieving sustainable development requires changes in the structure of urban transport, effective implementation of a sustainable mobility policy leads to changes in transport behaviour, the condition for increasing the share of public transport is to increase the attractiveness of its services. Detailed conclusions were defined in relation to selected Polish cities, in particular Gdańsk and Gdynia. The use of public transport by people who can travel by car can be increase by affecting the freedom to use passenger cars in cities through traffic and parking restrictions. The most effective tool that limits the use of private cars turns out to be parking fees in the city. Conclusions from the conducted research allowed us to confirm the research hypotheses of the article.

scholarly journals Behavioural changes in urban mobility in Barcelona due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Peters
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
The City

This study assesses changes in mobility behaviour in the City of Barcelona due the COVID‐19pandemic and its impact on air pollution and GHG emissions. Urban transport is an important sourceof global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Improving urban mobility patterns is therefore crucial formitigating climate change. This study combines quantitative survey data and official governmentdata with in‐depth interviews with public administration officials of the City. Data illustrates thatBarcelona has experienced an unprecedented reduction in mobility during the lockdown (a 90%drop) and mobility remained at comparatively low levels throughout the year 2020. Most remarkableis the decrease in the use of public transport in 2020 compared to pre‐pandemic levels, whereas roadtraffic has decreased to a lesser extent and cycling surged at times to levels up to 60% higher thanpre‐pandemic levels. These changes in mobility have led to a radical and historic reduction in airpollution, with NO2 and PM10 concentration complying with WHO guidelines in 2020. Reductions inGHG emissions for Barcelona’s transport sector are estimated at almost 250.000 t CO2eq in 2020 (7%of the City’s overall annual emissions). The study derives policy implications aimed at achieving along‐term shift towards climate‐friendlier, low‐emission transport in Barcelona, namely how torecover lost demand in public transport and seize the opportunity that the crisis brings for reform byfurther reducing road traffic and establishing a 'cycling culture' in Barcelona, as already achieved inother European cities.

scholarly journals Will Bus Subsidy in Indonesia Sustainable?

2019 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 04016
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nanang Prayudyanto ◽  
Muiz Thohir ◽  
Stefan Belka
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
The Public ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Motor Vehicle Use ◽  
The Right ◽  
Public Transport Services

The subsidies for public transport entails a controversial discussion on the pros and cons. On one hand mode share of public transport will decrease with increasing income levels towards private motor vehicle use. Intention of this paper is to prove that subsidy plays important role in the public transport operation and business. However such subsidy is not recover he needs to carry out the sustainable urban transport in the future. Government and private partner should create a systematic subsidy targeted for the right modes, that having sustainable achievement. This paper is structured to answer to what extent the effectiveness of government subsidies for the development of public transport services.

scholarly journals The Effects of the Selective Enlargement of Fare-Free Public Transport

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Grzelec ◽  
Aleksander Jagiełło
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Market Research ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Mode Of Transportation ◽  
Free Transport ◽  
Using Data

In recent years fare-free public transport (FFPT) found itself at the centre of attention of various groups, such as economists, transport engineers and local authorities, as well as those responsible for the organisation of urban transport. The FFPT is hoped to be the answer to contemporary transport-related problems within cities, problems which largely result from insensible proportions between trips carried out via personal mode of transportation and those completed by the means of public transport. This article reviews the motives and effects connected with the introduction to date of fare-free transport zones across the globe. It also presents, using data obtained in market research, the actual impact of a selective extension of the entitlement to free fares on the demand for urban transport services. The effects observed in other urban transport systems were then compared against those observed in relation to one, examined system. Analyses of observed FFPT implementation effects were then used to establish good and bad practices in the introduction of FFPT. The article also contains forecasts on the effect of the extension of entitlement to free fares and an increase in the public transport offer may have on the volume of demand for such services. The analyses have shown that an increase in the public transport offer (understood as an increase in the volume of vehicle-kilometres) would increase the demand for urban transport services more than the selective implementation of FFPT (assuming that the costs incurred by the local authorities remain unchanged).

World Expo 2010 Promotes the Reduction in Carbon Emissions of Urban Transport

2014 ◽  
Vol 522-524 ◽  
pp. 1826-1830
Author(s):  
Lin Hui Zeng ◽  
Guang Ming Li
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Travel Demand Management

Transport sector is one of the main sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Comprehensive countermeasures are needed in cities to mitigate transport GHG emissions. After reviewing green traffic measures that implemented by Shanghai since bidding for Expo 2010, this paper analyzes the achievement that Shanghai has made in carbon mitigation. The results showed that travel demand management and the constrcution public transportation infrastructure promoted by the event played a vital role in promoting mode shift to form public transport oriented traffic system. Carbon emission intensity of Shanghais urban transport declined steadily from 1.66 kg/trip to 1.55 kg/trip. The CO2 reduction attributable to mode shifts amounted to 4.99 million tons. It demonstrated that Shanghai Expo has promoted the city in carbon emission reduction through public transport improvement, new energy vehicles innovation, car growth restriction measures and green commuting initiate.

scholarly journals Conditions for the functioning of regulated competition on the public urban transport market in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 119-127
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Krawczyk
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Quality Of Services ◽  
The Public ◽  
Transport Organization ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Regulated Competition

