scholarly journals Challenges for the Newborn Immune Response to Respiratory Virus Infection and Vaccination

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 558
Author(s):  
Kali F. Crofts ◽  
Martha A. Alexander-Miller
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infection ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

The initial months of life reflect an extremely challenging time for newborns as a naïve immune system is bombarded with a large array of pathogens, commensals, and other foreign entities. In many instances, the immune response of young infants is dampened or altered, resulting in increased susceptibility and disease following infection. This is the result of both qualitative and quantitative changes in the response of multiple cell types across the immune system. Here we provide a review of the challenges associated with the newborn response to respiratory viral pathogens as well as the hurdles and advances for vaccine-mediated protection.

scholarly journals The Liver and the Hepatic Immune Response in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection, a Historical and Updated View

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1074
Author(s):  
Natalia Vacani-Martins ◽  
Marcelo Meuser-Batista ◽  
Carina de Lima Pereira dos Santos ◽  
Alejandro Marcel Hasslocher-Moreno ◽  
Andrea Henriques-Pons
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Chronic Patients ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Chagas disease was described more than a century ago and, despite great efforts to understand the underlying mechanisms that lead to cardiac and digestive manifestations in chronic patients, much remains to be clarified. The disease is found beyond Latin America, including Japan, the USA, France, Spain, and Australia, and is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Dr. Carlos Chagas described Chagas disease in 1909 in Brazil, and hepatomegaly was among the clinical signs observed. Currently, hepatomegaly is cited in most papers published which either study acutely infected patients or experimental models, and we know that the parasite can infect multiple cell types in the liver, especially Kupffer cells and dendritic cells. Moreover, liver damage is more pronounced in cases of oral infection, which is mainly found in the Amazon region. However, the importance of liver involvement, including the hepatic immune response, in disease progression does not receive much attention. In this review, we present the very first paper published approaching the liver’s participation in the infection, as well as subsequent papers published in the last century, up to and including our recently published results. We propose that, after infection, activated peripheral T lymphocytes reach the liver and induce a shift to a pro-inflammatory ambient environment. Thus, there is an immunological integration and cooperation between peripheral and hepatic immunity, contributing to disease control.

Small Bowel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent E Mortellaro
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Motor Complex ◽  
Multiple Cell

The small intestine is where multiple cell types combine to achieve the complex interaction between our bodies and ingested material from the outside world. As a highly specialized organ, the small intestine has a role in digestion, absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, and innate immunity to thwart exogenous pathogens and as host to a symbiotic environment where our immune system successfully interacts with a resident microbiome. This review covers the embryology, gross and microscopic anatomy, physiology of nutritional absorption, immune function, and advances in examining new discoveries in the interplay between the host and the resident microbiome. Key words: duodenum, ileum, jejunum, microbiota, midgut, migrating motor complex, nutritional absorption, villi

Immunological changes accompanying the development of experimental neoplastic process

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Elena Aleksandrovna Dementeva ◽  
Olga Petrovna Gurina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Neoplastic Process ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Cell Types

The key immunology problem remains the understanding of the mechanisms for the effective protection of the body against various pathogens with simultaneous suppression of the immune response to autoantigens. The pathogenesis of neoplastic pathological processes includes violations of the mechanisms of normal cell growth and cell proliferation. Antitumor immune response is a complex event, involving many different cell types. But despite the ability of the immune system to recognize and respond to a variety of tumor-associated antigens, the neoplastic process overcomes the protective forces of the organism, grows and spreads. For cancer cells characterized by independence from antiproliferative signals, autocrine stimulation of growth disturbances in the system, induction of apoptosis and control of genome stability. As a result of accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in tumor cells differ significantly from the normal range and the level of expression of genes involved in the transformation process, the accumulation of mutations in key genes promoters and suppressors of tumorigenesis. This creates the opportunity for recognition by cells of the immune system. The study of changes in value and operation of the various elements of the immune system in the development of experimental neoplastic process allows you to identify the mechanisms of interaction in the system «malignant tumor-immune system, to assess patterns of interaction with other organs and tissues, to create a theoretical pathogenetically reasonable premise for the development of anticancer therapy.

scholarly journals HIV Progression Perturbs the Balance of the Cell-Mediated and Anti-Inflammatory Adaptive and Innate Mycobacterial Immune Response

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. DiNardo ◽  
Anna M. Mandalakas ◽  
Gugu Maphalala ◽  
Godwin Mtetwa ◽  
Temhlanga Mndzebele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Latent Tuberculosis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Multiparametric Flow Cytometry ◽  
Immune Biomarkers ◽  
Risk Of Progression ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotype ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Introduction. Our objective is to understand how HIV infection increases the risk of progression from latent tuberculosis (TB) to active disease. We understand now that immunity is a balance of competing immune responses by multiple cell types. Since T-lymphocyte production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in response toMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens fails to differentiate disease from latent infection, we applied a comprehensive profiling methodology to define immune biomarkers that reliably predict a patient’s TB risk.Methods. We established a cohort of HIV-infected adults with TB disease from Swaziland. Multiparametric flow cytometry was used to quantify the mycobacterial-specific anti-inflammatory (IL-4 and IL-10) and proinflammatory (IFN-γ) immune response.Results. From 12 HIV-infected Swaziland patients with TB disease, the CD4+, CD8+, Double Negative, and CD56+CD3−lymphocytes increase their IL-4 : IFN-γratio as HIV disease worsens (Spearmanrof −0.59; −0.59; −0.60; and −0.59, resp.;p<0.05). Similarly, HIV severity is associated with an increased IL-10 : IFN-γratio (Spearmanrof −0.76;p=0.01).Conclusion. As HIV disease progresses, both the adaptive and innate branches skew away from an inflammatory and towards anti-inflammatory phenotype.

scholarly journals Uncovering the origins of a niche

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff M Bernitz ◽  
Kateri A Moore
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Multiple Cell

Multiple cell types that share a common origin cooperate to form a supportive niche for stem cells that give rise to blood and to the cells of the immune system.

