scholarly journals Synthetic Messenger RNA-Based Vaccines: From Scorn to Hype

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Steve Pascolo
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Synthetic Mrna ◽  
New Vaccines

In the race for a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the synthetic mRNA format has been shown to be the fastest one and proved to be safe and highly efficient, even at the very low dose of a few µg per injection. The mRNA vaccines are not new: vaccines that are based on attenuated mRNA viruses, such as Mumps, Measles, and Rubella, immunize by delivering their mRNAs into the cells of the vaccinated individual, who produces the viral proteins that then prime the immune response. Synthetic mRNA in liposomes can be seen as a modern, more refined, and thereby a safer version of those live attenuated RNA viruses. The anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (coding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein) is the third synthetic RNA therapeutic being approved. It follows the aptamer Macugen® (which neutralizes VEGF) and the siRNA Onpattro® (which destroys the transthyretin-coding mRNA). Remarkably, the 30 µg of mRNA that are contained in the first approved anti-COVID-19 vaccine are sufficient for generating high levels of neutralizing antibodies against the virus in all injected volunteers (including participants over 65 years old). The efficacy and safety data are stunning. The distribution of these vaccines throughout the world will bring a halt to the coronavirus pandemic.

scholarly journals Should we really STOP treating patients with IgA nephropathy with steroids?

2018 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Locatelli ◽  
L Del Vecchio ◽  
C Ponticelli
Keyword(s):  
Iga Nephropathy ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Benign Disease ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
End Stage Kidney Disease ◽  
Primary Glomerulonephritis ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The World ◽  
Rate Of Progression ◽  
End Stage

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis all over the world. Once considered as a benign disease, today the scientific community is aware that a significant percentage of patients eventually progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The rate of progression is often very slow. Since 1980s, several therapeutic attempts have been made with steroids. Despite different molecules, doses, and lengths of treatment, the majority of uncontrolled and controlled studies found benefits in terms of proteinuria reduction and reduction of the risk of ESKD. This was obtained with reasonable safety and tolerability, especially when steroids are given at relatively low dose and for a period not exceeding 6 months. Recently, two randomized controlled trials have questioned the efficacy and safety of steroid therapy in IgAN. However, these trials have many drawbacks that are to be considered when interpreting the findings.

scholarly journals The Importance of RNA-Based Vaccines in the Fight against COVID-19: An Overview

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1345
Author(s):  
Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado ◽  
Katharine Valéria Saraiva Hodel ◽  
Larissa Moraes dos Santos Fonseca ◽  
Luís Alberto Brêda Mascarenhas ◽  
Leone Peter Correia da Silva Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Cell Mediated Immune Response ◽  
The World ◽  
Mrna Technology ◽  
New Vaccines ◽  
Fight Against Cancer

In recent years, vaccine development using ribonucleic acid (RNA) has become the most promising and studied approach to produce safe and effective new vaccines, not only for prophylaxis but also as a treatment. The use of messenger RNA (mRNA) as an immunogenic has several advantages to vaccine development compared to other platforms, such as lower coast, the absence of cell cultures, and the possibility to combine different targets. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of mRNA as a vaccine became more relevant; two out of the four most widely applied vaccines against COVID-19 in the world are based on this platform. However, even though it presents advantages for vaccine application, mRNA technology faces several pivotal challenges to improve mRNA stability, delivery, and the potential to generate the related protein needed to induce a humoral- and T-cell-mediated immune response. The application of mRNA to vaccine development emerged as a powerful tool to fight against cancer and non-infectious and infectious diseases, for example, and represents a relevant research field for future decades. Based on these advantages, this review emphasizes mRNA and self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) for vaccine development, mainly to fight against COVID-19, together with the challenges related to this approach.

scholarly journals Serological Response to SARS-CoV-2 Messenger RNA Vaccine: Real-World Evidence from Italian Adult Population

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1494
Author(s):  
Rosa Papadopoli ◽  
Caterina De Sarro ◽  
Caterina Palleria ◽  
Luca Gallelli ◽  
Claudia Pileggi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
The Third ◽  
Real World Evidence ◽  
A Prospective Study

Background: This study aims to investigate the extent of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine-induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in a large cohort of Italian subjects belonging to the early vaccinated cohort in Italy. Methods: A prospective study was conducted between December 2020 and May 2021. Three blood samples were collected for each participant: one at the time of the first vaccine dose (T0), one at the time of the second vaccine dose, (T1) and the third 30 days after this last dose (T2). Results: We enrolled 2591 fully vaccinated subjects; 16.5% were frail subjects, and 9.8% were over 80 years old. Overall, 98.1% of subjects were seropositive when tested at T2, and 76.3% developed an anti-S IgG titer ≥4160 AU/mL, which is adequate to develop viral neutralizing antibodies. Seronegative subjects at T1 were more likely to remain seronegative at T2 or to develop a low–intermediate anti-S IgG titer (51–4159 AU/mL). Conclusions: In summary, vaccination leads to detectable anti-S IgG titer in nearly all vaccine recipients. Stratification of the seroconversion level could be useful to promptly identify high-risk groups who may not develop a viral neutralizing response, even in the presence of seroconversion, and therefore may remain at higher risk of infection, despite vaccination.

