scholarly journals Exosomes, Their Biogenesis and Role in Inter-Cellular Communication, Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunotherapy

Vaccines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishore Jella ◽  
Tahseen Nasti ◽  
Zhentian Li ◽  
Sudarshan Malla ◽  
Zachary Buchwald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Therapy Response ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Communication ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapeutic ◽  
Different Cell Types

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles ranging from 30 to 150 nm in diameter that contain molecular constituents of their host cells. They are released from different types of cells ranging from immune to tumor cells and play an important role in intercellular communication. Exosomes can be manipulated by altering their host cells and can be loaded with products of interest such as specific drugs, proteins, DNA and RNA species. Due to their small size and the unique composition of their lipid bilayer, exosomes are capable of reaching different cell types where they alter the pathophysiological conditions of the recipient cells. There is growing evidence that exosomes are used as vehicles that can modulate the immune system and play an important role in cancer progression. The cross communication between the tumors and the cells of the immune system has gained attention in various immunotherapeutic approaches for several cancer types. In this review, we discuss the exosome biogenesis, their role in inter-cellular communication, and their capacity to modulate the immune system as a part of future cancer immunotherapeutic approaches and their potential to serve as biomarkers of therapy response.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia and the Interest of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Study Immune Cells Interactions With Neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Liu ◽  
Léa Karpf ◽  
Delphine Bohl
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Inflammation is a shared hallmark between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). For long, studies were conducted on tissues of post-mortem patients and neuroinflammation was thought to be only bystander result of the disease with the immune system reacting to dying neurons. In the last two decades, thanks to improving technologies, the identification of causal genes and the development of new tools and models, the involvement of inflammation has emerged as a potential driver of the diseases and evolved as a new area of intense research. In this review, we present the current knowledge about neuroinflammation in ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD patients and animal models and we discuss reasons of failures linked to therapeutic trials with immunomodulator drugs. Then we present the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and its interest as a new tool to have a better immunopathological comprehension of both diseases in a human context. The iPSC technology giving the unique opportunity to study cells across differentiation and maturation times, brings the hope to shed light on the different mechanisms linking neurodegeneration and activation of the immune system. Protocols available to differentiate iPSC into different immune cell types are presented. Finally, we discuss the interest in studying monocultures of iPS-derived immune cells, co-cultures with neurons and 3D cultures with different cell types, as more integrated cellular approaches. The hope is that the future work with human iPS-derived cells helps not only to identify disease-specific defects in the different cell types but also to decipher the synergistic effects between neurons and immune cells. These new cellular tools could help to find new therapeutic approaches for all patients with ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD.

Infection and immunity

2021 ◽  
pp. 853-920
Keyword(s):  
Major Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Different Cell Types

‘Infection and immunity’ considers the response of the body to pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi, and parasites, which are discussed in terms of their nature, life cycle, and modes of infection. The role of the immune system in defence against infection is discussed, including innate and adaptive (acquired) immunity, antigens, the major histocompatibility complex, and the different cell types involved (antigen-presenting cells, T-cells, and B-cells). The mechanisms and cellular basis of inflammation are considered, as are post-infection repair mechanisms, and pathologies of the immune system such as hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and transplantations, and immunodeficiency (both primary and secondary to other diseases).

Acute-phase responses and adipocytokines

2013 ◽  
pp. 424-430
Author(s):  
Elena Neumann ◽  
Klaus Frommer ◽  
Ulf Müller-Ladner
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Different Cell Types

Adipokines, also called adipocytokines, are highly bioactive substances mainly expressed by adipose tissue. In addition to adipocytes, different cell types resident in various tissues produce adipokines under pathophysiological conditions. Adipokines include a growing number of pluripotent molecules such as adiponectin, resistin, leptin, and visfatin. Since distinct effects of adipokines on inflammation have been described, their influence on the (innate) immune system has been investigated in rheumatology, gastroenterology, and endocrinology. This review gives an overview on the current knowledge about the influence which adipokines have on the immune system and chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases.

Basic concepts and new aspects of vaccine development

Parasitology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (S1) ◽  
pp. S7-S18 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Roitt
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Epitope Recognition ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Different Cell Types

AbstractI wish to thank the Society for inviting me to give the Introductory Talk in this Symposium. It is going to centre around what might be called ‘epitope specific’ immunization and I want to draw your attention to a number of factors which will be bound to affect any new approach to the development of vaccines. To begin with, it is now clear that complex antigens, such as those associated with parasites, present many different epitopes to the immune system. These epitopes are ‘seen’ by different cell types using different receptors and epitope recognition can activate a number of different effector systems.

scholarly journals Lithium: Immunomodulatory and Anti-Infectious Activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Disease Models ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Different Cell Types

Lithium (Li), a well-known immunomodulatory agent, has been in use for the treatment of several infectious diseases. Li mainly acts through GSK3β inactivation and several other signalling pathways, which are directly involved in the activation of innate immune system. Li therapy has been shown to cause effective modulation of various inflammatory cytokines, and has also been shown to boost immunity in several disease models. Apart from treatment for mania, Li has also been proved to be effective against infections caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and certain life-style disorders. Its effects, ranging from common defensive capabilities to complex pathways for protection of human body, make Li extraordinary. Thus, Li is an absolute requirement that can be a solution for some of the immune related disorders. This review mainly focuses on pharmacology, immune reactions of different cell types, and anti-infectious activities of Li.

scholarly journals Intervertebral disc decellularisation: progress and challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 196-219
Author(s):  
MF Fiordalisi ◽  
◽  
AJ Silva ◽  
M Barbosa ◽  
RM Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Antigen Removal ◽  
Ivd Degeneration ◽  
Different Cell Types

