Effects of Different Carbon Sources on Fumonisin Production and FUM Gene Expression by Fusarium proliferatum

Fusarium proliferatum can infect many crops and then produce fumonisins that are very harmful to humans and animals. Previous study indicates that carbon sources play important roles in regulating the fumonisin biosynthesis. Unfortunately, there is limited information on the effects of carbon starvation in comparison with the carbon sources present in the host of fumonisin production in F. proliferatum. Our results indicated that F. proliferatum cultivated in the Czapek’s broth (CB) medium in the absence of sucrose could greatly induce production of fumonisin, while an additional supplementation of sucrose to the culture medium significantly reduced the fumonisin production. Furthermore, cellulose and hemicellulose, and polysaccharide extracted from banana peel, which replaced sucrose as the carbon source, can reduce the production of fumonisin by F. proliferatum. Further work showed that these genes related to the synthesis of fumonisin, such as FUM1 and FUM8, were significantly up-regulated in the culture medium in the absence of sucrose. Consistent with fumonisin production, the expressions of FUM gene cluster and ZFR1 gene decreased after the addition of sucrose. Moreover, these genes were also significantly down-regulated in the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose or polysaccharide extracted from peel. Altogether, our results suggested that fumonisin production was regulated in F. proliferatum in response to different carbon source conditions, and this regulation might be mainly via the transcriptional level. Future work on these expressions of the fumonisin biosynthesis-related genes is needed to further clarify the response under different carbon conditions during the infection of F. proliferatum on banana fruit hosts. The findings in this study will provide a new clue regarding the biological effect of the fumonisin production in response to environmental stress.

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Isolation of estrogen-degrading bacteria from an activated sludge bioreactor treating swine waste, including a strain that converts estrone to β-estradiol

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w11-051 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (7) ◽

pp. 559-568 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Martine Isabelle ◽

Richard Villemur ◽

Pierre Juteau ◽

François Lépine

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Agar Medium ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Bacterial Consortium ◽

Swine Wastewater ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Degrading Bacteria ◽

17Β Estradiol ◽

Reducing Activity

An estrogen-degrading bacterial consortium from a swine wastewater biotreatment was enriched in the presence of low concentrations (1 mg/L) of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (βE2), and equol (EQO) as sole carbon sources. The consortium removed 99% ± 1% of these three estrogens in 48 h. Estrogen removal occurred even in the presence of an ammonia monooxygenase inhibitor, suggesting that nitrifiers are not involved. Five strains showing estrogen-metabolizing activity were isolated from the consortium on mineral agar medium with estrogens as sole carbon source. They are related to four genera ( Methylobacterium (strain MI6.1R), Ochrobactrum (strains MI6.1B and MI9.3), Pseudomonas (strain MI14.1), and Mycobacterium (strain MI21.2)) distributed among three classes (Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria). Depending on the culture medium, strains MI6.1B, MI9.3, MI14.1, and MI21.2 partially transform βE2 into E1, whereas Methylobacterium sp. strain MI6.1R reduces E1 into βE2 under aerobic conditions, in contrast with the usually observed conversion of βE2 into E1. Since βE2 is a more potent endocrine disruptor than E1, it means that the presence of Methylobacterium sp. strain MI6.1R (or other bacteria with the same E1-reducing activity) in a treatment could transiently increase the estrogenicity of the effluent. MI6.1R can also reduce the ketone group of 16-ketoestradiol, a hydroxylated analog of E1. All βE2 and E1 transformation activities were constitutive, and many of them are favoured in a rich medium than a medium containing no other carbon source. None of the isolated strains could degrade EQO.

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Effect of Carbon Sources and Fe3+ on the Growth and Lipid Accumulation of Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10 under Mixotrophic Culture Condition

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.157 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1070-1072 ◽

pp. 157-163

Author(s):

Hao Miao Jiangwang ◽

Li Huang ◽

Xu Ya Yu

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Culture Condition ◽

Lipid Accumulation ◽

Sodium Acetate ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Biomass Productivity ◽

