scholarly journals Measurement over 1 Year of Neutralizing Antibodies in Cattle Immunized with Trivalent Vaccines Recombinant Alpha, Beta and Epsilon of Clostridium perfringens

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
Cleideanny C. Galvão ◽  
José D. Barbosa ◽  
Carlos M. C. Oliveira ◽  
Denis Y. Otaka ◽  
Paulo R. O. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Production Animals

The alpha (CPA), beta (CPB) and epsilon (ETX) toxins of Clostridium perfringens are responsible for causing diseases that are difficult to eradicate and have lethal potential in production animals. Vaccination of herds is still the best control strategy. Recombinant clostridial vaccines have shown good success at inducing neutralizing antibody titers and appear to be a viable alternative to the conventional production of commercial clostridial toxoids. Research is still needed on the longevity of the humoral immune response induced by recombinant proteins in immunized animals, preferably in target species. The objective of this study was to measure the humoral immune response of cattle immunized with trivalent vaccines containing the recombinant proteins alpha (rCPA), beta (rCPB) and epsilon (rETX) of C. perfringens produced in Escherichia coli at three different concentrations (100, 200, and 400 µg) of each protein for 12 months. The recombinant vaccines containing 200 (RV2) and 400 µg (RV3) yielded statistically similar results at 56 days. They performed better throughout the study period because they induced higher neutralizing antibody titers and were detectable for up to 150 and 180 days, respectively. Regarding industrial-scale production, RV2 would be the most economical and viable formulation as it achieved results similar to RV3 at half the concentration of recombinant proteins in its formulation. However, none of the vaccines tested induced the production of detectable antibody titers on day 365 of the experiment, the time of revaccination typically recommended in vaccination protocols. Thus, reiterating the need for research in the field of vaccinology to achieve greater longevity of the humoral immune response against these clostridial toxins in animals, in addition to the need to discuss the vaccine schedules and protocols adopted in cattle production.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response Induced after Infection with Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV)

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gökce Nur Cagatay ◽  
Denise Meyer ◽  
Michael Wendt ◽  
Paul Becher ◽  
Alexander Postel
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Congenital Tremor

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a widely distributed pathogen causing congenital tremor (CT) in piglets. So far, no data are available regarding the humoral immune response against APPV. In this study, piglets and their sows from an affected herd were tested longitudinally for viral genome and antibodies. APPV genome was detected in the majority of the piglets (14/15) from CT affected litters. Transient infection of gilts was observed. Kinetics of Erns- and E2-specific antibodies and their neutralizing capacity were determined by recently (Erns) and newly (E2) developed antibody ELISAs and virus neutralization assays. Putative maternally derived antibodies (MDA) were detected in most piglets, but displayed only low to moderate neutralizing capacity (ND50 ≤ 112). Horizontal APPV transmission occurred when uninfected and infected piglets were mingled on the flat deck. Horizontally infected piglets were clinically inapparent and showed only transient viremia with subsequently consistently high E2 antibody levels. For piglets from CT affected litters, significantly lower neutralizing antibody titers were observed. Results indicate that E2 represents the main target of neutralizing antibodies. Characterization of the humoral immune response against APPV will help to provide valuable serological diagnosis, to understand the epidemiology of this novel pathogen, and to implement tailored prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Effect of a booster-dose of rabies vaccine on the duration of virus neutralizing antibody titers in bovines

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avelino Albas ◽  
Paulo Eduardo Pardo ◽  
Albério Antonio Barros Gomes ◽  
Fernanda Bernardi ◽  
Fumio Honma Ito
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Booster Dose ◽  
Neutralization Test ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Rabies Vaccine ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
Antibody Titers

Humoral immune response using inactivated rabies vaccine was studied in 35 nelore cross-bred bovines of western region of São Paulo state. Ninety days after vaccination, 13 (92.8%) animals presented titers 30.5IU/ml, through mouse neutralization test. After 180 days, 9 (64.3%) sera showed titers 30.5IU/ml, after 270 days, only one (7.1%) showed a titer of 0.51IU/ml, and after 360 days, all animals showed titers < 0.5IU/ml. Group of animals receiving booster dose 30 days after vaccination presented, two months after, all with titers > 0.5IU/ml. At 180 days, 17 (80.9%) sera presented titers > 0.5IU/ml; at 270 days, 15 (71.4%), with titers 30.5IU/ml and at 360 days, 4 (19.0%), with titers 30.5IU/ml. Booster-dose ensured high levels of neutralizing antibodies for at least three months, and 240 days after revaccination, 71.4% of animals were found with titers 30.5IU/ml.

