scholarly journals ImmunizziAMO: A School-Based Field Trial to Teach New Generations the Importance of Vaccination through Games and to Fight Vaccine Hesitancy in Italy

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 280
Author(s):  
Giuseppe La Torre ◽  
Valeria D’Egidio ◽  
Cristina Sestili ◽  
Rosario Andrea Cocchiara ◽  
Sara Cianfanelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
School Based ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First Contact

Background: Vaccines simulate the first contact with infectious agents and evoke the immunological response without causing the disease and its complications. High rates of immunization among the population guarantee the interruption of the transmission chain of infectious diseases. Therefore, the population should be aware of the value of vaccination and motivated. In order to implement the spread of a correct culture about these issues, schools were recognized as a privileged operational setting. The aim of this project was to transmit knowledge and convey educational messages on the importance of vaccines, through the use of games, in elementary school children, their families and teachers. Materials and Methods: A field trial study was implemented between April and October 2019. Sample size calculations highlighted the need to recruit at least 136 students in the schools. The intervention involved 10 classes (five first grade and five s grade classes) and was structured in frontal teaching sessions and gaming sessions. Knowledge was assessed comparing the results of a questionnaire administered before and after the intervention. The questionnaires referred to the following items: dangerousness of bacteria and viruses; capability of defending from microorganisms; the role of antibodies; functioning of the vaccine in a child; type of disease for which a vaccine is efficacious; duration of a vaccine; mother- child transmission of antibodies; herd immunity. Results: 143 children participated in all the phases of the study. The comparison between the scores at the beginning and end of the intervention showed a significant increase in the knowledge about vaccines and immunity. The mean knowledge score arose from 3.52 (SD = 1.67) to 5.97 (SD = 1.81). Conclusions: This study suggests that the use of games in an elementary school effectively increase the knowledge related to the important topic of vaccination starting at childhood.

scholarly journals Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines on Covid-19 Incidence and Mortality in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Fang ◽  
John David Clemens ◽  
Zuo-Feng Zhang ◽  
Timothy F. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Before And After

Background: Despite safe and effective vaccines to prevent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and disease, a substantial minority of the US remains resistant to getting vaccinated. It is imperative to know if expanding vaccination rates could reduce community-wide Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease, not just among those vaccinated. Methods: Negative binomial models were used to estimate associations between U.S. county-level vaccination rates and county-wide COVID-19 incidence and mortality between April 23rd and September 30th, 2021. A two-week lag and a four-week lag were introduced to assess vaccination rate impact on incidence and mortality, respectively. Stratified analyses were performed for county vaccination rates >40%, and before and after Delta became the dominant variant. Findings: Among 3,070 counties, each percentage increase in population vaccination rates reduced county-wide COVID-19 incidence by 0.9% (relative risk (RR) 0.9910 (95% CI: 0.9869, 0.9952)) and mortality by 1.9% (RR 0.9807 (95% CI: 0.9745, 0.9823)). Among counties with vaccination coverage >40%, each percentage increase in vaccination rates reduced COVID-19 disease by 1.5%, RR 0.9850 (95% CI: 0.9793, 0.9952) and mortality by 2.7% (RR 0.9727 (95% CI: 0.9632, 0.9823)). These associations were not observed among counties with <40% vaccination rates. Increasing vaccination rates from 40% to 80% would have reduced COVID-19 cases by 45.4% (RR 0.5458 (95% CI: 0.4335, 0.6873)) and deaths by 67.0% (RR 0.3305 (95% CI: 0.2230, 0.4898)). An estimated 5,989,952 COVID-19 cases could have been prevented and 127,596 lives saved had US population vaccination rates increased from 40% to 80%. Interpretations: Increasing U.S. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination rates results in population-wide reductions in COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Furthermore, increasing vaccination rates above 40% has protective effects among non-vaccinated persons. Given ongoing vaccine hesitancy in the U.S., increasing vaccination rates could better protect the entire community and potentially reach herd immunity. Funding: National Cancer Institute

Writing, Elementary School

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Umland
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First Time