Lipid Productivity ◽

Mixotrophic Culture ◽

Final Cell Density

Effects of different carbon source and Fe3+ for the growth and lipid accumulation of Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10 cultured mixotrophically was studied in our present work. The final cell density was reached to 2.626 g L-1 when glucose was the only carbon source, which is 1.43-fold to sodium acetate (1.834 g L-1), far higher than sucrose (0.251 g L-1) and xylitol (0.471 g L-1), but barely grow in other culture condition. Additionally, the highest algae lipid productivity (77.45 mg L-1 d-1) was obtained in 10 g L-1 glucose group, which indicated that glucose was the optimal carbon source for growth and lipid accumulation of Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10. Nevertheless, Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10 was grew slowly in BG-11 culture medium with the absence of Fe3+. The biomass was achieved at the top with 50μM Fe3+ added. With the increase of Fe3+ concentration, it showed no variation in the growth of microalgae. The highest biomass productivity (209.87 mg L-1 d-1) was reached when the Fe3+ concentration was at 150μM while highest lipid productivity (94.05 mg L-1 d-1) reached at 50μM, which indicated that Fe3+ was one of the most indispensable trace elements for the growth and lipid accumulation of Monoraphidium sp. FXY-10.

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Secretome Profiling Reveals Virulence-Associated Proteins of Fusarium proliferatum during Interaction with Banana Fruit

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom9060246 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 246 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Taotao Li ◽

Yu Wu ◽

Yong Wang ◽

Haiyan Gao ◽

Vijai Kumar Gupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusarium Proliferatum ◽

Secreted Proteins ◽

Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽

Banana Peel ◽

Banana Fruit ◽

Label Free ◽

Host Interaction ◽

Proteomics Technology ◽

Associated Proteins ◽

Response To Stress

Secreted proteins are vital for the pathogenicity of many fungi through manipulating their hosts for efficient colonization. Fusarium proliferatum is a phytopathogenic fungus infecting many crops, vegetables, and fruit, including banana fruit. To access the proteins involved in pathogen–host interaction, we used label-free quantitative proteomics technology to comparatively analyze the secretomes of F. proliferatum cultured with and without banana peel in Czapek’s broth medium. By analyzing the secretomes of F. proliferatum, we have identified 105 proteins with 40 exclusively secreted and 65 increased in abundance in response to a banana peel. These proteins were involved in the promotion of invasion of banana fruit, and they were mainly categorized into virulence factors, cell wall degradation, metabolic process, response to stress, regulation, and another unknown biological process. The expressions of corresponding genes confirmed the existence of these secreted proteins in the banana peel. Furthermore, expression pattern suggested variable roles for these genes at different infection stages. This study expanded the current database of F. proliferatum secreted proteins which might be involved in the infection strategy of this fungus. Additionally, this study warranted the further attention of some secreted proteins that might initiate infection of F. proliferatum on banana fruit.

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Production of laccases, cellulases and xylanases of Pleurotus ostreatus grown in liquid-state fermentation

Mexican Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.29267/mxjb.2017.2.2.169 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 169-176

Author(s):

Edna María Hernández-Domínguez ◽

Carmen Sánchez ◽

Gerardo Díaz-Godínez

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Kinetic Parameters ◽

Liquid State ◽

Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽

Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽

Sole Carbon Source ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

The Third

In this study, activities of laccases, xylanases and cellulases produced by Pleurotus ostreatus in liquid-state fermentation were evaluated. Three fermentations were done by triplicate where the carbon source was changed, one was made with glucose, in another was used carboxymethylcellulose and xylan and in the third the three carbon sources were added, in all cases, copper was added as inducer of laccases. The kinetic parameters of growth of the fungus were obtained. It was observed that this fungus produced the three enzymes evaluated; laccases showed the highest values (34,240 U/L) in the culture medium with glucose as sole carbon source. Cellulases showed their highest activity in the culture medium with xylan and carboxymethylcellulose (12,858 U/L) and xylanases in medium with glucose, carboxymethyl cellulose and xylan (27,153 U/L). Up to 4 isoform of laccases, 2 of xylanase and 2 of cellulases were observed by zymography.

