scholarly journals Multi-Year Index-Based Insurance for Adapting Water Utility Companies to Hydrological Drought: Case Study of a Water Supply System of the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region, Brazil

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2954
Author(s):  
Diego A. Guzmán ◽  
Guilherme S. Mohor ◽  
Eduardo M. Mendiondo
Keyword(s):  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Hydrological Drought ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Insurance Fund ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Utility Company ◽  
Data Limitations ◽  
Utility Companies

The sustainability of water utility companies is threatened by non-stationary drivers, such as climate and anthropogenic changes. To cope with potential economic losses, instruments such as insurance are useful for planning scenarios and mitigating impacts, but data limitations and risk uncertainties affect premium estimation and, consequently, business sustainability. This research estimated the possible economic impacts of business interruption to the Sao Paulo Water Utility Company derived from hydrological drought and how this could be mitigated with an insurance scheme. Multi-year insurance (MYI) was proposed through a set of “change” drivers: the climate driver, through forcing the water evaluation and planning system (WEAP) hydrological tool; the anthropogenic driver, through water demand projections; and the economic driver, associated with recent water price policies adopted by the utility company during water scarcity periods. In our study case, the evaluated indices showed that MYI contracts that cover only longer droughts, regardless of the magnitude, offer better financial performance than contracts that cover all events (in terms of drought duration). Moreover, through MYI contracts, we demonstrate solvency for the insurance fund in the long term and an annual average actuarially fair premium close to the total expected revenue reduction.

scholarly journals Termite Communities in Sugarcane Plantations in Southeastern Brazil: an Ecological Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciane Kern Junqueira ◽  
Edmilson Ricardo Gonçalves ◽  
Lucas Manuel Cabral Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Termite Species ◽  
Grass Litter

Termites are key components of soil fauna, playing an essential role in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. However, they can cause significant economic losses in commercial plantations, such as sugar cane. Therefore, the correct identification of termite species is critical for pest control. Here, we evaluated the species richness, abundance and functional groups of termites in sugarcane plantations in 53 cities throughout the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. We also analyzed the influence of macroclimatic variables on termite species distribution and functional groups. We found 22 taxa of two families, of which the most frequent species were Termitidae (96.51%). Within this family, Apicotermitinae had the highest frequency of occurrence (37.12%), followed by Termitinae (30.57%), Syntermitinae (27.95%), and Nasutitermitinae (0.8 %). The other family, Rhinotermitidae, had the lowest frequency (3.5%), being represented only by Heterotermes sulcatus Mathews. We classified Neocapritermes opacus Hagen (29.26%), Apicotermitinae sp.2 (24.89%), Cornitermes cumulans Kollar (13.10%), and Apicotermitinae sp.1 (6.99%) as common taxa. The remaining 18 species were classified as rare. The most common functional group was humus-feeders (37%), followed by wood-feeders (34%), grass-litter feeders (25%), and intermediate feeders (4%). Climate influenced the distribution of common species, humus-feeders and grass-litter feeders. Regarding the pest status of termites in sugar cane plantations, we suggest that the exasperated use of pesticide in the last decades has reduced the abundance of species considered pests (e.g. Heterotermes) and reinforce the importance of ecological approaches for determining the best pest control methods.Comunidades de Cupins em Cultivos de Cana-de-Açúcar no Estado de São Paulo: Uma Abordagem EcológicaResumo. Os cupins são importantes componentes da fauna de solo, atuando na decomposição da matéria orgânica e ciclagem de nutrientes. Porém, em cultivos de cana-de-açúcar, podem provocar perdas econômicas significativas. A correta identificação das espécies de cupins é um ponto crítico para o controle daquelas que adquiriram e/ou que podem atingir o status de praga. Este trabalho objetivou identificar a riqueza, a abundância e os grupos funcionais destes insetos em canaviais de 53 municípios do estado de São Paulo. Paralelamente, avaliou se as variáveis macroclimáticas influenciam a distribuição das comunidades de cupins e dos grupos funcionais. A riqueza obtida foi de 22 táxons. Da família Termitidae (96,51%), a maior frequência de ocorrência foi da subfamília Apicotermitinae (37,12%), seguindo-se Termitinae (30,57%), Syntermitinae (27,95%) e Nasutitermitinae (0,8%). A família Rhinotermitidae (3,5%) esteve representada apenas por Heterotermes sulcatus Mathews. Quatro táxons foram considerados comuns em canaviais, Neocapritermes opacus Hagen (29,26%), Apicotermitinae sp.2 (24,89%), Cornitermes cumulans Kollar (13,10%) e Apicotermitinae sp.1 (6,99%) e os 18 restantes foram classificados como raros. O grupo funcional mais frequente foi o dos humívoros (37%), seguido por xilófagos (34%), comedores de serrapilheira (25%) e intermediários (4%). O clima influenciou a distribuição das espécies comuns, bem como dos grupos funcionais dos humívoros e dos comedores de serrapilheira. Sugere-se que o uso intensivo de pesticidas nas últimas décadas reduziu a abundância de espécies até então consideradas praga em cana-de-açúcar (ex. Heterotermes), o que reforça a importância dos estudos ecológicos para a definição de métodos de controle mais adequados.

