scholarly journals Flooding Urban Landscapes: Analysis Using Combined Hydrodynamic and Hydrologic Modeling Approaches

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Jha ◽  
Sayma Afreen
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
Urban Landscapes

The frequency and severity of floods have been found to increase in recent decades, which have adverse effects on the environment, economics, and human lives. The catastrophe of such floods can be confronted with the advance prediction of floods and reliable analyses methods. This study developed a combined flood modeling system for the prediction of floods, and analysis of associated vulnerabilities on urban infrastructures. The application of the method was tested on the Blue River urban watershed in Missouri, USA, a watershed of historical significance for flood impacts and abundance of data availability for such analyses. The combined modeling system included two models: hydrodynamic model HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center—River Analysis System) and hydrologic model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). The SWAT model was developed for the watershed to predict time-series hydrograph data at desired locations, followed by the setup of HEC-RAS model for the analysis and prediction of flood extent. Both models were calibrated and validated independently using the observed data. The well-calibrated modeling setup was used to assess the extent of impacts of the hazard by identifying the flood risk zones and threatened critical infrastructures in flood zones through inundation mapping. Results demonstrate the usefulness of such combined modeling systems to predict the extent of flood inundation and thus support analyses of management strategies to deal with the risks associated with critical infrastructures in an urban setting. This approach will ultimately help with the integration of flood risk assessment information in the urban planning process.

scholarly journals A Review of SWAT Model Application in Africa

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1313
Author(s):  
George Akoko ◽  
Tu Hoang Le ◽  
Takashi Gomi ◽  
Tasuku Kato
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Model Parameterization ◽  
Basin Scale

The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) is a well-known hydrological modeling tool that has been applied in various hydrologic and environmental simulations. A total of 206 studies over a 15-year period (2005–2019) were identified from various peer-reviewed scientific journals listed on the SWAT website database, which is supported by the Centre for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD). These studies were categorized into five areas, namely applications considering: water resources and streamflow, erosion and sedimentation, land-use management and agricultural-related contexts, climate-change contexts, and model parameterization and dataset inputs. Water resources studies were applied to understand hydrological processes and responses in various river basins. Land-use and agriculture-related context studies mainly analyzed impacts and mitigation measures on the environment and provided insights into better environmental management. Erosion and sedimentation studies using the SWAT model were done to quantify sediment yield and evaluate soil conservation measures. Climate-change context studies mainly demonstrated streamflow sensitivity to weather changes. The model parameterization studies highlighted parameter selection in streamflow analysis, model improvements, and basin scale calibrations. Dataset inputs mainly compared simulations with rain-gauge and global rainfall data sources. The challenges and advantages of the SWAT model’s applications, which range from data availability and prediction uncertainties to the model’s capability in various applications, are highlighted. Discussions on considerations for future simulations such as data sharing, and potential for better future analysis are also highlighted. Increased efforts in local data availability and a multidimensional approach in future simulations are recommended.

scholarly journals Evaluating and Predicting the Effects of Land Use Changes on Hydrology in Wami River Basin, Tanzania

Hydrology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sekela Twisa ◽  
Shija Kazumba ◽  
Mathew Kurian ◽  
Manfred F. Buchroithner
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
River System ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
The Impact

Understanding the variation in the hydrological response of a basin associated with land use changes is essential for developing management strategies for water resources. The impact of hydrological changes caused by expected land use changes may be severe for the Wami river system, given its role as a crucial area for water, providing food and livelihoods. The objective of this study is to examine the influence of land use changes on various elements of the hydrological processes of the basin. Hybrid classification, which includes unsupervised and supervised classification techniques, is used to process the images (2000 and 2016), while CA–Markov chain analysis is used to forecast and simulate the 2032 land use state. In the current study, a combined approach—including a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR)—is used to explore the influences of individual land use classes on fluctuations in the hydrological components. From the study, it is evident that land use has changed across the basin since 2000 (which is expected to continue in 2032), as well as that the hydrological effects caused by land use changes were observed. It has been found that the major land use changes that affected hydrology components in the basin were expansion of cultivation land, built-up area and grassland, and decline in natural forests and woodland during the study period. These findings provide baseline information for decision-makers and stakeholders concerning land and water resources for better planning and management decisions in the basin resources’ use.