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Hierarchy of Carbon Source Selection in Paracoccus pantotrophus: Strict Correlation between Reduction State of the Carbon Substrate and Aerobic Expression of the nap Operon

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.184.17.4767-4774.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 184 (17) ◽

pp. 4767-4774 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

M. J. K. Ellington ◽

K. K. Bhakoo ◽

G. Sawers ◽

D. J. Richardson ◽

S. J. Ferguson

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Carbon Substrate ◽

Aerobic Growth ◽

Transcriptional Fusion ◽

Source Selection ◽

Carbon Substrates ◽

Paracoccus Pantotrophus ◽

Acetate Butyrate

ABSTRACT Paracoccus pantotrophus can express a periplasmic nitrate reductase (Nap) during aerobic growth. A proposed role for this enzyme is the dissipation of excess redox energy during oxidative metabolism of reduced carbon substrates. To investigate the regulation of nap expression, a transcriptional fusion between the nap promoter region of P. pantotrophus and the lacZ gene was constructed. When this fusion was used, analyses showed that transcription from the nap promoter increases as the average reduction state of the carbon atoms increases. Thus, β-galactosidase activities increase as the carbon source changes in the order succinate-acetate-butyrate. This result was obtained regardless of which of the three carbon sources was used for culture of the inoculum. If two carbon sources were presented together, the β-galactosidase activity was always the same as it was when the least-reduced carbon source was added alone. This suggests that the regulation is dependent upon metabolism of the more-reduced carbon sources rather than just their presence in the medium. Analysis of culture medium by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance showed that for aerobic growth P. pantotrophus strictly selected its carbon source in the order succinate-acetate-butyrate. This was reflected by diauxic growth kinetics on medium containing mixed carbon substrates. The regulatory mechanism underpinning such a selection is unknown but is likely to be related to the mechanism which controls the transcription of the nap operon.

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Study on the lipid biosynthesis of twooleaginous yeast strains Rhodosporidium toruloidesVTCC 20689 and VTCC 20765

Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam ◽

10.31276/vjst.63(11).48-52 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 63 (11) ◽

pp. 48-52

Author(s):

Thi Dam Linh Mai ◽

◽

Thi Quynh Do ◽

Thi Thanh Mai Nguyen ◽

Thanh Hien Pham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Low Cost ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Lipid Biosynthesis ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Sugarcane Molasses ◽

Cell Biomass ◽

Potential Source ◽

Yeast Strains

The yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides is capable of lipid biosynthesis and accumulation up to more than 30% of dried cell biomass. It is a potential source for biodiesel production. Recent studies have shown that the applications of culture technologies can promote increased lipid accumulation in R. toruloides. In this study, the authors investigated the lipid biosynthesis ability of two yeast strains R. toruloides VTCC 20689 and VTCC 20765 isolated in Vietnam. The results indicated that both strains have the ability to accumulate lipids up to approximately 45% of the dried biomass of cells when cultured at 30oC for 48 h in the culture medium with pH 5.5. Cultivation of these two yeast strains on some different carbon sources showed that sugarcane molasses can be used as a low-cost carbon source for efficient lipid biosynthesis. When growing both strains on the medium with sugarcane molasses, the lipid biosynthesis reached about 44%, which is equivalent to in the medium with glucose.

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Effect of carbon source on Phenobarbital metabolism by Rhizopus stolonifer

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology ◽

10.37285/ijpsn.2010.3.2.17 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 1022-1027

Author(s):

Kavitha K ◽

Asha S ◽

Hima Bindu T.V.L ◽

Vidyavathi M

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

High Performance ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽

Safety And Efficacy ◽

Alternative Systems ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

Microbial Model

The safety and efficacy of a drug is based on its metabolism or metabolite formed. The metabolism of drugs can be studied by different in vitro models, among which microbial model became popular. In the present study, eight microbes were screened for their ability to metabolize phenobarbital in a manner comparable to humans with a model to develop alternative systems to study human drug metabolism. Among the different microbes screened, a filamentous fungi Rhizopus stolonifer metabolized phenobarbital to its metabolite which is used for further pharmacological and toxicological studies. The transformation of phenobarbital was identified by high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Interestingly, Rhizopus stolonifer sample showed an extra metabolite peak at 3.11min. compared to its controls. The influence of different carbon sources in media used for growth of fungus, on metabolite production was studied, to find its effect in production of metabolite as the carbon source may influence the growth of the cell.

