scholarly journals Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus: An Emerging Monopartite Dicot Infecting Mastrevirus

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surapathrudu Kanakala ◽  
Paul Kuria
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Genome Diversity ◽  
Circular Dna ◽  
Orosius Albicinctus ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Circular Dna Virus

Chickpea stunt disease (CSD), caused by Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV) is a threat to chickpea production leading to yield losses of 75–95%. Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus is a monopartite, single-stranded circular DNA virus in the genus Mastrevirus and family Geminiviridae. It is transmitted by Orosius albicinctus in a circulative (persistent) and nonpropagative manner. Symptoms of CSD include very small leaves, intense discoloration (yellowing (kabuli type) and reddening (desi type)), and bushy stunted appearance of the plant. Presently, CpCDVs occurs in Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Middle East, causing extensive losses on economically important crops in in the families Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Caricaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Pedaliaceae, and Solanaceae. High frequency of recombinations has played a significant role in the wide host range, diversification, and rapid evolution of CpCDVs. This review highlights the extensive research on the CpCDV genome diversity, host range, plant–virus–insect interactions, and RNA interference-based resistance of CpCDV, providing new insights into the host adaptation and virus evolution.

scholarly journals TO STUDY KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE & PRACTICES TOWARDS IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AMONGST NURSING STAFF OF M.G. HOSPITAL, BHILWARA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Kumar Choudary ◽  
Manmohan Gupta ◽  
Rachit Saxena ◽  
Sandeep Kumar Uppadhaya
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Circular Dna ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Hep B ◽  
Circular Dna Virus

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a double-stranded circular DNA virus and member of the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses. Methods: This cross sectional study was done on 250 nursing staff. There were total 263 nursing staff in this hospital out of which 250 enrolled voluntarily to participate in this study. The objective, nature and benefits of this study were explained and informed & written consent was taken from all participants. All nursing staff were interviewed structured self-completed quaternaries. Results: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is an occupational health hazard preventable by vaccination. 78% of nursing staff know that Hep B is a vaccine preventable. 42% of participants knew that getting vaccinated offers a protection from infection for 15 years.  16% of nursing staff are aware that a titre value of more than 10 ml U/ml is needed for protection from Hepatitis B infection. 84% of nursing staff are willing to motivate others and encourage them to get vaccinated against Hepatitis B. Conclusion: This study highlighted the need to have nursing staff educated regarding significance of immunization against vaccine preventable disease. Keywords- Hepatitis, Immunization, Liver,

scholarly journals Tracing the Origin and Evolutionary History of Pyricularia oryzae Infecting Maize and Barnyard Grass

2020 ◽  
pp. PHYTO-09-20-042
Author(s):  
Adel Pordel ◽  
Sebastien Ravel ◽  
Florian Charriat ◽  
Pierre Gladieux ◽  
Sandrine Cros-Arteil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Pyricularia Oryzae ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Blast Disease ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Barnyard Grass ◽  
Host Range Expansion ◽  
Recent Emergence

Blast disease is a notorious fungal disease leading to dramatic yield losses on major food crops such as rice and wheat. The causal agent, Pyricularia oryzae, encompasses different lineages, each having a different host range. Host shifts are suspected to have occurred in this species from Setaria spp. to rice and from Lolium spp. to wheat. The emergence of blast disease on maize in Iran was observed for the first time in the north of the country in 2012. We later identified blast disease in two additional regions of Iran: Gilan in 2013 and Golestan in 2016. Epidemics on the weed barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp.) were also observed in the same maize fields. Here, we showed that P. oryzae is the causal agent of this disease on both hosts. Pathogenicity assays in the greenhouse revealed that strains from maize can infect barnyard grass and conversely. However, genotyping with simple sequence repeat markers and comparative genomics showed that strains causing field epidemics on maize and on barnyard grass are different, although they belong to the same previously undescribed clade of P. oryzae. Phylogenetic analyses including these strains and a maize strain collected in Gabon in 1985 revealed two independent host-range expansion events from barnyard grass to maize. Comparative genomics between maize and barnyard grass strains revealed the presence or absence of five candidate genes associated with host specificity on maize, with the deletion of a small genomic region possibly responsible for adaptation to maize. This recent emergence of P. oryzae on maize provides a case study to understand host range expansion. Epidemics on maize raise concerns about potential yield losses on this crop in Iran and potential geographic expansion of the disease.

