scholarly journals Multivariate Analysis and Geochemical Signatures of Shallow Groundwater in the Main Urban Area of Chongqing, Southwestern China

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2833
Author(s):  
Si Chen ◽  
Zhonghua Tang ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Jialing Wu ◽  
Chang Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geochemical Modeling ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Drinking Purposes ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Hydrogeochemical processes and quality assessment for shallow groundwater are pivotal issues to be solved in many regions over the world due to the easy access of shallow groundwater. In this study, eighty-six water samples were collected from shallow aquifers of Chongqing, China, during July–September 2019. Multivariate statistical techniques, major ion ratios, and geochemical modeling were integrated to investigate hydrogeochemical characteristics and controlling factors. Afterwards, groundwater quality in spatial was classified by entropy-weighted water quality index and geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis. Groundwater samples were alkaline and possessed high total dissolved solids (TDS) values. Two-group samples were distinguished as mix cations-HCO3-SO4 (group 1) and Ca-Mg-SO4 (group 2) facies. Hydrogeochemical compositions of group 1 samples were dominated by silicate dissolution and ion exchange, while sulfate and calcite dissolution were the main factors influencing the hydrogeochemical characteristics of group 2. The overall quality of groundwater samples varied greatly from excellent quality to extremely poor quality. Group 1 samples were found with excellent and good quality and suitable for drinking purposes. Group 2 samples were all unsuitable for direct drinking purposes as the quality varied from medium to extremely poor, but were spatially limited. Groundwaters with relatively poor quality were due to dissolution of sulfate that were locally enriched in the aquifers. The new findings of this study are expected to provide the reference for future management and sustainable exploitation of groundwater in Chongqing.

Geochemical modeling and multivariate statistical approach for assessing the groundwater quality, and mechanism of arsenic mobilization in Bahraich region, Indo-Gangetic plains, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Usman Khan ◽  
Nachiketa Rai ◽  
Mukesh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Geochemical Modeling ◽  
Sulfide Oxidation ◽  
Dissolution Mechanism ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Gangetic Plains ◽  
Groundwater Samples

<p>As contamination in groundwater has been reported from various regions of the Indian subcontinent but no data related to heavy metal contamination of groundwater has been reported for the Bahraich area in the Indo-Gangetic plains. We report the first dataset on arsenic contamination and groundwater hydrogeochemistry, in Bahraich. This includes concentrations of heavy metal such as As, Mn, and Fe, along with major cations (Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>and Mg<sup>2+</sup>) and anions (F<sup>-</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> and PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), along with various physico-chemical parameters such as EC, pH, and Eh from samples collected during two extensive field campaigns conducted during pre-monsoon, and post-monsoon seasons respectively. The combined use of geochemical modeling and multivariate statistical approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis (CA) suggest several processes affecting the geochemistry of groundwater including the lithological characteristics of aquifers and anthropogenic activities.</p><p>The groundwater of the study area predominantly belongs to the Ca-Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub> type hydrochemical facies. HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> signatures of groundwater indicate the influence of silicate weathering and carbonate dissolution processes with the insignificant role of evaporate dissolution mechanism. As concentration was found to range from 0.6 μg/L to ~100 μg/L with almost 40% of the collected samples exceeding the WHO defined limit of 10 μg/L for drinking water. 70 % of the groundwater samples were found to have very high Fe concentrations exceeding the WHO guideline of 0.3 mg/l in drinking water. Mn concentrations in the groundwater samples were relatively low with only ~10 % of the samples exceeding the WHO defined limit for Mn (400 μg/L). The majority of the groundwater samples were found to be anoxic in nature showing low NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> & SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> concentrations, high Fe & Mn and DOC concentrations, and negative Eh values.</p><p>Results from this study show that the reductive dissolution mechanism of iron oxyhydroxide is the dominant mechanism responsible for arsenic release in groundwater of the region, ruling out any role of sulfide oxidation and alkali desorption.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Evaluation of Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation and Drinking Purposes in an Agricultural Region of the North China Plain