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and the consequent low-back pain (LBP) affect over 80 % of people in western societies, constituting a tremendous socio-economic burden worldwide and largely impairing patients’ life quality. Extracellular matrix (ECM)-based scaffolds, derived from decellularised tissues, are being increasingly explored in regenerative medicine for tissue repair. Decellularisation plays an essential role for host cells and antigen removal, while maintaining native microenvironmental signals, including ECM structure, composition and mechanical properties, which are essential for driving tissue regeneration. With the lack of clinical solutions for IVD repair/regeneration, implantation of decellularised IVD tissues has been explored to halt and/or revert the degenerative cascade and the associated LBP symptoms. Over the last few years, several researchers have focused on the optimisation of IVD decellularisation methods, combining physical, chemical and enzymatic treatments, in order to successfully develop a cell-free matrix. Recellularisation of IVD-based scaffolds with different cell types has been attempted and numerous methods have been explored to address proper IVD regeneration. Herein, the advances in IVD decellularisation methods, sterilisation procedures, repopulation and biocompatibility tests are reviewed. Additionally, the importance of the donor profile for therapeutic success is also addressed. Finally, the perspectives and major hurdles for clinical use of the decellularised ECM-based biomaterials for IVD are discussed. The studies reviewed support the notion that tissue-engineering-based strategies resorting to decellularised IVD may represent a major advancement in the treatment of disc degeneration and consequent LBP.

Immunological changes accompanying the development of experimental neoplastic process

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Elena Aleksandrovna Dementeva ◽  
Olga Petrovna Gurina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Neoplastic Process ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Cell Types

The key immunology problem remains the understanding of the mechanisms for the effective protection of the body against various pathogens with simultaneous suppression of the immune response to autoantigens. The pathogenesis of neoplastic pathological processes includes violations of the mechanisms of normal cell growth and cell proliferation. Antitumor immune response is a complex event, involving many different cell types. But despite the ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to a variety of tumor-associated antigens, the neoplastic process overcomes the protective forces of the organism, grows and spreads. For cancer cells characterized by independence from antiproliferative signals, autocrine stimulation of growth disturbances in the system, induction of apoptosis and control of genome stability. As a result of accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in tumor cells differ significantly from the normal range and the level of expression of genes involved in the transformation process, the accumulation of mutations in key genes promoters and suppressors of tumorigenesis. This creates the opportunity for recognition by cells of the immune system. The study of changes in value and operation of the various elements of the immune system in the development of experimental neoplastic process allows you to identify the mechanisms of interaction in the system «malignant tumor-immune system, to assess patterns of interaction with other organs and tissues, to create a theoretical pathogenetically reasonable premise for the development of anticancer therapy.

The innate immune system

2020 ◽  
pp. 307-314
Author(s):  
Paul Bowness
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
System P ◽  
Different Cell Types

The innate immune system comprises evolutionarily ancient mechanisms that mediate first-line responses against microbial pathogens, and are also important in priming and execution of adaptive immune responses, and in defence against tumours. These responses, which recognize microbial non-self, damaged self, and absent self, are characterized by rapidity of action and they involve various different cell types, cell-associated receptors, and soluble factors. Previously thought to lack plasticity or memory, certain innate immune responses have recently been shown to be capable of ‘learning’ or ‘training’. Most cells of the innate immune system are derived from the myeloid precursors in the bone marrow. These include monocytes and their derivatives—macrophages and dendritic cells, blood granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils), and tissue mast cells.

scholarly journals Therapeutic application of exosomes in ischaemic stroke

2021 ◽  
pp. svn-2020-000419
Author(s):  
Yongfang Li ◽  
Yaohui Tang ◽  
Guo-Yuan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Exosome Biogenesis ◽  
Profile Changes ◽  
Different Cell Types

Ischaemic stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in the world, with limited effective treatments. Increasing evidence demonstrates that exosomes are involved in ischaemic pathology and exhibit restorative therapeutic effects by mediating cell–cell communication. The potential of exosome therapy for ischaemic stroke has been actively investigated in the past decade. In this review, we mainly discuss the current knowledge of therapeutic applications of exosomes from different cell types, different exosomal administration routes, and current advances of exosome tracking and targeting in ischaemic stroke. We also briefly summarised the pathology of ischaemic stroke, exosome biogenesis, exosome profile changes after stroke as well as registered clinical trials of exosome-based therapy.

scholarly journals Essential Role of CCL2 in Clustering of Splenic ERTR-9+ Macrophages during Infection of BALB/c Mice by Listeria monocytogenes

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 462-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadwiga Jablonska ◽  
Kurt E. Dittmar ◽  
Tanja Kleinke ◽  
Jan Buer ◽  
Siegfried Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Early Time Point ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Time Point

ABSTRACT Early interactions between pathogens and host cells are often decisive for the subsequent course of infection. Here we investigated early events during infection by Listeria monocytogenes, a ubiquitously occurring facultative intracellular microorganism that exhibits severe pathogenicity, mainly in immunocompromised individuals. We show that the inflammatory chemokine CCL2 is highly up-regulated early after Listeria infection in spleens of BALB/c mice. ERTR-9+ macrophages of the marginal zone were identified as the only infected cells and exclusive producers of CCL2 at the early time point. Consequently, clusters of different cell types were formed around infected ERTR-9+ cells. Metallophilic MOMA-1+ marginal zone macrophages were, however, excluded from the clusters and migrated into the B-cell follicles. Depletion of CCL2 during infection resulted in a different composition of cell clusters in the spleen and increased the mortality rate of treated mice. Interestingly, ERTR-9+ macrophages no longer were part of clusters in such mice but remained at their original location in the marginal zone.

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