scholarly journals Transmission of Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus in Chickpea by the leafhopper Orosius albicinctus (Distant) in Pakistan – Short communication

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.P. Akhtar ◽  
M. Ahmad ◽  
T.M. Shah ◽  
B.M. Atta
Keyword(s):  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Aphis Craccivora Koch ◽  
Orosius Albicinctus ◽  
Transmission Studies ◽  
Das Elisa

Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV, genus Mastervirus, family Geminiviridae) is the most common viral disease of chickpea in Pakistan. Two aphid [Aphis craccivora Koch, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)], two leafhopper [Empoasca devastans Distant, Orosius albicinctus (Distant)] species and an unidentified brown leafhopper were collected in a chickpea field by hand and sweep nets for transmission studies of CpCDV. Transmission results showed that only the leafhopper O. albicinctus successfully transmitted the CpCDV from diseased to healthy chickpea plants. The presence of CpCDV in inoculated plants and the vector O. albicinctus were confirmed by DAS-ELISA test using specific polyclonal antibodies.

scholarly journals Fur Seal Feces-Associated Circular DNA Virus Identified in Pigs in Anhui, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhibin Shi ◽  
Chunguo Liu ◽  
Huanliang Yang ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Hua Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Virus ◽  
Circular Dna ◽  
Fur Seal ◽  
Circular Dna Virus

Dispersal and Frequency of Glyphosate-Resistant and Glyphosate-Tolerant Weeds in Soybean-producing Edaphoclimatic Microregions in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Ridolfo Lucio ◽  
Augusto Kalsing ◽  
Fernando Storniolo Adegas ◽  
Caio Vitagliano Santi Rossi ◽  
Núbia Maria Correia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Glyphosate Resistance ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Margin Of Error ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Production Area ◽  
The Absolute

AbstractGlyphosate-resistant (GR) and glyphosate-tolerant weeds cause considerable yield losses and represent a growing threat to soybean production systems. Despite the relevance of this topic, few studies have evaluated the dispersal of these species in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dispersal and frequency of known GR and glyphosate-tolerant weeds in soybean-producing microregions. A total of 2,481 interviews were conducted in different regions of Brazil. The interviews were stratified among 20 edaphoclimatic microregions (ECRs) to cover all of the country’s soybean-producing regions. A minimum number of interviews was estimated to generate a margin of error of ≤10% within the ECRs and ≤5% in the country. The values of the farmers’ responses were extrapolated to the total soybean production area of each ECR and the country as a whole, and the absolute values of each response were normalized as percentage values. The dispersal and management data demonstrate a loss of efficiency of glyphosate-resistance technology. Species that are naturally tolerant to glyphosate such as goosegrass, Commelina spp., and Ipomoea spp. had a greater presence in the ECRs, as did the resistant biotypes, particularly Conyza spp. and sourgrass, due to the large area cultivated with GR soybean, where glyphosate has been used with high frequency.

scholarly journals Characterization of Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) in Ciliated Protists Inferred by Comparative Genomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Li ◽  
Xiao Chen ◽  
Kun Wu ◽  
Jiao Pan ◽  
Hongan Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Sequence Repeats ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Genome Diversity ◽  
Unicellular Eukaryotes ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Species Analysis ◽  
Simple Sequence ◽  
High Diversity

