scholarly journals Course and Lethality of SARS-CoV2 Epidemic in Nursing Homes after Vaccination in Florence, Italy

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1174
Author(s):  
Giulia Rivasi ◽  
Matteo Bulgaresi ◽  
Enrico Mossello ◽  
Primo Buscemi ◽  
Chiara Lorini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
Cox Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lower Morbidity ◽  
Vaccination Period

Evidence on the effectiveness of SARS-CoV2 vaccines in nursing home (NHs) residents is limited. We examined the impact of the BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV2 vaccine on the course of the epidemic in NHs in the Florence Health District, Italy, before and after vaccination. Moreover, we assessed survival and hospitalization by vaccination status in SARS-CoV2-positive cases occurring during the post-vaccination period. We calculated the weekly infection rates during the pre-vaccination (1 October–26 December 2020) and post-vaccination period (27 December 2020–31 March 2021). Cox analysis was used to analyze survival by vaccination status. The study involved 3730 residents (mean age 84, 69% female). Weekly infection rates fluctuated during the pre-vaccination period (1.8%–6.5%) and dropped to zero during the post-vaccination period. Nine unvaccinated (UN), 56 partially vaccinated (PV) and 35 fully vaccinated (FV) residents tested SARS-CoV2+ during the post-vaccination period. FV showed significantly lower hospitalization and mortality rates than PV and UV (hospitalization: FV 3%, PV 14%, UV 33%; mortality: FV 6%, PV 18%, UV 56%). The death risk was 84% and 96% lower in PV (HR 0.157, 95%CI 0.049–0.491) and FV (HR 0.037, 95%CI 0.006–0.223) versus UV. SARS-CoV2 vaccination was followed by a marked decline in infection rates and was associated with lower morbidity and mortality among infected NH residents.

scholarly journals Regional Variation and Socio-Economic Determinants of Suicide Mortality in Greece before and during Economic Crisis

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 6117
Author(s):  
Christos Zilidis ◽  
Dimitrios Papagiannis ◽  
Georgios Rachiotis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Impact

Background. Suicide mortality increased in Greece after the 2008 financial crisis. This study aimed to explore the regional variation of suicide mortality before and after the economic crisis, and its correlation with socio-economic and mental health-related variables factors. Methods. This is a quasi-experimental ecological study. Data from the national mortality statistics were analyzed, and standardized death rates and age-specific mortality rates were calculated. The effect of economic crisis was explored by comparing mortality rates before and after crisis onset. Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression were used to assess the impact of socioeconomic and mental health-related factors on suicide mortality. Results. Trends of suicide mortality showed a rise during 2011–2014, followed by a decline during 2015–2016. Significant differences were observed between regions, ranging from 27.6% lower to 54% higher than the national average. Unemployment, income, and change of gross domestic product were significantly correlated with regional variation. No association was found with mental disorder mortality rates and psychotropic drug consumption. Conclusions. Socio-economic factors explained only a part of the suicide mortality variation. Mental health-related factors were not significantly correlated with suicide mortality. More research is needed to investigate other possible determinants of suicides.

The Impact of Discontinuing Contact Precautions for VRE and MRSA on Device-Associated Infections

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 978-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Edmond ◽  
Nadia Masroor ◽  
Michael P. Stevens ◽  
Janis Ober ◽  
Gonzalo Bearman
Keyword(s):  
Medical Center ◽  
Academic Medical Center ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infection ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Academic Medical ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Before And After Study

The impact of discontinuing contact precautions for patients with MRSA and VRE colonization/infection on device-associated hospital-acquired infection rates at an academic medical center was investigated in this before-and-after study. In the setting of a strong horizontal infection prevention platform, discontinuation of contact precautions had no impact on device-associated hospital-acquired infection rates.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(8):978–980

scholarly journals Rotavirus Strain Distribution before and after Introducing Rotavirus Vaccine in India

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Tintu Varghese ◽  
Shainey Alokit Khakha ◽  
Sidhartha Giri ◽  
Nayana P. Nair ◽  
Manohar Badur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
Vaccine Impact ◽  
Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Epidemiological Effects ◽  
Vaccination Period

