scholarly journals Models of Subsidies for Water and Sanitation Services for Vulnerable People in South American Countries: Lessons for Brazil

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1976
Author(s):  
Daniel Narzetti ◽  
Rui Marques
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
The Social ◽  
Vulnerable People ◽  
Access To Water

Access to water and sanitation services (WSS) in developing countries is constrained by the conditions of social inequality and the services affordability for the poorest households. Therefore, public policies related to WSS need to broaden in scope given the challenge of reaching all customers, especially the most vulnerable, in order to achieve a balance between the social and financial objectives of WSS. This paper will contribute to the understanding of the main access and subsidy policies in South American countries focusing on the Brazilian case study. The different experiences in this region have provided some interesting lessons about these issues for Brazil; the conclusion is that the current indirect and cross-subsidy policies are important, but the needed practices for expanding pro-poor access require direct demand-side subsidies. A more proactive intervention through public authorities is also needed. A new subsidization model for Brazil is highlighted and discussed.

scholarly journals Access to Water and Sanitation Services in Brazilian Vulnerable Areas: The Role of Regulation and Recent Institutional Reform

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Antonio Narzetti ◽  
Rui Cunha Marques
Keyword(s):  
Universal Access ◽  
Institutional Reform ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The Impact

Access to water and sanitation services (WSSs) in low- or middle-income countries is constrained by the poverty and vulnerability conditions of the population. In this context, it is urgent to establish public policies for WSSs that will increase the economic access to these services so that they will be more comprehensive and comprise the entire population, ensuring a balance between social and financial objectives. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the provision of WSSs in vulnerable areas and of the difficulty in achieving universal access using Brazil as a case study. The role of regulation in the provision of WSSs in vulnerable areas and the impact of the recent institutional reform that took place last year in that country is discussed. The different experiences analyzed provide interesting lessons that contribute to the improvement of the Brazilian status quo and that, at the same time, can be good practices that can be applied in other countries. One of the main conclusions of this research is related to the contributions that regulation should provide in the universalization of WSSs, mainly when the provision of these services is ruled by a contract. Furthermore, we observed that public authorities have resigned their role in this scope and that they must be more effective and, particularly, more proactive so that universalization can be achieved.

scholarly journals Factors that determine the sustainability of the basic sanitation service in Manizales

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Cristina Castano-Isaza ◽  
María Arango-Ospina ◽  
Diana Cardenas-Villamizar
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Secondary Information ◽  
The City

Sewage treatment is one of the great challenges in water management. In this regard, 80% of wastewater is discharged into water sources without any treatment, thus ignoring the fundamental right of access to water and sanitation and its implications for the well-being and development of populations. Colombia since the 50's began the strategy of improving water and sanitation. Seven decades of design and implementation of policies in favor of the expansion of coverage in aqueduct, sewerage and sanitation services, with significant advances for aqueduct and sewerage services and with great challenges facing the need to focus and optimize efforts to be more efficient and make the sanitation. The study and understanding of sustainable basic sanitation was carried out through the search for secondary information carried out in sectoral reports and research documents, where factors that positively or negatively affected the provision of the sanitation service were identified. On the other hand, the understanding of the social and political dynamics of the territory allows in the context of the city of Manizales to identify and analyze the perceptions from the three pillars of sustainability, natural environment, social environment and economic environment of two interest groups in the company Aguas de Manizales SA ESP, provider of the aqueduct and sewerage service in the city, through the application of a user survey and the carrying out of focus groups with institutions and community leaders. Lastly, solutions and strategies are proposed that eliminate causes or reduce the impacts that make it impossible to consolidate the public sanitation service or to maintain it over time.