scholarly journals Suboptimal Humoral Immune Response against Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Is Related to Its Internal Genes

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1235-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Y. Lee ◽  
Houshun Zhu ◽  
Anna J. X. Zhang ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Pui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
H7n9 Virus ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Homologous Virus ◽  
Antibody Titers

ABSTRACTInfluenza A(H7N9) virus pneumonia is associated with a high case fatality rate in humans. Multiple viral factors have been postulated to account for the high virulence of the virus. It has been reported that patients with influenza A(H7N9) virus infection have relatively low titers of neutralizing antibodies compared to those with seasonal influenza virus infections. In this study, we compared serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) antibody titers of mice challenged with wild-type A(H7N9) viruses [H7N9(Anhui) and H7N9(Zhejiang)], an A(H1N1)pdm09 virus [pH1N1(2009)], and a recombinant A(H7N9) virus with PR8/H1N1 internal genes (rg-PR8-H7-N9). All mice infected by H7N9(Anhui) and H7N9(Zhejiang) developed serum HI antibodies at 14 days postinfection (dpi) but no detectable MN antibodies, even at 28 dpi. A low level of neutralizing activity was detected in H7N9(Anhui)- and H7N9(Zhejiang)-infected mice using fluorescent focus MN assay, but convalescent-phase serum samples obtained from H7N9(Anhui)-infected mice did not reduce the mortality of naive mice after homologous virus challenge. Reinfection with homologous A(H7N9) virus induced higher HI and MN titers than first infection. In contrast, pH1N1(2009) virus infection induced robust HI and MN antibody responses, even during the first infection. Moreover, rg-PR8-H7-N9 induced significantly higher HI and MN antibody titers than H7N9(Zhejiang). In conclusion, the internal genes of A(H7N9) virus can affect the humoral immune response against homologous viral surface proteins, which may also contribute to the virulence of A(H7N9) virus.

scholarly journals Characterization of Lassa Virus Cell Entry and Neutralization with Lassa Virus Pseudoparticles

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 3228-3237 ◽  
Author(s):  
François-Loic Cosset ◽  
Philippe Marianneau ◽  
Geraldine Verney ◽  
Fabrice Gallais ◽  
Noel Tordo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Cell Entry ◽  
Lassa Virus ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Humoral Immune

ABSTRACT The cell entry and humoral immune response of the human pathogen Lassa virus (LV), a biosafety level 4 (BSL4) Old World arenavirus, are not well characterized. LV pseudoparticles (LVpp) are a surrogate model system that has been used to decipher factors and routes involved in LV cell entry under BSL2 conditions. Here, we describe LVpp, which are highly infectious, with titers approaching those obtained with pseudoparticles displaying G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus and their the use for the characterization of LV cell entry and neutralization. Upon cell attachment, LVpp utilize endocytic vesicles for cell entry as described for many pH-dependent viruses. However, the fusion of the LV glycoproteins is activated at unusually low pH values, with optimal fusion occurring between pH 4.5 and 3, a pH range at which fusion characteristics of viral glycoproteins have so far remained largely unexplored. Consistent with a shifted pH optimum for fusion activation, we found wild-type LV and LVpp to display a remarkable resistance to exposure to low pH. Finally, LVpp allow the fast and quantifiable detection of neutralizing antibodies in human and animal sera and will thus facilitate the study of the humoral immune response in LV infections.

scholarly journals Titers of Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Are Independent of Symptoms of Non-Severe COVID-19 in Young Adults

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 284
Author(s):  
Hulda R. Jonsdottir ◽  
Michel Bielecki ◽  
Denise Siegrist ◽  
Thomas W. Buehrer ◽  
Roland Züst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Neutralization Assay ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Antibody Titers