I was born on October 28, 1942, in Washington, B.C., where we were living because my father was in the service. I don’t know exactly what he was doing there. We lived in Washington only six months. We moved a lot, New York, Virginia, Southern California, Nebraska—six months here, six months there. I remember Father studied at Cornell to become an entomologist, so Mother did secretarial work there. Dad was the first in his family to go to college. His father died when he was a teenager. A lot of pride revolved around his Ph.D. from Cornell University both before and after he got it. He finished school when I was in the first grade. I felt his pride in me when I gained academic and leadership recognition in college. I was not expected to do well in college. It was pleasing to surprise everyone, but most of all, my father. By the time I was in eighth grade I had been in eight schools. I remember being new all the time. I made a very poor adjustment at first up in New York. But for three years we lived in a tiny town in Virginia called Holland, where I went to second, third, and fourth grade. I was very shy. I remember the teachers. On the first day there a girl brought me an ice cream bar, and across the classroom sat an Indian boy. We eyed each other a lot. I felt an identity with him because I had been mistaken for an Indian myself. I even made a close friend, Elizabeth Ann Felton—I don’t remember whether she spelled Ann with or without an “e”—I think she became a minister. I remember going to her farm and loving her family. They seemed so stable. In Virginia I wrote a sentimental story. It was the first time a teacher paid attention to me. She told me she wanted me to read it at the PTA meeting. I was very shy, but I did it. As I began reading the paper aloud I got caught up in it and read it well.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENERAPAN METODE VAKT (VISUAL, AUDITORY, KINESTHETIC, TACTILE) TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA PERMULAAN PADA SISWA KELAS I SEKOLAH DASAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
Sandi Maspika ◽  
Wahyu Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
First Grade ◽  
School Students ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Good Reading ◽  
The Subject

ABSTRACTReading is the basic capabilities that must be mastered in order to understand the knowledge. In reality, not all children have a good reading skills. To overcome this problem researcher choosed VAKT method. Researcher believed toward VAKT method effective to improve literacy ability on early elementary school students. This study aimed to determine how the influence of  VAKT methods to improve reading ability at the beginning of first grade elementary school students. The subject on this study was the first grade elementary school students. The subject on this study consist of 5 students. Experimental design used in this study is quasi experiment. The data analysed by nonparametric (Wilcoxon). The results showed that VAKT method effective to improve reading skills at the beginning of the first grade students of elementary school. The result showed that (z = -2.023, p= 0,043 (p <0.050). This study concluded that there was a significant difference between the ability to read at the beginning of the first grade students of elementary school before and after treatment. The reading ability at the beginning of the first grade students after the treatment is better than before the treatment. Key words: Implementation VAKT Method, Early Reading Ability

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy and Associated Factors among Pakistani Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrukh Ansar ◽  
Hira Naveed ◽  
Mudasir Khan ◽  
Almas Khattak
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
P Value ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pakistani Population ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Vaccine Refusal

COVID-19 pandemic has caused global healthcare and economic crises and mass vaccination to acquire herd immunity seem to be the only solution. Present study aimed to evaluate the intent of Pakistani population towards vaccination and to uncover the barriers associated with vaccine reluctance. This cross-sectional study included responses of 855 Pakistani residents. Respondents’ knowledge of COVID-19 infection, intent of vaccination and barriers towards vaccine refusal were evaluated. Participants were categorized on the basis of knowledge score, risk of disease and other demographic characteristics. Descriptive statistics were used for calculating frequencies and percentages, means and Chi-square test was utilized for cross-tabulation. A multinomial logistic regression model was executed to identify the predictors of vaccination intention. Significance level was set at the p-value of ? 0.05. Prevalence of vaccine refusal was 40%. COVID-19 vaccine is not Halal, negative propaganda on social media against the vaccine, discouraging advice from social circle and clerics, concerns regarding efficacy, fear of immediate and late adverse reactions were the major barriers identified towards vaccine hesitancy. Around one-third of the study population did not consider COVID-19 as a serious disease and associate it with conspiracy theory. The mean score of participants towards COVID-19 knowledge was 5.5±1.6 (range: 0-9). Having a college degree, living in an urban area, working in a healthcare field and being in a higher risk category increases the chances of vaccine acceptability.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Game Edukasi Bilomatika untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Matematika Kelas 1 SD

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 617
Author(s):  
Risqi Ervera Nur Arifah ◽  
Sukirman Sukirman ◽  
Sujalwo Sujalwo
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Educational Game ◽  
School Students ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Difficult Subject