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are prevalent in the genomes of all organisms. They are widely used as genetic markers, and are insertion/deletion mutation hotspots, which directly influence genome evolution. However, little is known about such important genomic components in ciliated protists, a large group of unicellular eukaryotes with extremely long evolutionary history and genome diversity. With recent publications of multiple ciliate genomes, we start to get a chance to explore perfect SSRs with motif size 1–100 bp and at least three motif repeats in nine species of two ciliate classes, Oligohymenophorea and Spirotrichea. We found that homopolymers are the most prevalent SSRs in these A/T-rich species, with AAA (lysine, charged amino acid; also seen as an SSR with one-adenine motif repeated three times) being the codons repeated at the highest frequencies in coding SSR regions, consistent with the widespread alveolin proteins rich in lysine repeats as found in Tetrahymena. Micronuclear SSRs are universally more abundant than the macronuclear ones of the same motif-size, except for the 8-bp-motif SSRs in extensively fragmented chromosomes. Both the abundance and A/T content of SSRs decrease as motif-size increases, while the abundance is positively correlated with the A/T content of the genome. Also, smaller genomes have lower proportions of coding SSRs out of all SSRs in Paramecium species. This genome-wide and cross-species analysis reveals the high diversity of SSRs and reflects the rapid evolution of these simple repetitive elements in ciliate genomes.

Resistance to RPV barley yellow dwarf virus in the genus Bromus

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Beuve ◽  
Hervé Lapierre
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Rhopalosiphum Padi ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Dwarf Virus ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

Susceptibility to barley yellow dwarf RPV (BYD – RPV) relative to BYD – PAV has been studied for 21 species of the genus Bromus. The following species belonging to sections Bromus (B. arvensis L., B. commutatus Shrad, B. danthoniae Trin., B. grossus Desf. ex DC. B. hordeaceus L., B. lanceolatus Roth., B. scoparius L.), Stenobromus (B. diandrus Roth., B. madritensis L., B. sterilis L., B. rubens L., B. tectorum L.), and Neobromus (B. trinii Desvaux) are all susceptible to BYD–RPV. Of the three species of the Pnigma section, B. erectus Hudson is susceptible to BYD–RPV, although the percentage of infected plants is low; B. setifolius Presl. is resistant to BYD–RPV; and the two biotypes of B. inermis Leyss. that were tested are both resistant to BYD–RPV. Most biotypes of the species in section Ceratochloa are resistant to BYD–RPV and susceptible to BYD–PAV. In B. catharticus Vahl. a few biotypes are also susceptible to both viruses. The resistance to BYD–RPV in different biotypes of Ceratochloa and in one biotype of B. setifolius cannot be explained by the resistance to the vector Rhopalosiphum padi L., as BYD – PAV is efficiently transmitted to these biotypes by the same aphid species. These results show that most biotypes of the species in section Ceratochloa are probably immune to BYD–RPV and that the virus has a restricted host range in the genus Bromus compared with BYD –PAV. Key words: BYDV, RPV, PAV, Bromus genus.

Occurrence and importance of plant-parasitic nematodes in organic farming in Germany

Nematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Frankenberg ◽  
Andreas Paffrath ◽  
Johannes Hallmann ◽  
Harald Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Plant Parasitic

AbstractIn an attempt to evaluate the occurrence and economic importance of plant-parasitic nematodes in organic farming in Germany, a survey was conducted with the main emphasis on vegetable and cereal production systems. For vegetables, the survey included quantification and identification of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil samples and a questionnaire for growers querying production factors and damage levels. For cereals, the survey focused on quantification and identification of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil and plant samples. Overall, Pratylenchus and Tylenchorhynchus were the most prominent nematode genera under both production systems with an incidence of over 90% of the samples. Meloidogyne was detected in 51% of the samples in both systems. Other nematode genera showed differences between the two production systems. In production systems with a high frequency of vegetables, Paratylenchus was detected in 56% of the samples and Heterodera in 15%, whereas in rotations with a high cropping frequency of cereals, incidences of plant-parasitic nematodes were 56% for Heterodera, 47% for Trichodorus and 45% for Paratylenchus. Yield losses could exceed 50% on carrots, onions and cereals and were most pronounced on sandy soils. In many cases, nematode problems started 5 to 10 years after conversion to organic farming. The survey indicated that plant-parasitic nematodes are widely spread in organic farming in Germany and can cause severe damage which may result in complete loss of the crop.

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