scholarly journals Optimización operativa de Aguas de Manizales S.A. ESP, a partir de la implementación del SIG [Operational optimization of Aguas de Manizales S.A. ESP, throughout implementing a GIS]

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Giraldo Fadul
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Utility Company ◽  
Sewage System ◽  
Gis Applications ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
History Of ◽  
Potential Improvement

Resumen Desde el desarrollo de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica su aplicación se ha extendido a diversos campos como densidad poblacional, medio ambiente, transporte, agricultura, entre otros. El sector de Agua potable y alcantarillado no ha sido ajeno a las bondades que brinda un SIG para administrar de manera gráfica diferentes elementos de un sistema que poseen atributos, características y una posición geográfica relativa. Con el fin de analizar la utilidad y beneficios de la implementación de un Sistema de Información Geográfica en una empresa de este tipo, se ha querido estudiar la empresa Aguas de Manizales S.A. ESP organización reconocida en Colombia como modelo de gestión en el sector de agua potable y alcantarillado, considerando la forma como el SIG contribuyó en su fortalecimiento empresarial y examinando el comportamiento y mejora de algunos de los componentes del sistema más representativos, además de concluir sobre las aplicaciones del SIG que hoy en día son susceptibles de mejorar su aprovechamiento en la empresa. Este documento describe en primera instancia el sistema de acueducto y alcantarillado operado por la empresa con el fin de identificar los diferentes elementos que entraron a ser administrados con ayuda del Sistema de Información Geográfica. Hace una presentación del estado inicial de los componentes del sistema antes de la implementación del SIG desde el punto de vista técnico y comercial. Así mismo, muestra un análisis de la forma como la puesta en marcha del mismo contribuyó a alcanzar la optimización operativa actual, detallando finalmente los diferentes beneficios obtenidos por la empresa y las aplicaciones y utilidades del SIG que cuentan con un potencial de mejora de su uso en una empresa de acueducto y alcantarillado. Palabras ClaveSIG, acueducto, alcantarillado. Abstract Since their early development Geographic information Systems (GIS) applications have extended to different areas such population density, natural environment, transportation, agriculture, among others. Water utility companies have also implemented GIS to manage the elements of their business possessing the geographical relative location and attributes that characterize them. Aguas de Manizales S.A. ESP is a leading water utility company in the sector of drinking water and sewage system in Colombia. This document describe the process of implementing a GIS system within AGUAS considering the history of the system implementation, the contributions of GIS to AGUAs management structure and the areas susceptible of further implementation.This document describes the characteristics of drinking water and sewage system operated by AGUAS identifying the different elements to be managed by the GIS. I present the initial state of the components of the system before the GIS implementation from the technical and commercial viewpoint and the developments to reach the current operative optimization. Finally, I summarize the benefits obtained for the organization and the areas for potential improvement. KeywordsGIS, drinking water, sewage.

scholarly journals Anatomical distribution and population dynamics of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in cattle in the municipality of Óleo, São Paulo

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1077
Author(s):  
Ana Helena Ferrazzini Marvullo Neves ◽  
Odilon Vidotto
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
The Right ◽  
Head Neck ◽  
Selection Of

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus infestation is responsible for significant economic losses in cattle industry. The use of acaricides at strategic times and selection of resistant animals can minimize economic losses. This study aimed to determine the anatomical distribution and population dynamics of R. microplus in the municipality of Óleo, state of São Paulo. This study was conducted using eight male cattle, crossbred zebu-taurine (in accordance with the regional herd). Female R. (B.) microplus, greater than 4 mm, present in the right side of the animals were counted between April 2012 and March 2013. The highest tick number per animal was noted in October (128.25), and the lowest in April (35.5), with three infestation peaks during the study, in May, October, and December, which were influenced by the minimum and maximum mean temperature and rainfall. Among the cranio-caudal regions (anterior, median, and posterior), the posterior had the highest mean tick number, and the anterior had the lowest. The minimum temperature, rainfall, and solar radiation interfered with infestation of dorsoventral regions: in cold months, the lowest infestations were found in the mixed area (ear and tail); in the warm months, in the high region (head, neck, upper ribs, flank, and rump). The lower region (dewlap, cranial limb, lower ribs, abdomen, prepuce, scrotum, and lower limb) always had the highest mean tick number. The tick numbers of the caudal limb and crotch showed strong correlation with the total tick number (+0.88 and +0.70, respectively). These data, grouped according to median, posterior, and crotch regions, showed a stronger correlation with the total tick number (+0.96, +0.90, and +0.70, respectively).

scholarly journals Neospora caninum: soroepidemiologia de vacas e cães de propriedades leiteiras de Cunha, São Paulo, Brasil

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 3123
Author(s):  
Sintia Barboza Bastos ◽  
Thais Agostinho Martins ◽  
Ana Sue Sammi ◽  
Felippe Danyel Cardoso Martins ◽  
Ivo Alexandre Leme da Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blood Samples