Integrated numerical model for irrigated area water resources management

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 980-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidi Huo ◽  
Xiaofan Wang ◽  
Yan Liang ◽  
Cheng Jiang ◽  
Xiaolu Zheng
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Heihe River Basin ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Heihe River ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Long Term Effects

Abstract The likelihood of future global water shortages is increasing and further development of existing operational hydrologic models is needed to maintain sustainable development of the ecological environment and human health. In order to quantitatively describe the water balance factors and transformation relations, the objective of this article is to develop a distributed hydrologic model that is capable of simulating the surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) in irrigation areas. The model can be used as a tool for evaluating the long-term effects of water resource management. By coupling the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and MODFLOW models, a comprehensive hydrological model integrating SW and GW is constructed. The hydrologic response units for the SWAT model are exchanged with cells in the MODFLOW model. Taking the Heihe River Basin as the study area, 10 years of historical data are used to conduct an extensive sensitivity analysis on model parameters. The developed model is run for a 40-year prediction period. The application of the developed coupling model shows that since the construction of the Heihe reservoir, the average GW level in the study area has declined by 6.05 m. The model can accurately simulate and predict the dynamic changes in SW and GW in the downstream irrigation area of Heihe River Basin and provide a scientific basis for water management in an irrigation district.

scholarly journals Regional Parameter Estimation of the SWAT Model: Methodology and Application to River Basins in the Peruvian Pacific Drainage

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3198
Author(s):  
Flavio Alexander Asurza-Véliz ◽  
Waldo Sven Lavado-Casimiro
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Parameters Estimation ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Hydrological Data ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Main Components

This study presents a methodology for the regional parameters estimation of the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, with the objective of estimating daily flow series in the Pacific drainage under the context of limited hydrological data availability. This methodology has been designed to obtain the model parameters from a limited number of basins (14) to finally regionalize them to basins without hydrological data based on physical-climatic characteristics. In addition, the bootstrapping method was selected to estimate the uncertainty associated with the parameters set selection in the regionalization process. In general, the regionalized parameters reduce the initial underestimation which is reflected in a better quantification of daily flows, and improve the low flows performance. Furthermore, the results show that the SWAT model correctly represents the water balance and seasonality of the hydrological cycle main components. However, the model does not correctly quantify the high flows rates during wet periods. These findings provide supporting information for studies of water balance and water management on the Peruvian Pacific drainage. The approach and methods developed can be replicated in any other region of Peru.

Modeling lowland catchment hydrology: A comparison of model versions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Wagner ◽  
Katrin Bieger ◽  
Jeffrey G. Arnold ◽  
Nicola Fohrer
Keyword(s):  
Stream Flow ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Shallow Aquifer ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Water Assessment ◽  
Soil And Water

<p>The hydrology of rural lowland catchments in Northern Germany is characterized by near-surface groundwater tables and extensive tile drainage. Previous research has shown that representing these characteristics with the hydrologic model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) required an improvement of groundwater processes, which has been achieved by dividing the shallow aquifer into a fast and a slow shallow aquifer. The latest version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+) features several improvements compared to previous versions of the model, e.g. the definition of landscape units that allow for a better representation of spatio-temporal dynamics. To evaluate the new model capabilities for lowland catchments, we assess the performance of SWAT+ in comparison to previous SWAT applications in the Kielstau Catchment in Northern Germany. The Kielstau Catchment is about 50 km² large, is dominated by agricultural land use, and has been thoroughly monitored since 2005. In particular, we explore the capabilities of SWAT+ in terms of watershed configuration and simulation of landscape processes by comparing two model setups. The first setup is comparable to previous SWAT models for the catchment, i.e. yields from hydrologic response units are summed up at subbasin level and added directly to the stream. In the second SWAT+ model, subbasins are divided into upland areas and floodplains and runoff is routed across the landscape before it reaches the streams. Model performance is assessed with regard to measured stream flow at the outlet of the catchment. Results from the new SWAT+ model confirm that two groundwater layers are necessary to represent stream flow in the catchment. The representation of routing processes from uplands to floodplains in the model further improved the simulation of stream flow. The outcomes of this study are expected to contribute to a better understanding and model representation of lowland hydrology.</p>

scholarly journals The Application of Improved SWAT Model to Hydrological Cycle Study in Karst Area of South China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 5024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang ◽  
Shao ◽  
Su ◽  
Cui ◽  
Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Karst Area ◽  
Karst Water ◽  
Distributed Hydrological Model ◽  
Lumped Model