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 3426
Author(s):  
Haipeng Guo ◽  
Muzi Li ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Yunlong Wang ◽  
Xisheng Zang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Deep Groundwater ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Drinking Purposes ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Groundwater Suitability ◽  
Groundwater Wells

Groundwater is an irreplaceable resource for irrigation and drinking in the North China Plain, and the quality of groundwater is of great importance to human health and social development. In this study, using the information from 59 groups of groundwater samples, groundwater quality conditions for irrigation and drinking purposes in an agricultural region of the North China Plain were analyzed. The groundwater belongs to a Quaternary loose rock pore water aquifer. The depths of shallow groundwater wells are 20–150 m below the surface, while the depths of deep groundwater wells are 150–650 m. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (%Na), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), magnesium hazard (MH), permotic index (PI) and electrical conductivity (EC) were selected as indexes to evaluate the shallow groundwater suitability for irrigation. What’s more, the deep groundwater suitability for drinking was assessed and the human health risk of excessive chemicals in groundwater was studied. Results revealed that SAR, Na% and RSC indexes indicated the applicability of shallow groundwater for agricultural irrigation in the study area. We found 57.1% of the shallow groundwater samples were located in high salinity with a low sodium hazard zone. The concentrations of fluorine (F−) in 79.0% of the deep groundwater samples and iodine (I−) in 21.1% of the deep groundwater samples exceeded the permissible limits, respectively. The total hazard quotient (HQ) values of fluorine in over half of the deep groundwater samples exceeded the safety limits, and the health risk degree was ranked from high to low as children, adult females and adult males. In addition to natural factors, the soil layer compression caused by groundwater over-exploitation increased the fluorine concentration in groundwater. Effective measures are needed to reduce the fluorine content of the groundwater of the study area.

scholarly journals SIMILARIDADE DE SOLOS QUANTO A SALINIDADE NO VALE PERENIZADO DO RIO TRUSSU, CEARÁ

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 327
Author(s):  
José Ribeiro De Araújo Neto ◽  
Francisco Emanoel Firmino Gomes ◽  
Helba Araújo de Queiroz Palácio ◽  
Eldir Bandeira Da Silva ◽  
Paulilo Palácio Brasil
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Soluble Ions ◽  
Brazilian Semiarid ◽  
Soil Irrigation ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Similar Soil ◽  
Group 1