In April 2016, an indigenous monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotavac) was introduced to the National Immunization Program in India. Hospital-based surveillance for acute gastroenteritis was conducted in five sentinel sites from 2012 to 2020 to monitor the vaccine impact on various genotypes and the reduction in rotavirus positivity at each site. Stool samples collected from children under 5 years of age hospitalized with diarrhea were tested for group A rotavirus using a commercial enzyme immunoassay, and rotavirus strains were characterized by RT-PCR. The proportion of diarrhea hospitalizations attributable to rotavirus at the five sites declined from a range of 56–29.4% in pre-vaccine years to 34–12% in post-vaccine years. G1P[8] was the predominant strain in the pre-vaccination period, and G3P[8] was the most common in the post-vaccination period. Circulating patterns varied throughout the study period, and increased proportions of mixed genotypes were detected in the post-vaccination phase. Continuous long-term surveillance is essential to understand the diversity and immuno-epidemiological effects of rotavirus vaccination.

scholarly journals Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease in children under 5 years of age in the Czech Republic

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247862
Author(s):  
Jana Kozakova ◽  
Pavla Krizova ◽  
Marek Maly
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vaccination Period ◽  
Children Under 5

Introduction The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of vaccination of infants with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children under 5 years of age in the Czech Republic. Material and methods The present study includes all IPD cases reported in children aged 0–4 years within the surveillance program in 2007–2017. The impact of PCV is analysed for five categories of IPD: cases caused by all serotypes, cases caused by PCV7 serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F), cases caused by three additional PCV10 serotypes (1, 5, and 7F), cases caused by three additional PCV13 serotypes (3, 6A, and 19A), and cases caused by non-PCV serotypes. To assess the impact of PCV, the study period was divided into the pre-vaccination period 2007–2008 and post-vaccination period 2009–2017, which was divided into three three-year parts: 2009–2011, 2012–2014, and 2015–2017. Analysis of differences between periods was based on the Poisson regression model where the population numbers were handled as an offset. Results The annual incidence of IPD in children under 5 years of age caused by all serotypes has had a downward trend since 2007: it dropped from 8.52/100 000 in 2007 to 2.67/100 000 in 2017, with slight increases in 2010 and 2013. All three post-vaccination periods show significantly lower (p<0.001) incidences in comparison to the pre-vaccination period, but they do not statistically significantly differ from each other. Conclusions IPD surveillance data in the Czech Republic show that after the introduction of PCV vaccination of infants, there has been a significant decrease in the IPD incidence of children under 5 years of age. Continued IPD surveillance is essential to monitor for possible post-vaccination serotype replacement.

scholarly journals Temporal changes in nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 genotypes in healthy Gambians before and after the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinelo Ebruke ◽  
Anna Roca ◽  
Uzochukwu Egere ◽  
Ousainou Darboe ◽  
Philip C Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Pneumococcal Serotype ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vaccination Period

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 is one of the leading causes of invasive pneumococcal disease. However this invasive serotype is hardly found in nasopharyngeal asymptomatic carriage and therefore large epidemiological studies are needed to assess the dynamics of serotype 1 infection. Within the context of a large cluster randomized trial conducted in rural Gambia to assess the impact of PCV-7 vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage, we present an ancillary study describing the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcal serotype 1 and temporal changes of its more frequent genotypes. Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) were collected before PCV-7 vaccination (December 2003-May 2004) and up to 30 months after PCV-7 vaccination (post-vaccination periods 1 to 3: July 2006 – March 2007; April 2007 – March 2008 and April 2008 – Feb 2009). S. pneumoniae serotype 1 were genotyped by MLST. Serotype 1 was recovered from 87 (0.71%) of 12,319 NPS samples collected. In the pre-vaccination period, prevalence of serotype 1 was 0.47% in both study arms. In the post-vaccination periods, prevalence in the fully vaccinated villages ranged between 0.08% in period 1 and 0.165% in period 2; while prevalence in partly vaccinated villages was between 0.17% in period 3 and 1.34% in period 2. Overall four different genotypes were obtained with ST3081 the most prevalent (60.71%) followed by ST618 929.76%). ST3081 was found only in post-vaccination period 2 and 3 while ST618 had disappeared in post-vaccination period 3. Distribution of these major genotypes was similar in both study arms.Emergence of ST3081 and concomitant disappearance of ST618 may suggest a change in the molecular epidemiology of pneumococcal serotype 1 in this region. This change is not likely to be associated with the introduction of PCV-7 which lacks serotype 1 as it was observed simultaneously in both study arms. Future population-based epidemiological studies will provide further evidence of substantive changes in the pneumococcal serotype 1 epidemiology and the likely mechanisms.

scholarly journals Incidence and Trends of Leishmaniasis and Its Risk Factors in Humera, Western Tigray