Immune response of Alabama argillacea (Hubner, 1818) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) treated with formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-355
Author(s):  
Andresa Cristina Batista de Oliveira ◽  
Valéria Wanderley-Teixeira ◽  
Herbert Álvaro Abreu de Siqueira ◽  
Thiago José de Souza Alves ◽  
Lílian Maria da Solidade Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Alabama Argillacea ◽  
Insect Interactions ◽  
Cellular Immune

The use of Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a breakthrough in the cultivation of transgenic Bt plants because of its high specificity and safety for the environment. However, a serious threat to the sustainability of this technology is the potential for insect populations to develop resistance to Bt toxins. It is important to understand the pathogen-insect interactions to extend the usefulness of products based on B. thuringiensis. Recent studies reported evidence of a tolerance mechanism associated with the immune response. Because of the importance of Alabama argillacea (Hubner, 1818) as a cotton pest, this research assessed its immunological alterations (cellular and humoral) when challenged with formulations of B. thuringiensis var. aizawai and B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki. The results suggest that the fourth instar larvae of A. argillacea do not have the potential to develop natural immune tolerance to the formulations based on B. thuringiensis. Dipel® led to a quantitative variation in all cell types, while XenTari® changed prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes and oenocytoids. In insects treated with Dipel® there was no increase in the level of nitric oxide. These differences in response to treatments can be attributed to differences in the composition of the insecticides tested. The results indicate that the insecticide Dipel® caused significant changes in cellular and humoral immune system of fourth instar larvae of A. argillacea, while XenTari® caused only changes in the cellular immune system, furthermore Dipel® was faster to cause the cellular changes mentioned.

Small Bowel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent E Mortellaro
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Microscopic Anatomy ◽  
Motor Complex ◽  
Multiple Cell

The small intestine is where multiple cell types combine to achieve the complex interaction between our bodies and ingested material from the outside world. As a highly specialized organ, the small intestine has a role in digestion, absorption of nutrients and electrolytes, and innate immunity to thwart exogenous pathogens and as host to a symbiotic environment where our immune system successfully interacts with a resident microbiome. This review covers the embryology, gross and microscopic anatomy, physiology of nutritional absorption, immune function, and advances in examining new discoveries in the interplay between the host and the resident microbiome. Key words: duodenum, ileum, jejunum, microbiota, midgut, migrating motor complex, nutritional absorption, villi

scholarly journals Single-cell transcriptomics to explore the immune system in health and disease

Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 358 (6359) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. T. Stubbington ◽  
Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen ◽  
Aviv Regev ◽  
Sarah A. Teichmann
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Massively Parallel ◽  
Antigen Receptors ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Multiple Cell

The immune system varies in cell types, states, and locations. The complex networks, interactions, and responses of immune cells produce diverse cellular ecosystems composed of multiple cell types, accompanied by genetic diversity in antigen receptors. Within this ecosystem, innate and adaptive immune cells maintain and protect tissue function, integrity, and homeostasis upon changes in functional demands and diverse insults. Characterizing this inherent complexity requires studies at single-cell resolution. Recent advances such as massively parallel single-cell RNA sequencing and sophisticated computational methods are catalyzing a revolution in our understanding of immunology. Here we provide an overview of the state of single-cell genomics methods and an outlook on the use of single-cell techniques to decipher the adaptive and innate components of immunity.

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING IMMUNOSENESCENCE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S212-S212
Author(s):  
Robbert Van Der Most
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Systems Immunology ◽  
Immune Adjuvants ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Abstract Aging comes with an increased impact of infectious disease in terms of hospitalization, morbidity and mortality. This increased susceptibility to infection appears to be linked to age-related changes in the immune system and its capacity to respond to infection and vaccination. Importantly, this phenomenon occurs despite existence of pre-existing immune memory. The age-related weakening of the immune response is referred to as “immunosenescence”. Immunosenescence operates at several levels of the immune system and is multifactorial. Recent advances in systems immunology have shed new light on the immunological processes that may drive the age-related changes in immune response to infection and vaccination. However, gaps in our understanding still exist at basic and translational research levels. One approach to counteract this is the development and implementation of innovative vaccines against the pathogens with particular risks for older adults. The use of innovative immune adjuvants holds promise for the development of such vaccines.

Risk factors contributing in increased susceptibility and severity of COVID 19 infection during pregnancy. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
IMAD Eddin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Systematic Search ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

BACKGROUND The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread globally and pregnant women are considerably prone to COVID 19 infection with increased maternal and perinatal complications. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the risk factors that contribute in susceptibility and severity of COVID 19 infection among pregnant women. METHODS A systematic search of articles relating to COVID 19 infection during pregnancy, was conducted, using PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar engine. RESULTS A total of 168 articles were initially identified. Seventy-seven papers were excluded for failing to address the aim of the study. After screening titles and abstracts, ninety-one full-text articles were retrieved for eligibility analysis. Seventeen studies addressed the susceptibility related to pregnancy, twenty-two studies evaluated the associated comorbidities, nineteen focused on immune system, thirty-five articles concentrated on the risk of coagulopathy and eleven addressed more than one risk factor. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy, associated comorbidities, modulated immune response during pregnancy and risk of coagulopathy are considerable risk factors contributing in COVID 19 pathogenesis among pregnant women and may predict the outcome.

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