SIMILARIDADE DE SOLOS QUANTO A SALINIDADE NO VALE PERENIZADO DO RIO TRUSSU, CEARÁ JOSÉ RIBEIRO DE ARAÚJO NETO1; FRANCISCO EMANOEL FIRMINO GOMES2; HELBA ARAÚJO DE QUEIROZ PALÁCIO1; ELDIR BANDEIRA DA SILVA2 E PAULILO PALÁCIO BRASIL2 [1] Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará - IFCE, Campus Iguatu, Departamento de Tecnologia em Irrigação e Drenagem. Endereço: rodovia Iguatu-Várzea Alegre, Km 05, s/n, CEP: 63.500-000, Iguatu, Ceará, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected].  1 RESUMO O objetivo foi avaliar os impactos da irrigação na adição de sais em solos de duas áreas irrigadas no trecho perenizado do rio Trussu, Iguatu, Ceará, localizado no semiárido brasileiro, aplicando a técnica de estatística multivariada, análise de agrupamento, como ferramenta para identificar a similaridade das áreas no tempo e no espaço. As coletas foram realizadas em 3 áreas, uma com mata de regeneração, uma cultivada com pastagem irrigada e outra com goiaba irrigada. As coletas de solo foram realizadas bimestralmente, de maio/2013 a abril/2014, nas camadas de 0-30 cm; 30-60 cm; 60-90 cm. Foram considerados os seguintes atributos: Condutividade Elétrica do estrato de saturação (CE), pH, PST (percentual de sódio trocável), RAS (razão de adsorção do sódio) e os íons solúveis Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-. O grupo 1 foi formado pelos solos que apresentaram as menores concentrações médias de sais, composto por todas as coletas realizadas nos solos da mata de regeneração, sete oriundas da área com pastagem e seis da área com goiaba, independentemente da camada amostrada ou da época de coleta. O grupo 2 expressa uma completa dissimilaridade das informações da mata de regeneração, visto que nenhuma informação desta área se faz presente neste grupo. As maiores concentrações de sais no grupo 2 indicam que houve uma acumulação de íons no solo nas áreas irrigadas, mas ainda não em nível que comprometa o crescimento das plantas e coloquem em risco os solos quanto a salinidade. A separação destes solos em grupos contendo solos similares quanto à salinidade pode contribuir para estratégias de manejo a serem adotadas para cada grupo de solo formado. Palavras-chaves: sais no solo, irrigação, estatística multivariada.  ARAÚJO NETO, J. R. de; GOMES, F. E. F.; PALÁCIO, H. A. de Q.; SILVA, E. B. da; BRASIL, P. P.SIMILARITY OF SOILS WITH REGARD TO SALINITY IN THE PERENNIAL VALLEY OF TRUSSU RIVER, CEARÁ  2 ABSTRACT The goal was to evaluate the impacts of irrigation with addition of salts on soils of two irrigated areas in the perennial stretch of  Trussu River, Iguatu, Ceará, located in the Brazilian semiarid, by applying the multivariate statistical technique, and clustering analysis, as a tool to identify the similarity of the areas in  time and space. Samples were collected in three areas: one with forest regeneration, cultivated with irrigated pasture and another with irrigated guava. Soil samples were collected every two months from May/2013 to April/2014 in 0-30 cm; 30-60 cm; 60-90 cm layers. The following attributes were considered: Electrical Conductivity of the saturation extract (EC), pH, PES (percentage of exchangeable sodium), SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) and soluble ions Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-. Group 1 was formed by soils presenting the lowest salts concentration average, composed for all samples taken in the regeneration forest soils, seven originating from areas with pasture and six from areas with guava, regardless of the sampled layer or collection time. Group 2 expresses a complete dissimilarity of information on the regeneration forest, since no information on this area is present in this group. The largest salt concentrations in Group 2 indicates that there was an accumulation of ions in the soil in the irrigated areas, but not at a level that could compromise plant growth and jeopardize both soils as salinity. The separation of these soils into groups containing similar soil in salinity can contribute to management strategies to be adopted for each soil group formed. Keywords: salts in the soil, irrigation, multivariate statistics.

scholarly journals Pregnancy Outcomes Following the First Frozen Blastocyst Transfer among Women Aged Less than 35 Years Old

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Hoang ◽  
Le Duc Thang ◽  
Nguyen Thi Lien Huong ◽  
Nguyen Minh Thuy ◽  
Vu Thi Mai Anh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Live Birth ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Multiple Pregnancy ◽  
Live Birth Rate ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Live Birth Rates ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
First Time ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Aims of the study were to describe main outcomes (clinical, ongoing single and multiple pregnancy and live birth rates) following frozen blastocyst transfer performed for the first time among women aged less than 35 years old and analyzed according to both quantity and quality of the embryos. A descriptive cross-sectional study was applied to collect and analyze available data of 505 patients who performed transfer of frozen blastocysts for the first time between June, 2018 and September, 2019 at the Assisted Reproductive Technology Centre of Tam Anh General Hospital. One good quality embryo was transferred for 121 patients (Group 1), 2 good quality embryos for 214 patients (Group 2), 1 good and 1 poor quality embryo for 112 patients (Group 3), 1 good and 2 poor quality embryos for 25 patients (Group 4) and 1 or 2 poor quality embryos for 33 patients (Group 5). Main results showed that the pregnancy rate was 71.9%, 74.8%, 69.4%, 84.0% and 39.4% in Group 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. The rate of multiple pregnancy was 36.9%, 16.9%, and 32.0% in Group 2, 3, and 4, respectively, higher than in Group 1 (4.9%). Meanwhile, the live birth rate was 55.6%, 50.9%, and 60.0% in Group 2, 3 and 4, respectively, but not significantly different from the live birth rate in Group 1 (47.9%). In conclusion, pregnancy and live birth rates were not significantly different following transfer of 1 or 2 good quality blastocysts while the rate of multiple pregnancy was significantly increased following the transfer of 2 good quality ones. Transfer of 1 or 2 poor quality embryos in addition to 1 good embryo did not significantly improve the pregnancy rate.