Neutralizing antibodies are an important part of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2. It is currently unclear to what extent such antibodies are produced after non-severe disease or asymptomatic infection. We studied a cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infections among a homogeneous population of 332 predominantly male Swiss soldiers and determined the neutralizing antibody response with a serum neutralization assay using a recombinant SARS-CoV-2-GFP. All patients with non-severe COVID-19 showed a swift humoral response within two weeks after the onset of symptoms, which remained stable for the duration of the study. One month after the outbreak, titers in COVID-19 convalescents did not differ from the titers of asymptomatically infected individuals. Furthermore, symptoms of COVID-19 did not correlate with neutralizing antibody titers. Therefore, we conclude that asymptomatic infection can induce the same humoral immunity as non-severe COVID-19 in young adults.

scholarly journals Bordetella pertussis Filamentous Hemagglutinin Enhances the Immunogenicity of Liposome-Delivered Antigen Administered Intranasally

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1764-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Poulain-Godefroy ◽  
Nathalie Mielcarek ◽  
Nathalie Ivanoff ◽  
Franck Remoué ◽  
Anne-Marie Schacht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Filamentous Hemagglutinin ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Suboptimal Dose ◽  
Outbred Mice ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT In an attempt to increase the immunogenicity of mucosally delivered antigens, we incorporated the Bordetella pertussisfilamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) adhesin into liposomes containing the glutathione S-transferase of Schistosoma mansoni (Sm28GST) as a model antigen. Outbred mice immunized twice intranasally with liposomes containing a constant suboptimal dose of Sm28GST and increasing doses of FHA produced anti-Sm28GST antibodies in a FHA dose-dependent manner. The addition of 3 μg of FHA to the liposomes induced more than 10-fold-higher anti-Sm28GST antibody titers, compared to those induced by liposomes without FHA. The presence of FHA did not alter the nature of the humoral immune response, and the sera contained anti-Sm28GST immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2a, and IgG2b. However, anti-Sm28GST IgA was only detected when at least 3 μg of FHA was added to the preparation. These results show a promising potential for FHA to enhance the immunogenicity of mucosally administered antigens incorporated into liposomes.

scholarly journals Humoral Immune Response Evaluation in Horses Vaccinated with Recombinant Clostridium perfringens Toxoids Alpha and Beta for 12 Months

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
Nayra F. Q. R. Freitas ◽  
Denis Y. Otaka ◽  
Cleideanny C. Galvão ◽  
Dayane M. de Almeida ◽  
Marcos R. A. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Alpha Toxin ◽  
Response Evaluation ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Beta Toxin ◽  
The Ideal

In horses, Clostridium perfringens is associated with acute and fatal enterocolitis, which is caused by a beta toxin (CPB), and myonecrosis, which is caused by an alpha toxin (CPA). Although the most effective way to prevent these diseases is through vaccination, specific clostridial vaccines for horses against C. perfringens are not widely available. The aim of this study was to pioneer the immunization of horses with three different concentrations (100, 200 and 400 µg) of C. perfringens recombinant alpha (rCPA) and beta (rCPB) proteins, as well as to evaluate the humoral immune response over 360 days. Recombinant toxoids were developed and applied to 50 horses on days 0 and 30. Those vaccines attempted to stimulate the production of alpha antitoxin (anti-CPA) and beta antitoxin (anti-CPB), in addition to becoming innocuous, stable and sterile. There was a reduction in the level of neutralizing anti-CPA and anti-CPB antibodies following the 60th day; therefore, the concentrations of 200 and 400 µg capable of inducing a detectable humoral immune response were not determined until day 180. In practical terms, 200 µg is possibly the ideal concentration for use in the veterinary industry’s production of vaccines against the action of C. perfringens in equine species.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody treatment in COVID-19 patients with immunodeficiency due to B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob J Malin ◽  
Veronica Di Cristanziano ◽  
Carola Horn ◽  
Elisabeth Pracht ◽  
Jorge Garcia Borrega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Antibody Treatment ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma