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Denitrification Control in a Recirculating Aquaculture System—A Simulation Study

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8101306 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 1306

Author(s):

Pedro Almeida ◽

Laurent Dewasme ◽

Alain Vande Wouwer

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Recirculating Aquaculture System ◽

Treatment Technology ◽

Tuning Method ◽

Recirculating Aquaculture ◽

Aquaculture System

The recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) is a land-based water treatment technology, which allows for farming aquatic organisms, such as fish, by reusing the water in the production (often less than 5%). This technology is based on the use of filters, either mechanical or biological, and can, in principle, be used for any species grown in aquaculture. Due to the low recirculation rate, ammonia accumulates in the system and must be converted into nitrate using nitrification reactors. Although less toxic for fish, nitrate can also be further reduced into nitrogen gas by the use of denitrification biofilters which may create several issues, such as incomplete denitrification, resulting in toxic substances, such as nitrite and nitric oxide, or a waste of carbon source in excess. Control of the added quantity of carbon source in the denitrification biofilter is then mandatory to keep nitrate/nitrite concentrations under toxic levels for fish and in accordance with local effluent regulations, and to reduce costs related to wasted organic carbon sources. This study therefore investigates the application of different control methodologies to a denitrification reactor in a RAS. To this end, a numerical simulator is built to predict the RAS behavior and to allow for the comparison of different control approaches, in the presence of changes in the operating conditions, such as fish density and biofilter removal efficiency. First, a classical proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller was designed, based on an SIMC tuning method depending on the amount of ammonia excreted by fish. Then, linearizing and cascade controllers were considered as possible alternatives.

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The carbon source-dependent pattern of antimicrobial activity and gene expression in Pseudomonas donghuensis P482

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-90488-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Marta Matuszewska ◽

Tomasz Maciąg ◽

Magdalena Rajewska ◽

Aldona Wierzbicka ◽

Sylwia Jafra

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Carbon Source ◽

Reference Genes ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Unknown Compound ◽

Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽

The Impact

AbstractPseudomonas donghuensis P482 is a tomato rhizosphere isolate with the ability to inhibit growth of bacterial and fungal plant pathogens. Herein, we analysed the impact of the carbon source on the antibacterial activity of P482 and expression of the selected genes of three genomic regions in the P482 genome. These regions are involved in the synthesis of pyoverdine, 7-hydroxytropolone (7-HT) and an unknown compound (“cluster 17”) and are responsible for the antimicrobial activity of P482. We showed that the P482 mutants, defective in these regions, show variations and contrasting patterns of growth inhibition of the target pathogen under given nutritional conditions (with glucose or glycerol as a carbon source). We also selected and validated the reference genes for gene expression studies in P. donghuensis P482. Amongst ten candidate genes, we found gyrB, rpoD and mrdA the most stably expressed. Using selected reference genes in RT-qPCR, we assessed the expression of the genes of interest under minimal medium conditions with glucose or glycerol as carbon sources. Glycerol was shown to negatively affect the expression of genes necessary for 7-HT synthesis. The significance of this finding in the light of the role of nutrient (carbon) availability in biological plant protection is discussed.

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Development of mutants of Gliocladium virens tolerant to benomyl

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m90-084 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 36 (7) ◽

pp. 484-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

G. C. Papavizas ◽

D. P. Roberts ◽

K. K. Kim

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Type Strain ◽

Wild Type Strain ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Wild Type ◽

Gliocladium Virens ◽

Rhizosphere Competence ◽

Filter Paper Cellulase ◽

Type Strains

Aqueous suspensions of conidia of Gliocladium virens strains Gl-3 and Gl-21 were exposed to both ultraviolet radiation and ethyl methanesulfonate. Two mutants of Gl-3 and three of Gl-21 were selected for tolerance to benomyl at 10 μg∙mL−1, as indicated by growth and conidial germination on benomyl-amended potato dextrose agar. The mutants differed considerably from their respective wild-type strains in appearance, growth habit, sporulation, carbon-source utilization, and enzyme activity profiles. Of 10 carbon sources tested, cellobiose, xylose, and xylan were the best for growth, galactose and glucose were intermediate, and arabinose, ribose, and rhamnose were poor sources of carbon. The wild-type strains and the mutants did not utilize cellulose as the sole carbon source for growth. Two benomyl-tolerant mutants of Gl-3 produced less cellulase (β-1,4-glucosidase, carboxymethylcellulase, filter-paper cellulase) than Gl-3. In contrast, mutants of Gl-21 produced more cellulase than the wild-type strain. Only Gl-3 provided control of blight on snapbean caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Wild-type strain Gl-21 and all mutants from both strains were ineffective biocontrol agents. Key words: Gliocladium, benomyl tolerance, Sclerotium, rhizosphere competence.

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