In the karst area of southern China, karst water is important for supporting the sustainable production and home living for the local residents. Consequently, it is of significance to fully understand the water cycle, so as to make full use of water resources. In karst areas, epikarst and conduits are developed, participating in the hydrological cycle actively. For conventional lumped hydrologic models, it is difficult to simulate the hydrological cycle accurately. These models neglect to consider the variation of underlying surface and weather change. Meanwhile, for the original distributed hydrological model, the existence of epikarst and underground conduits as well as inadequate data information also make it difficult to achieve accurate simulation. To this end, the framework combining the advantages of lumped model–reservoir model and distributed hydrologic model–Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is established to simulate the water cycle efficiently in a karst area. Xianghualing karst watershed in southern China was selected as the study area and the improved SWAT model was used to simulate the water cycle. Results show that the indicators of ENS and R2 in the calibration and verification periods are both above 0.8, which is evidently improved in comparison with the original model. The improved SWAT model is verified to have better efficiency in describing the hydrological cycle in a typical karst area.

Evaluation of swat-terrace performance for simulating the benefits of terraces on runoff and erosion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sitarrine Thongpussawal
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Watershed Scale ◽  
Percent Reduction ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
P Factor

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Terracing is a conservation practice to reduce erosion and intercept runoff from steep lands. Terraces control erosion and runoff by dividing long slopes into shorter slopes; thus, decreasing slope length, which reduces the magnitude and velocity of concentrated flow and allows for sediment to deposit in the cut segment of the terraces. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a continuous time, semi-distributed, watershed scale hydrologic model widely used to evaluate runoff and erosion. To account for terrace effects on runoff and erosion, SWAT has relied on reducing the slope length, adjusting the empirical Universal Soil Erosion Equation (USLE) support practice factor (P-factor), and adjusting the hydrologic runoff Curve Number (CN). This tool has limitations, and the runoff and erosion may not be well estimated because of changes in land shape after terrace installation. A modification of the SWAT (called SWAT-Terrace or SWAT-T) explicitly simulates runoff and erosion from terraces by separating terraces into three segments instead of evaluating the entire terrace. SWAT-T aims to improve the simulation of the hydrologic process of runoff and erosion from terraces. The objectives of this work are to 1) evaluate the performance of SWAT-T for simulating the terrace benefits on runoff and erosion from the Goodwater Creek Experimental Watershed (GCEW) at the Hydrologic Response Unit (HRU) and watershed scales, and 2) compare terrace benefits on runoff and erosion estimated with SWAT and with SWAT-T in GCEW. The SWAT model was parameterized for the slope length, USLE P-factor, and the CN. The SWAT-T model was parameterized for slope length, steepness, and USLE P-factor for three terrace segments. Data from 1993-2010 measured at the watershed outlet were used to evaluate the models. To estimate terrace benefits on runoff and erosion, models were compared with and without terraces. Results of SWAT-T showed good performance for the monthly runoff, but poor performance for the monthly erosion. This is probably because of large storms in spring 2002 that prevented planting, causing poorly simulated scheduling of actual field operations. SWAT-T showed [about]2 percent reduction in runoff and [about]13 percent reduction in erosion at the HRU scale and showed 0.1 percent reduction of runoff and [about]3 percent reduction in erosion at the watershed scale. For comparison of terrace benefits on runoff and erosion estimated with SWAT and with SWAT-T, SWAT-T showed more benefit in runoff and erosion at the HRU scale compared to SWAT. Results of SWAT-T showed a 13 percent reduction in runoff and a 95 percent reduction in erosion with terrace installation. Conversely, SWAT showed only a 0.03 percent reduction in runoff and an 89 percent reduction in erosion. Studies using the SWAT-T model indicated that the model may be used for quantifying the terrace benefits on runoff and erosion from terraced-cropped HRUs and watershed scales. Terrace algorithm incorporated in SWAT (SWAT-T) allowed model estimated runoff and erosion trapping in the cut terraced segment leading to better estimation of runoff and erosion.