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Gebremichael Tedla ◽  
Fsahatsion Hailemariam Bariagabr ◽  
Hagos Hadgu Abreha
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Leishmaniasis is a neglected vector borne disease, which constitutes a major public health concern in several tropical and subtropical countries. An estimated 4500 to 4000 new cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) occur per year and over 3.2 million people are at risk of infection in the country. In Humera, VL epidemics are associated with migration of workers from nonendemic highlands into the visceral leishmaniasis endemic extensive farmlands. Therefore, the objective of this study is to estimate the incidence and the risk factors of leishmaniasis in Humera, Western Tigray. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted using the hospital admission database on all patients admitted who have been suspected of having leishmaniasis infection and tested for rK39-based immune chromatographic test (ICT) at Kahsay Abera Hospital in Humera town from January 2012 to December 2017. Potential risk factors for leishmaniasis infection in human were collected from the hospital, which included categorical variables: age, sex, origin of place, clinical forms of leishmaniasis, mortality rates, and the occurrence of infections according to format of hospital. Results. A total of 26511 hospital discharged patients with diagnosis of leishmaniasis were identified, out of which 2232 (8.42%) human leishmaniasis cases were registered and of them 71 were dead from January 2012 to December 2017. Mortality rates of leishmaniasis were 18 (3.3%) in 2012, 16 (3.1%) in 2013, 15 (2.4%) in 2014, 8 (3.3%) in 2015, 9 (4.1%) in 2016, and 5 (5.4%) in 2017. Univariate analysis of the infection rate of leishmaniasis was based on the potential risk factors and found higher male infection rates than female (P <0.05) in all the study years. Origin of place was also significantly associated (P< 0.05) where labor migrants from highland to agricultural fields had higher infection rates than those who permanently lived in and around Humera. Trends in season of occurrence revealed that weeding and harvesting time (July–December) had higher incidence of leishmaniasis than dry time (January–June). Conclusion. Male labor migrants from the highlands older than 15 years of age were at the highest risks of leishmaniasis during weeding and harvest season. Therefore, awareness creation on the risks of sleeping outdoors and the impact of using of bed nets is imperative especially for labor migrants during weeding and harvesting season.

scholarly journals Early experience of a regional trauma center in Gangwon province: First step toward organizing a regional trauma system

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-210
Author(s):  
Kwangmin Kim ◽  
Hongjin Shim ◽  
Pil Young Jung ◽  
Seongyup Kim ◽  
Hui-Jae Bang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Injury Severity Score ◽  
Severity Score ◽  
Trauma Center ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Trauma System ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Background: The Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare decided to establish a trauma medical service system to reduce preventable deaths. OO hospital in Gangwon Province was selected as a regional trauma center and was inaugurated in 2015. Objectives: This study examines the impact of this center, comparing mortality and other variables before and after inaugurating the center. Methods: Severely injured patients (injury severity score > 15) presenting to OO hospital between January 2014 and December 2016 were enrolled and categorized into two groups: before trauma center (n = 365) and after trauma center (n = 904). Patient characteristics, variables, and patient outcomes (including mortality rate) before and after the establishment of trauma centers were compared accordingly for both groups. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality were also identified. Results: Probability of survival using trauma and injury severity score (%) method was significantly lower in the after trauma center group (81.3 ± 26.1) than in the before trauma center group (84.7 ± 21.0) (p = 0.014). In-hospital mortality rates were similar in both groups (before vs after trauma center group: 13.2% vs 14.2%; p = 0.638). The Z and W statistics revealed higher scores in the after trauma center group than in the before trauma center group (Z statistic, 4.69 vs 1.37; W statistic, 4.52 vs 2.10); 2.42 more patients (per 100 patients) survived after trauma center establishment. Conclusion: Although the mortality rates of trauma patients remained unchanged after the trauma center establishment, the Z and W statistics revealed improvements in the quality of care.

scholarly journals Temporal changes in nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 genotypes in healthy Gambians before and after the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinelo Ebruke ◽  
Anna Roca ◽  
Uzochukwu Egere ◽  
Ousainou Darboe ◽  
Philip C Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Temporal Changes ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Pneumococcal Serotype ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vaccination Period