<p class="Judul2">Matematika merupakan mata pelajaran yang perlu diperkenalkan sejak Sekolah Dasar (SD). Berdasarkan observasi di SD Negeri Nayu 77 Surakarta khususnya kelas 1, kebanyakan siswa masih menganggap bahwa mata pelajaran Matematika dianggap sulit sehingga kurang diminati. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah metode pembelajaran yang diterapkan masih menggunakan media berupa buku sebagai pedoman. Untuk itu, media pembelajaran yang menyenangkan perlu digunakan, misalnya menggunakan <em>game</em>. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan game edukasi bernama “Bilomatika”, yaitu game edukasi yang memuat materi Bilangan untuk siswa kelas 1 SD sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai media dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini yaitu <em>Research and Development</em> (R&amp;D) dengan model pengembangan <em>Waterfall</em>. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui obeservasi, angket dan wawancara mendalam. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan metode statistik deskriptif. Validasi aplikasi <em>game</em> edukasi dilakukan oleh dua ahli media dan ahli materi yang kompeten di bidangnya dengan persentase nilai sebesar 80,5% dan 85,2%, sehingga masuk dalam kategori sangat layak. Berdasarkan <em>pre-test</em> dan <em>post-test</em> sebelum dan sesudah memainkan <em>game</em> Bilomatika yang dilakukan terhadap 25 siswa SD N 77 Nayu Surakarta, diperoleh nilai uji normalitas <em>N-Gain</em> dengan peningkatan rata-rata sebesar g=0,72. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa aplikasi <em>game</em> edukasi Bilomatika ini layak dan efektif untuk digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif media pembelajaran di kelas 1 SD.</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p class="Judul2"><em>Mathematics is a subject that needs to be introduced since elementary school (SD). Based on observations in SD Negeri Nayu 77 Surakarta, especially first grade, most of the students still consider that Mathematics is difficult subject, so that they are less interested. One reason is that the learning method applied still uses books as a guidance. For this reason, fun learning media needs to be used, for example using games. This study aims to develop an educational game called "Bilomatika", an educational game that contains material of Numbers for first grade of elementary students, so that it can be used as a medium in learning activities. The method used in this study is Research and Development (R &amp; D) with a model of Waterfall. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistical method. Validation of the educational game application is carried out by two media experts and material experts who are competent in the fields with a percentage value of 80.5% and 85.2%, so that it falls into the very feasible category. Based on the pre-test and post-test before and after playing the Bilomatika game conducted on 25 elementary school students of SD Nayu Nayu 77 Surakarta, N-Gain normality test scores were obtained with an increase in average of g = 0.72. Thus, it can be concluded that the Bilomatika educational game application is feasible and effective to be used as an alternative learning media in the first grade of elementary school.</em></p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>

scholarly journals Conceptions of mountain formation, foulding, fault and the continental drift in geography textbooks between the decades of 1930 to 1960

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-354
Author(s):  
Danilo Mosca da Costa ◽  
Edson Roberto Souza
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Continental Drift ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Academic World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Drift Theory ◽  
Great Mass

The conceptions about the origins of mountains, faults, folds or relief are very different if we compare didactic books of Geog-raphy published before and after the elaboration of Plates Tectonics theory. In this article, it was analyzed didactic books from first grade education, which is currently equivalent to the 6th grade of Elementary School 2, published between 1933 until 1961. Obviously, within this article, Plate tectonics theory had not yet been elaborated. However, the academic world was already fa-miliar with the Continental Drift theory, an innovative proposal elaborated at the beginning of the 20th century by German sci-entist Alfred Wegener (1880-1930). According to Wegener, the continents were together millions of years ago, forming a single great mass, called by him of "Pangea". Considering that the books analyzed were published between 1933 and 1961, such works could be expected to contemplate and explain the continental drift theory. However, it was not what it was observed. In addition, the formation of mountains, folds, faults or relief had very different conceptions of what today's students learn.

UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA MELALUI METODE SCRAMBLE PADA PESERTA DIDIK KELAS I SD NEGERI 002 BENTENG KECAMATAN SUNGAI BATANG

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 409
Author(s):  
Reni Marlina
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Initial Data ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Average Analysis ◽  
Before And After

This study aims to improve students' reading ability through the first grade scramble students of SD Negeri 002 Benteng, Kecamatan Sungai Batang, which are 28 students with 11 male students and 17 female students with heterogeneous ability. This study is based on the low ability of students' learning outcomes and lack of awareness of teachers to implement an effective, innovative, and cooperative learning. The study was conducted from September 3, 2016 to October 8, 2016. This study is a classroom action research (PTK) consisting of two cycles. Minimum completeness criteria (KKM) and average analysis are used to determine whether or not improvement of student learning outcomes before and after using the scramble learning model. The results of this study indicate that the number of students who reach KKM in the initial data is only 10 people (36%), cycle I is 16 people (57%), and the second cycle is 25 people (89%). The average student score at baseline was 68.4; cycle I increased to 75,9; in the second cycle increased again to 83,6. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the model of learning scramble can improve reading ability in Indonesian language students class I of SD Negeri 002 Benteng, Kecamatan Sungai Batang.

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