scholarly journals Alagille syndrome: Review of 14 patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Purnamawati S. Pujiarto ◽  
Arnold L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Liver Biopsy ◽  
Autosomal Dominant ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Alagille Syndrome ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Autosomal Dominant Disorder ◽  
Hemorrhagic Pneumonia ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Alagille syndrome (AGS) Is a common form of familial intrahepatic choleslasis, an autosomal dominant disorder due to defects in Jagged1 gene. It Is characterized by at least 3 of 5 mator features. We reviewed two groups of patients with AGS. Group 1 comprised 12 AGS patients, retrospectively studied (1995-1996), in the Gastroenterology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Group 2 comprised 2 AGS patients, prospectively studied since 1999, in The Pediatric Hepatology Division, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta. Prolonged cholestasis is the most common feature at presentation (12 patients). All these 12 subjects developed pruritus and xanthoma of varying degree. Osteopenia occured in 6 patients, 2 patients experienced fractures. AGS facies was noted In aH 14 subjects. Heart anomaty was found in 10 patients, vertebral anomaly in 6 patients, and posterior embryotoxin in 10 patients. Common additional features were growth and mental retardation in 10 and 8 patients, respectively. Liver biopsy was able to confirm the diagnosis as young as age 2 months. Death occurred in 2 patients due to liver failure and hemorrhagic pneumonia. Liver transplant was done in 1 patient due to poor quality of life (severe pruritus, xanthoma, recurrent fractures). Affected family members were strongly presumed in 8 patients. In conclusion, AGS should be considered in babies with chronic Intrahepatic cholestasls, especially it associated with pruritus. Liver biopsy Is the most sensitive diagnostic testing which will prevent unnecessary surgical intervention due to biliary atresia mimicry.

scholarly journals Assessing the ground waters of Bulgaria using a Water Quality Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
Tanya Vasileva
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Drinking Purposes

The study focuses on the quality of shallow groundwater in Bulgaria based on the content of major ions. To be safe for drinking purposes, their concentrations must not exceed the respective thresholds. The groundwater quality is assessed in terms of health hazard by a groundwater quality index (GWQI or WQI), and the respective map is presented. The results show that for the territory of Bulgaria, this index varies from 13 to 92. The highest values of this index (related to health hazard) are typical for the lower hypsometric zone of the country. The shallow groundwater in the zone of active water exchange is distributed as follows: waters of excellent quality, waters of good quality, waters of poor quality, and waters of very poor quality, covering 3%, 39%, 22%, and 31% of the whole area of the country, respectively. In this study, no estimates have been made for 5% of the territory of Bulgaria, which is characterized by the presence of very hard groundwater.

scholarly journals Translational Research of Telecare for the Treatment of Hepatitis C

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Wan-Lin Chen ◽  
Wen-Ta Chiu ◽  
Ming-Shun Wu ◽  
Mei-Huang Hsu ◽  
Shin-Han Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Public Health Nurse ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Communication Center ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
Group 1