Humoral immunodeficiency is a common finding in patients with B-cell related malignancies such as Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Failure to induce a sufficient humoral immune response to viral pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 can result in impaired viral clearance with prolonged viral shedding and symptomatic infections. Here we describe six COVID-19 patients with B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and impaired humoral immune response that were successfully treated with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nMABs) between June and October 2021. Patients exhibited serological vaccination failure or were unable to clear SARS-CoV-2 even after prolonged infections. Two patients presented with persistent COVID-19 for more than three months. One patient suffered from a third episode of COVID-19 despite vaccination and one patient was diagnosed by SARS-CoV-2 viremia and a positive PCR from the lower respiratory tract while subsequent nasopharyngeal swabs remained negative. In the six described cases, passive immunization with nMABs resulted in rapid and sustained clinical improvement and decrease in viral loads. SARS-CoV-2 nMABs provide a highly attractive treatment option for COVID-19 patients unable to mount a humoral immune response following vaccination or infection.

scholarly journals The Porcine Humoral Immune Response against Pseudorabies Virus Specifically Targets Attachment Sites on Glycoprotein gC

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1752-1760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram T. Ober ◽  
Berthold Teufel ◽  
Karl-Heinz Wiesmüller ◽  
Günther Jung ◽  
Eberhard Pfaff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Host Protein ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Heparin Binding ◽  
Viral Attachment ◽  
Neutralizing Activity ◽  
Humoral Immune

ABSTRACT High titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies directed against glycoprotein gC of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) (Suid herpesvirus 1) are generally observed in the serum of immunized pigs. A known function of the glycoprotein gC is to mediate attachment of PRV to target cells through distinct viral heparin-binding domains (HBDs). Therefore, it was suggested that the virus-neutralizing activity of anti-PRV sera is directed against HBDs on gC. To address this issue, sera with high virus-neutralizing activity against gC were used to characterize the anti-gC response. Epitope mapping demonstrated that amino acids of HBDs are part of an antigenic antibody binding domain which is located in the N-terminal part of gC. Binding of antibodies to this antigenic domain of gC was further shown to interfere with the viral attachment. Therefore, these results show that the viral HBDs are accessible targets for the humoral anti-PRV response even after tolerance induction against self-proteins, which utilize similar HBDs to promote host protein-protein interactions. The findings indicate that the host's immune system can specifically block the attachment function of PRV gC. Since HBDs promote the attachment of a number of herpesviruses, the design of future antiherpesvirus vaccines should aim to induce a humoral immune response that prevents HBD-mediated viral attachment.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Virus Infection

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung-Jin Yoon ◽  
Jeffrey J. Zimmerman ◽  
Sabrina L. Swenson ◽  
Michael J. McGinley ◽  
Ken A. Eernisse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Rate Of Decline

The development of the humoral immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus was monitored by an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum virus neutralization (SVN) test over a 105-day period in 8 pigs experimentally infected with ATCC strain VR-2402. Specific antibodies against PRRS virus were first detected by the IFA test, IPMA, ELISA, and the SVN test 9-11, 5-9, 9-13, and 9-28 days postinoculation (PI), respectively, and reached their maximum values by 4-5, 5-6, 4-6, and 10-11 weeks PI, respectively, thereafter. After reaching maximum value, all assays showed a decline in antibody levels. Assuming a constant rate of antibody decay, it was estimated by regression analysis that the ELISA, IFA, IPMA, and SVN antibody titers would approach the lower limits of detection by approximately days 137, 158, 324, and 356 PI, respectively. In this study, the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay appeared to offer slightly better performance relative to the IFA test, ELISA, and SVN test in terms of earlier detection and slower rate of decline in antibody titers. Western immunoblot analysis revealed that antibody specific for the 15-kD viral protein was present in all pigs by 7 days PI and persisted throughout the 105-day observation period. Initial detection of antibodies to the 19-, 23-, and 26-kD proteins varied among pigs, ranging from 9 to 35 days PI. Thereafter, the antibody responses to these 3 viral proteins of PRRS virus continued to be detected throughout the 105-day study period. These results clearly indicate that the 15-kD protein is the most immunogenic of the 4 viral proteins identified and may provide the antigenic basis for the development of improved diagnostic tests for the detection of PRRS virus antibodies.

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