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 is one of the leading causes of invasive pneumococcal disease. However this invasive serotype is hardly found in nasopharyngeal asymptomatic carriage and therefore large epidemiological studies are needed to assess the dynamics of serotype 1 infection. Within the context of a large cluster randomized trial conducted in rural Gambia to assess the impact of PCV-7 vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage, we present an ancillary study describing the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcal serotype 1 and temporal changes of its more frequent genotypes. Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) were collected before PCV-7 vaccination (December 2003-May 2004) and up to 30 months after PCV-7 vaccination (post-vaccination periods 1 to 3: July 2006 – March 2007; April 2007 – March 2008 and April 2008 – Feb 2009). S. pneumoniae serotype 1 were genotyped by MLST. Serotype 1 was recovered from 87 (0.71%) of 12,319 NPS samples collected. In the pre-vaccination period, prevalence of serotype 1 was 0.47% in both study arms. In the post-vaccination periods, prevalence in the fully vaccinated villages ranged between 0.08% in period 1 and 0.165% in period 2; while prevalence in partly vaccinated villages was between 0.17% in period 3 and 1.34% in period 2. Overall four different genotypes were obtained with ST3081 the most prevalent (60.71%) followed by ST618 929.76%). ST3081 was found only in post-vaccination period 2 and 3 while ST618 had disappeared in post-vaccination period 3. Distribution of these major genotypes was similar in both study arms.Emergence of ST3081 and concomitant disappearance of ST618 may suggest a change in the molecular epidemiology of pneumococcal serotype 1 in this region. This change is not likely to be associated with the introduction of PCV-7 which lacks serotype 1 as it was observed simultaneously in both study arms. Future population-based epidemiological studies will provide further evidence of substantive changes in the pneumococcal serotype 1 epidemiology and the likely mechanisms.

scholarly journals Stopping the misinformation: BNT16b2 COVID-19 vaccine has no negative effect on women's fertility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Safrai ◽  
Amihai Rottenstreich ◽  
Shmuel Herzberg ◽  
Tal Imbar ◽  
Benjamin Reubinoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Icsi Cycle ◽  
Single Center Study ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Improve Compliance ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To investigate the possible impact of Pfizer-BioNTech's mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine on women's fertility. Methods: A retrospective single-center study examining women's IVF treatment parameters and pregnancies before and after their vaccination between February and May 2021. Each woman served as a self-control before and after vaccination. Additionally, in order to neutralize the effect of the sperm on fertilization, only Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) patients who were currently being treated with an ICSI cycle and had an earlier ICSI cycle available were included in the study. The study outcomes compared between the PRE and POST vaccination groups and consisted of: the IVF cycle outcomes, including the number of oocytes retrieved; the number of matured oocytes; the fertilization rate; and the number and quality of embryos at day 3. Clinical pregnancy was based on the first hCG value reported if the data were available for both cycles. Results: A final total of 47 women were eligible for inclusion with a mean interval of 362 +/- 368 days between the two ovum pick ups. The characteristics of their ICSI cycles before and after the vaccination were similar for all the parameters. Additionally, the number and percentage of clinical pregnancies did not significantly differ between the PRE and POST vaccination groups (n=15). Conclusion: This study is the first to evaluate the impact of the BNT162b2 vaccine on women's fertility. From our findings, the vaccine appears to have no impact on women's fertility. This study is the first step in abolishing the misinformation derived from unreliable sources and reassuring patients in order to improve compliance and promote COVID-19 eradication.

scholarly journals Sustained low rotavirus activity and hospitalisation rates in the post-vaccination era in Belgium, 2007 to 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (27) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Sabbe ◽  
Nicolas Berger ◽  
Adriaan Blommaert ◽  
Benson Ogunjimi ◽  
Tine Grammens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vaccination Period

In 2006, Belgium was the first country in the European Union to recommend rotavirus vaccination in the routine infant vaccination schedule and rapidly achieved high vaccine uptake (86–89% in 2007). We used regional and national data sources up to 7 years post-vaccination to study the impact of vaccination on laboratory-confirmed rotavirus cases and rotavirus-related hospitalisations and deaths. We showed that (i) from 2007 until 2013, vaccination coverage remained at 79–88% for a complete course, (ii) in children 0–2 years, rotavirus cases decreased by 79% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 68–­89%) in 2008–2014 compared to the pre-vaccination period (1999–­2006) and by 50% (95% CI: 14–82%) in the age group ≥ 10 years, (iii) hospitalisations for rotavirus gastroenteritis decreased by 87% (95% CI: 84–90%) in 2008–­2012 compared to the pre-vaccination period (2002–­2006), (iv) median age of rotavirus cases increased from 12 months to 17 months and (v) the rotavirus seasonal peak was reduced and delayed in all post-vaccination years. The substantial decline in rotavirus gastroenteritis requiring hospitalisations and in rotavirus activity following introduction of rotavirus vaccination is sustained over time and more pronounced in the target age group, but with evidence of herd immunity.

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