Objective. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a serious health problem in Taiwan. The high dropout rate due to side effects limits the efficacy of treatment. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of telecare for the treatment of chronic hepatitis.Material and Methods. Two hundred and ninety-eight patients randomly chose either of the two support programs. Group 1 was offered public health nurse consultation at outpatient clinic. Group 2 was offered telecare program with 24 hours of consultation services via a health communication center. All patients were treated with standard therapy and followed up for 72 weeks.Results. Normalization of serum biochemistry was noted in both Group 1 (150 patients) and Group 2 (148 patients). The most common types of side effect in both groups were influenza-like symptoms. Patient compliance was 88% (Group 1) and 94.6% (Group 2). Total dropout cases were 18 (12%) in Group 1 and 8 (5.4%) in Group 2. The program costs were 232,632 USD (Group 1) and 112,500 USD (Group 2).Conclusion. Telecare system with health care communication center model is significant in reducing dropout rate and is more effective with easy access.

scholarly journals Qualitative Assessment of Scleral Shape Patterns Using a New Wide Field Ocular Surface Elevation Topographer

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory DeNaeyer ◽  
Donald Sanders ◽  
Eef Van der Worp ◽  
Jason Jedlicka ◽  
Langis Michaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Landing Zone ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background and Objectives: Objective was to examine new findings regarding conjunctival/scleral shape mapped with a novel wide field elevation topography device and software, to propose a new classification system for scleral shape. Methods: The Scleral Shape Study Group (SSSG) collaborated on this research. Data was collected from 152 eyes of prospective scleral lens patients utilizing a new topography device and software specifically designed to measure and map the sclera out to as much as 22 mm. Circumferential scleral plots of sagittal height vs. meridian at 14, 15 and 16mm diameters from the corneal center were generated for each eye. Scleral shape patterns were reviewed in all cases and classified according to recurring characteristics. Results: Twelve eyes were excluded from the analysis due to incomplete data. Of the remaining 140 eyes, 8 (5.7%), of the plots were primarily spherical (Group 1) and 40 (28.6%) were primarily regularly toric, largely conforming to a toric (Sin2) curve with approximately 180° periodicity or interval between elevation to elevation or depression to depression (Group 2). Fifty-seven cases (40.7%) had asymmetric depressions (or steep areas) or asymmetric elevations (or flat areas) which were classified as Group 3. The remaining 35 cases (26%) had a recognizable toric pattern with elevations and depressions but they were irregularly spaced or did not have the customary 180° periodicity (Group 4). Conclusion: A new classification of conjunctival/scleral shape is presented based upon data now available through wide field elevation topography, which could be helpful in scleral lens fitting and potentially soft lens fitting as the landing zone of these lenses are beyond the corneal borders.

Biomechanical comparison of the pullout properties of external skeletal fixation pins in the tibiae of intact and ovariectomised ewes

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (05) ◽  
pp. 418-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Heidari ◽  
N. J. Mahony ◽  
S. M. Rackard ◽  
F. J. O’Brien ◽  
T. C. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Quality ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Bone Interface ◽  
Stable Component ◽  
Holding Power ◽  
Control Bone ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Biomechanical Comparison ◽  
Group 1

SummaryThe pin-bone interface is the least stable component of the external skeletal fixator. Concerns exist regarding the ability to obtain adequate implant purchase in poor quality bone. Consequently, reduced bone quality has been viewed as a contra-indication for the use of external skeletal fixators. The aim of this study was to investigate the holding power of two different fixator pin designs in bone from entire and ovariectomised sheep. Thirty-two aged ewes were divided into two groups. Group 1 were controls, and Group 2 were ovariectomised (OVX). The ewes were sacrificed 12 months postovariectomy and five pairs of tibiae were harvested from each group. The holding power of cortical and cancellous fixator pins was assessed at five standardised locations on each tibia. An increase in mean cortical thickness was noted in the OVX group. The holding power of cancellous fixator pins was superior to that of cortical pins, irrespective of whether or not ovariectomy had been performed. Cancellous pins had an increased holding power in post ovariectomy bone compared to control bone. Cortical pin performance was not affected by ovariectomy. There was a lack of correlation between the incidence of insertional fractures of the far cortex and implant holding power. The results raise questions over the effectiveness of ovariectomy in establishing osteopaenic bone suitable for assessing implant performance, hence further investigations are warranted.

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