The public urban transport market takes the form of a natural monopoly. In some cases, especially in the situation of supply of a relatively large volume of operation work, the implementation of competitive solutions may result in: improving the quality of services or reducing the cost of vehicle-kilometers. The purpose of the article is to present the determinants of functioning of regulated competition on the public urban transport market in Poland. The conducted analysis focuses on the issue of market openness and access to participation in competitive procedures of private operators. The research covered urban transport markets in cities over 200.000 inhabitants and their characteristics in the scope of: the model of public transport organization (with particular emphasis on the level of opening of markets), the level of competition on the operator market and the method of selecting operators. On the basis of the conducted research, the scope of applying pro-competitive solutions in the scope of contracting services by the largest organizers of public urban transport in Poland was characterized.

scholarly journals Public transport strategy: Minimal service vs. competitor to the car

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1275-1294
Author(s):  
Cecília Silva ◽  
Catarina Cadima ◽  
Nayanne Castro ◽  
Aud Tennoy
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Added Value ◽  
European Regulation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Planning Support ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
Support Tools ◽  
Public Transport Services

With regard to public policy for public transport services, two dominant approaches are found: the provision of minimal services to the car-less population, or the provision of a service that competes directly with the car (in terms of time, cost, convenience, etc.). Increased acknowledgement of the need to mitigate traffic growth and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has led to a growing need to shift from the former to the latter, encouraging the use of public transport. This paper sets out to explore whether competitiveness with the car is a priority for the public transport planning of medium-sized European cities, as well as whether the change in European regulation (European Commission, 2007) has managed to contribute to the acceptance of this priority. In this study, we take a closer look at a country undergoing significant regulatory and procedural transformations. An exploratory analysis is conducted regarding plans, actions, and development projects in recent years in four Portuguese municipalities. Relevant planners and transport authorities are interviewed on matters such as how local policies and plans favor public transport; how the planning process was implemented; the actors involved; and the support tools used to achieve the established goals. The findings reveal that relative competitiveness of public transport is considered important by planning practitioners. Nevertheless, other concerns seem to be more timely, such as, providing minimal services, restructuring existing networks, and budget constraints. The results suggest that changes in the planning process have been overwhelming and are seen as restricting the steps required toward making public transport more competitive vis-à-vis the car. So far, local authorities recognize the potential of adding relative competitiveness concerns in the future, as well as the added value of planning support tools capable of revealing such relative competitiveness.

scholarly journals E-mobility according to VDL Bus and Coach

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Rusak
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
The Public

In the recent years electromobility is an important factor of achieving goals of European transport policy for the first half of the 21st century. Using electric buses in the public transport allows to reduce the use of petroleum-derived fuels and emission of exhaust and greenhouse gases. Bus manufacturers are introducing changes to products strategies by offering electric buses, adapted to local needs. This article presents technical and operating solutions used in VDL buses.

scholarly journals Possibilities and conditions for the implementation of integration solutions in public transport on the example of a dobule-city area Slupsk-Ustka

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Tomasz Adamkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transport ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
The Public ◽  
City Area ◽  
System Operating

The article presents the problems of integration solutions in mass transport. This topic is based on the connections between Słupsk and Ustka, which is linked by a mutual cooperation agreement. Both towns form a dobule-city area, which aims to conduct a common regional policy. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the legitimacy of integrating the mass transport system operating in this area. The task of integration processes on the public transport market is to provide the inhabitants of a region with a reliable transport system, streamlining the movement by a transparent tariff, adjusting the network of connections to the demand and shortening the travel time. It is necessary to construct a transport offer in such a way as to promote the attractiveness of public transport, in particular against the background of individual motorisation. The premise for building an integrated transport system should be all postulates of inhabitants of a region. The results of the research project carried out prove that the issue of integrating public transport in this area is still valid. Their comparison with the proposed integration assumptions indicates that these solutions are an opportunity to improve its functioning. Implementation of the assumptions linking urban transport in Słupsk with mass transport in the Słupsk-Ustka corridor would contribute to strengthening the cooperation of both cities and improving their tourist attractiveness. However, it requires proper cooperation of local governments, taking into account all the travel postulates of the inhabitants of the region. The administrative boundaries can not constitute barriers to smooth movement between these cities.

How upright a public bus transport system is desirable for sustainable mobility?

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
Pragati Jain ◽  
Prerna Jain ◽  
Roopesh Kaushik
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Bus Transport ◽  
Bus System

Sustainable mobility demands the inclusion of environment, social and economic sustainabil-ity. Public transport especially the bus system can be explored to fulfill these three sub goals. Globally the uses of personal vehicles have noticed an exponential growth owing to high per capita income and not up to the mark standards of public transport system. The emphasis on the requirement to probe significant questions while designing urban transport policies moti-vates this study to investigate what an ideal public bus system should be like, in the eyes of, those who either do not use or have shifted from public to private mode of travel. A survey on 1554 respondents is conducted to identify the various attributes that the public desire for, of a public bus system. These 12 items or attributes are clubbed into four categories using factor analysis. The logit regression run on the binary outcome "Shift" variable of opting or not opt-ing for public bus system with the four predicator variables (institutional, personnel, personal and qualitative) obtained using factor analysis shows positive association of improvement in these predicators to the outcome of opting for public transport.

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