Optimum Structure of the Banking Market: How Many Banks Are Necessary for Russia?

2006 ◽  
pp. 75-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Moiseev
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Optimum Structure ◽  
Population Number ◽  
The Third ◽  
Banking Market ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Empirical Analysis ◽  
Equilibrium Number

The number of classical banks in the world has reduced. In the majority of countries the number of banks does not exceed 200. The uniqueness of the Russian banking sector is that in this respect it takes the third place in the world after the USA and Germany. The paper reviews the conclusions of the economic theory about the optimum structure of the banking market. The empirical analysis shows that the number of banks in a country is influenced by the size of its territory, population number and GDP per capita. Our econometric estimate is that the equilibrium number of banks in Russia should be in a range of 180-220 units.

Overcoming “The Third Way” Concept

2006 ◽  
pp. 126-134
Author(s):  
L. Evstigneeva ◽  
R. Evstigneev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Research ◽  
Economic Uncertainty ◽  
Third Way ◽  
The Third ◽  
Linear Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Non Linear

“The Third Way” concept is still widespread all over the world. Growing socio-economic uncertainty makes the authors revise the concept. In the course of discussion with other authors they introduce a synergetic vision of the problem. That means in the first place changing a linear approach to the economic research for a non-linear one.

Epidemias y Religión

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-81
Author(s):  
Bruno Van der Maat
Keyword(s):  
Pastoral Care ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Government Regulations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
Ethical Reflections

The current pandemic has seen some adverse reactions from the most diverse religious groups all over the world to government regulations. After having described some of their manifestations, this contribution analyzes what the Bible and some post biblical (patristic and Talmudic) traditions say about illness and pandemics. As it is ascertained that these sources contain very limited material on these subjects, the third part of this article proposes some ethical reflections regarding the official response to the pandemic as well as some pastoral implications. Key Words: Pandemic, Religion, Bible, Talmud, Pastoral Care.

Interpretation of Nonsense as a Method of Children Imagination Development (as exemplified in Carroll L. «Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There»)

2020 ◽  
pp. 200-212
Author(s):  
Larisa V. Kalashnikova
Keyword(s):  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Language Model ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
The World ◽  
Looking Glass ◽  
Rules Of The Game ◽  
Powerful Incentive ◽  
Algorithmic Thinking

The article enlightens the probem of nonsense and its role in the development of creative thinking and fantasy, and the way how the interpretation of nonsense affects children imagination. The function of imagination inherent to a person, and especially to a child, has a powerful potential – to create artificially new metaphorical models, absurd and most incredible situations based on self-amazement. Children are able to measure the properties of unfamiliar objects with the properties of known things. It is not difficult for small researchers to replace incomprehensible meanings with familiar ones; to think over situations, to make analogies, to transfer signs and properties of one object to another. The problem of nonsense research is interesting and relevant. The element of the game is an integral component of nonsense. In the process of playing, children cognize the world, learn to interact with the world, imitating the adults behavior. Imagination and fantasy help the child to invent his own rules of the game, to choose language elements that best suit his ideas. The child uses the learned productive models of the language system to create their own models and their own language, attracting language signs: words, morphs, sentences. Children’s dictionary stimulates word formation and language nomination processes. Nonsense-words are the result of children’s dictionary, speech errors and occazional formations, presented in the form of contamination, phonetic transformations, lexical substitution, implemented on certain models. The first two models are phonetic imitation and hybrid speech, based on the natural language model. The third model of designing nonsense is represented by words that have no meaning at all and can be attributed to words-portmonaie. Due to the flexibility of interframe relationships and the lack of algorithmic thinking, children can not only capture the implicit similarity of objects and phenomena, but also create it through their imagination. Interpretation of nonsense is an effective method of developing imagination in children, because metaphors, nonsense as a means of creating new meanings, modeling new content from fragments of one’s own experience, are a powerful incentive for creative thinking.

A war hero or a Hitler soldier?

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Pavel Gotovetsky
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
National Committee ◽  
World War ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
The Third Reich

The article is devoted to the biography of General Pavlo Shandruk, an Ukrainian officer who served as a Polish contract officer in the interwar period and at the beginning of the World War II, and in 1945 became the organizer and commander of the Ukrainian National Army fighting alongside the Third Reich in the last months of the war. The author focuses on the symbolic event of 1961, which was the decoration of General Shandruk with the highest Polish (émigré) military decoration – the Virtuti Militari order, for his heroic military service in 1939. By describing the controversy and emotions among Poles and Ukrainians, which accompanied the award of the former Hitler's soldier, the author tries to answer the question of how the General Shandruk’s activities should be assessed in the perspective of the uneasy Twentieth-Century Polish-Ukrainian relations. Keywords: Pavlo Shandruk, Władysław Anders, Virtuti Militari, Ukrainian National Army, Ukrainian National Committee, contract officer.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document