scholarly journals A Comparative Evaluation of the Performance of CHIRPS and CFSR Data for Different Climate Zones Using the SWAT Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3088
Author(s):  
Yeganantham Dhanesh ◽  
V. M. Bindhu ◽  
Javier Senent-Aparicio ◽  
Tássia Mattos Brighenti ◽  
Essayas Ayana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Satellite Precipitation ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Monthly Scale ◽  
Monthly Streamflow

The spatial and temporal scale of rainfall datasets is crucial in modeling hydrological processes. Recently, open-access satellite precipitation products with improved resolution have evolved as a potential alternative to sparsely distributed ground-based observations, which sometimes fail to capture the spatial variability of rainfall. However, the reliability and accuracy of the satellite precipitation products in simulating streamflow need to be verified. In this context, the objective of the current study is to assess the performance of three rainfall datasets in the prediction of daily and monthly streamflow using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). We used rainfall data from three different sources: Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Rainfall with Station data (CHIRPS), Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and observed rain gauge data. Daily and monthly rainfall measurements from CHIRPS and CFSR were validated using widely accepted statistical measures, namely, correlation coefficient (CC), root mean squared error (RMSE), probability of detection (POD), false alarm ratio (FAR), and critical success index (CSI). The results showed that CHIRPS was in better agreement with ground-based rainfall at daily and monthly scale, with high rainfall detection ability, in comparison with the CFSR product. Streamflow prediction across multiple watersheds was also evaluated using Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE), Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Percent BIAS (PBIAS). Irrespective of the climatic characteristics, the hydrologic simulations of CHIRPS showed better agreement with the observed at the monthly scale with the majority of the NSE values ranging between 0.40 and 0.78, and KGE values ranging between 0.62 and 0.82. Overall, CHIRPS outperformed the CFSR rainfall product in driving SWAT for streamflow simulations across the multiple watersheds selected for the study. The results from the current study demonstrate the potential of CHIRPS as an alternate open access rainfall input to the hydrologic model.

scholarly journals Regional Flood Risk Projections under Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjib Sharma ◽  
Michael Gomez ◽  
Klaus Keller ◽  
Robert Nicholas ◽  
Alfonso Mejia
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Flood Inundation ◽  
Flood Hazards ◽  
Delaware River ◽  
Risk Management Strategies

AbstractFlood-related risks to people and property are expected to increase in the future due to environmental and demographic changes. It is important to quantify and effectively communicate flood hazards and exposure to inform the design and implementation of flood risk management strategies. Here we develop an integrated modeling framework to assess projected changes in regional riverine flood inundation risks. The framework samples climate model outputs to force a hydrologic model and generate streamflow projections. Together with a statistical and hydraulic model, we use the projected streamflow to map the uncertainty of flood inundation projections for extreme flood events. We implement the framework for rivers across the state of Pennsylvania, United States. Our projections suggest that flood hazards and exposure across Pennsylvania are overall increasing with future climate change. Specific regions, including the main stem Susquehanna River, lower portion of the Allegheny basin and central portion of Delaware River basin, demonstrate higher flood inundation risks. In our analysis, the climate uncertainty dominates the overall uncertainty surrounding the flood inundation projection chain. The combined hydrologic and hydraulic uncertainties can account for as much as 37% of the total uncertainty. We discuss how this framework can provide regional and dynamic flood-risk assessments and help to inform the design of risk-management strategies.

scholarly journals Hydrological modeling as a tool for water resources management of the data-scarce Brahmaputra basin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pulendra Dutta ◽  
Arup Kumar Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Brahmaputra River ◽  
Brahmaputra Basin

Abstract A robust hydrological assessment is a challenging task in regions of limited hydro-climatological information. This level of uncertainty is further augmented in studies of flood hydrology for regions like the Brahmaputra River basin, where spatial variations of topography, land use, soil, and weather components are very high. The present study describes the development of a suitable hydrologic model for the data-scarce transboundary Brahmaputra River basin occupying an area of more than 5,42,000 km2. The main objective is to provide hydrologic assessment of the Brahmaputra River basin, even at locations having hardly any historical records. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is calibrated and validated using observed discharge of three sections located on the main stem. The results show a fair strength of the statistical parameters. Moreover, the model has been found to produce a satisfactory replica of historical flows at the tributaries with a fair value of correlation (R2 = 0.77) at Golaghat. The results of this model would facilitate the ability of the local authorities with science-based elements to carry out decisions on the management of water resources at the main basin, and even at the sub-basin level.

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