Water and sanitation policies for improving health in South Africa: overcoming the institutional legacy of apartheid

Water Policy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 627-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edina Sinanovic ◽  
Sandi Mbatsha ◽  
Stephen Gundry ◽  
Jim Wright ◽  
Clas Rehnberg
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The South ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
New Policies

The burden of water-related disease is closely related to both the socio-economic situation and public health issues like access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene services. Poverty eradication, through improved access to water and sanitation, is the South African government's major priority. This is partly achieved through subsidising the cost of water and sanitation provision to the poor in rural areas. Whilst the new policies have made a remarkable impact on improved access to water and sanitation services, a general problem since the new approach in 1994 has been the lack of integration of policies for water and sanitation and health. This paper analyses the policies concerning rural water supply and sanitation in South Africa. It considers the structure of institutions, the division of responsibilities and legislated and financial capacity of the South Africa's water sector. A more integrated approach for the policies aiming at water access, sanitation and health is needed. In addition, as the local government's capacity to implement different programmes is limited, a review of the financing system is necessary.

scholarly journals WASH Financial and Social Investment Dynamics in a Conflict-Arid District of Jariban in Somalia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4836
Author(s):  
Wonder Mafuta ◽  
Jethro Zuwarimwe ◽  
Marizvikuru Mwale
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Random Number Generator ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
The Social ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
The Government

The paper investigated the social and financial resources’ interface in WASH programmes for vulnerable communities. Nineteen villages were randomly selected from the Jariban district in Somalia using the random number generator based on the village list. Data was collected in a sequential methodology that started with transect walks to observe and record the WASH infrastructure. Thirty-eight focus group discussions and desktop reviews triangulated transact walk recordings. The findings indicate minimum to zero investments towards WASH infrastructure in Jariban from the state government, with more dependency on the donor community. The study revealed that resources for the construction of latrines and water sources come from the following sources, NGOs (54.3%), diaspora community (34.5%) and community contributions (11.2%). The findings revealed a backlog in the WASH infrastructure, resulting in low access to water supply and sanitation services. The results demonstrate limited resource allocation by both the government and community, affecting the WASH infrastructure’s sustainability and further development. Due to the backlog in investments, particularly on improved latrines, it is concluded that their usage is low and a hindrance to having access to sanitation, hygiene and water as per the SDG goals, of leaving no one behind. While investment towards WASH in Jariban demonstrates multiple potential sources, there is a need to strengthen domestic resource mobilisation and explore governments’ role and capacity to secure WASH infrastructure investments. It is also recommended to explore how to tax the remittances to fund WASH infrastructure development and the private sector’s role in WASH infrastructure investment.

scholarly journals “They Do Not Care about Us Anymore”: Understanding the Situation of Older People in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2337
Author(s):  
Joseph Asumah Braimah ◽  
Mark W. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sharing Circles

While existing research acknowledges copious challenges faced by older adults (people aged 60 and over) in Ghana and most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, they fail to situate the lived experiences of this vulnerable group within the broader context of health geography and public health. This paper draws insights from ecological systems theory and the “geographies of older people” literature to examine the lived experiences of older people in Ghana. Data for the study were gathered using interviews (42) and sharing circles (10). Our findings reveal a complex mix of experiences consistent with the different levels of the environment. Dominant themes include access to social support, functional impairment and poor health status, social status, poor access to water and sanitation services, food insecurity, economic insecurity, and caregiving burden. These findings support the wide-held notion that the experiences of older people are complex and produced by the interplay of both individual and structural factors. Our findings demonstrate that sociocultural, economic, political, and climatic factors are important consideration in promoting elderly wellbeing and quality of life in Ghana.

scholarly journals New Approaches to Monitor Inequalities in Access to Water and Sanitation: The SDGs in Latin America and the Caribbean

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Carvalho Queiroz ◽  
Rodrigo Coelho de Carvalho ◽  
Léo Heller
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Regional Heterogeneity ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Assessment And Monitoring ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Normative Content

In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Targets 6.1 and 6.2 show, in their formulation, some alignment with the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation (HRWS). However, the principle of equality and non-discrimination, which applies to all human rights, was not clearly incorporated into the indicators adopted to assess and monitor these targets. This paper contributes to bridging this gap by proposing two methodological strategies to address inequalities in analyses of access to water and sanitation services. The first consists in adjusting the indicators of access to these services according to inequality. The second proposes an assessment of intersecting forms of inequality. An application of these methods in Latin America and the Caribbean highlights significant regional heterogeneity and elevated inequality in access to services in the countries of this region. The methods demonstrate their potential in contributing to assessment and monitoring of the SDGs, but outdated or lacking data are obstacles to more in-depth analyses.

scholarly journals Effect of Poor Access to Water and Sanitation As Risk Factors for Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: Selectiveness by the Infective Route

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e0004111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Echazú ◽  
Daniela Bonanno ◽  
Marisa Juarez ◽  
Silvana P. Cajal ◽  
Viviana Heredia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Access To Water

scholarly journals TRENDS IN ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION IN MALAWI: PROGRESS AND INEQUALITIES (1992-2017)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Cassivi ◽  
Elizabeth Tilley ◽  
E.O.D. Waygood ◽  
Caetano Dorea
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractBillions of people globally gained access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation in the last decades, following effort towards the Millennium Development Goals. Global progress remains a general indicator as it is unclear if access is equitable across groups of the population. Agenda 2030 calling for “leaving no one behind”, there is a need to focus on the variations of access in different groups of the population, especially in the context of least developed countries including Malawi. We analyzed data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) to describe emerging trends on progress and inequalities in water supply and sanitation services over a 25-year period (1992 - 2017) and to identify the most vulnerable population in Malawi. Data were disaggregated with geographic and socio-economic characteristics including regions, urban and rural areas, wealth and education level. Analysis of available data revealed progress in access to water and sanitation among all groups of the population. The largest progress is generally observed in the groups that were further behind at the baseline year, which likely reflects good targeting in interventions/improvements to reduce the gap in the population. Overall, results demonstrated that some segments of the population - foremost poorest Southern rural populations - still have limited access to water and are forced to practise open defecation. Finally, we suggest to include standardized indicators that address safely managed drinking water and sanitation services in future surveys and studies to increase accuracy of national estimates.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Berjalan Program Penyediaan Air Minum dan Sanitasi Berbasis Masyarakat

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Budy Pratama ◽  
Ajeng Tri Isnanik
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Evaluation Standard ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Data Source

This research aims to conduct on-going evaluation on community-based clean water and sanitation program (PAMSIMAS) 2015-2018 in the Jogomulyo Village, Magelang Regency. PAMSIMAS is one of strategic government program to achieve clean and healthy communities by providing clean and drinking water services and sanitation based on community participation. Our on-going evaluation occupy six aspects as an analytical framework consist of effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and appropiateness. A qualitative research with case study as research strategy was conducted to address the research aim. We triangulate both primer and secondary data to attain data source validity. Our study shows that PAMSIMAS 2015-2018 has contributed some positive results in the effort to provide clean water and sanitation services for Jogomulyo villagers. However, efficiency and resource utility aspects need to be improved to maximize the outcome of this program. There are two implications from this study. First, that government have to formulate ongoing evaluation framework since there is no on-going evaluation standard and various instrument was apllied in PAMSIMAS evaluation. Second, capacity building is necessity to build more competence management.    

Politics will delay Mexican water reform

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
The Social ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Water Reform

Subject Water scarcity and management. Significance On June 15, Roberto Ramirez de la Parra, head of the National Water Commission (CONAGUA), delivered Mexico's first rain harvesting system as part of the Water Capture Programme (Procaptar), a joint effort with the Social Development Ministry (SEDESOL) to provide small communities with access to water. SEDESOL Minister Jose Antonio Meade noted that Mexicans lacking running water at home have fallen to one in 20 today from one in four in 1990. Nevertheless, the issue of water scarcity still needs urgent attention; poor access to water and sanitation is a problem throughout the country due to pollution, waste, mismanagement and insufficient infrastructure -- despite a Water Agenda for 2030 being in place since 2011. Impacts Liberalisation of the energy sector and the eventual recovery of oil prices will increase pressure to address water reform. Without addressing water reform, government plans to boost agriculture will be ineffective. In the longer term, urbanisation and climate change will make improvements to water infrastructure and management increasingly urgent.

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