Neosporosis, a parasitic disease prevalent worldwide, is caused by the protozoan Neospora caninum, an obligatory intracellular parasite that can cause abortions and infertility in females, resulting in high economic losses. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against N. caninum in dairy cattle, and the occurrence of antibodies in dogs from farms in the municipality of Cunha, São Paulo, Brazil. Additionally, eighteen months after the primary study, an analysis to determine the incidence, seroconversion, and occurrence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was conducted in cows. Sampling was carried out in two phases: during the first one, 400 dairy cattle and 50 dog blood samples from 40 farms were collected. During the second phase, blood samples were collected from 119 cows belonging to 16 farms visited 18 months before. Serum samples were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) with titers ? 100 for cattle and ? 50 for dogs considered as positives. The occurrence of antibodies against N. caninum was 15.0% (60/400) and 14.0% (7/50) for cattle and dogs, respectively. After 18 months, the observed incidence of antibodies was 7.4% (4/54), the conversion detected was 71.4% (seropositive to seronegative) and 7.4% (seronegative to seropositive animals), and the observed occurrence was 7.56% (9/119). The calculated odds ratio (OR) was significant (p < 0.05) for abortions, presence of dogs, and parturition stalls. However, protection factors were identified in 2- to 4-year-old dairy cattle and in the number of lactating cows ? 10 animals. Thus, the presence of antibodies against N. caninum in the studied suggested both vertical and horizontal transmission are occurring in cattle.

scholarly journals VAMPIRE BAT DESMODUS ROTUNDUS SHELTERS IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Paulo Jacques Mialhe ◽  
Luiz Eduardo Moschini ◽  
Diego Peruchi Trevisan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Drainage Network ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Desmodus Rotundus ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Vampire Bat

The vampire bat Desmodus rotundus is the main transmitter of domestic herbivorous rabies, which causes economic losses in cattle raising, being a serious public health problem. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allows the spatial monitoring of these bats shelters, which is an efficient way to prevent and control rabies. This study located shelters of D. rotundus in the Eastern Center region of São Paulo state and identified the types of shelters used (natural or artificial), their proximity to water, sexual composition, and population estimated of the colonies. Searches were carried out by colonies of vampire bats in natural and artificial shelters during 2002 to 2004, covering 18 municipalities. After located, the shelters were georeferenced, being recorded the nature of the shelter (natural or artificial), use (shelters of males, maternities, digestive) and estimated population. The data were incorporated into a GIS, producing a thematic map of the shelter’s location and their distance from the local water bodies. There were found 1.567 D. rotundus distributed in 94 shelters, where only six shelters (6.38%) were natural (caves). Most shelters (79.78%) were sparsely populated, with up to 15 bats, including male shelters (46 shelters) and 30 maternities (63.82% of maternities). Five shelters (5.37%) had between 50 and 100 bats and only two shelters (2.15%) had a population greater than 100 bats. Six shelters (6.38%) were inhabited houses, which is a concern for public health, as these may constitute a source of dangerous contamination for domestic and human carnivores. All the shelters were at a distance of up to 2 km of rivers or streams. The high percentage of artificial shelters found is a consequence of the intensification of the anthropic changes that increase the supply of food and shelter to D. rotundus, which associated with a large drainage network favors the dispersion of this species of bat in the region. The proximity of all D. rotundus shelters to the drainage network corroborates other studies in São Paulo state, where the areas close to the main rivers generally favor the existence of a larger number of shelters.

scholarly journals ERADICATION PROGRAM OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN THE STATE OF SÃO PAULO: EVALUATION OF OFFICIAL DATA OBTAINED BETWEEN 1997-2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Acácio Romualdo Assoni Rodrigues ◽  
Luís Guilherme de Oliveira ◽  
Igor Renan Honorato Gatto ◽  
Henrique Meiroz de Souza Almeida ◽  
Gabriel Augusto Marques Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Eradication Program ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Official Data ◽  
Free Area

Abstract Foot and mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, is known by the economic losses it causes in farms and in regions where it is endemic. The State of São Paulo has not recorded FMD outbreaks since 1996. Based on official data from 1997 to 2012, this study organized, analyzed, and confronted the following information with the current literature: a) the FMD vaccination rates from 1997 to 2012 in São Paulo; b) the results of the official monitoring designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of vaccination against FMD; c) the passive surveillance procedures and compliance with reports of suspected vesicular disease in the State of São Paulo; d) the results of the official monitoring designed to demonstrate the absence of viral circulation in the State of São Paulo; e) the relation between the preventive measures adopted by the veterinarian official service with the challenge of FMD outbreaks in other neighboring states. Finally, the description of the free area without vaccination implementation prospects for the State of São Paulo, classification granted by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The data analysis showed that sanitary measures, strategies, and the methodology to assess the efficacy of the FMD eradication program in the State of São Paulo were efficient. Even though the data suggest that the state is able to upgrade to a FMD free area without vaccination, some aspects should be taken into account, such as the structure of the state's Official Veterinary Service, disease control programs in states epidemiologically related with São Paulo and the commitment of the whole supply chain with surveillance and eradication of FMD.

scholarly journals Genetic characterization of rabies virus isolated from bovines and equines between 2007 and 2008, in the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Isabel Macedo ◽  
Pedro Carnieli Junior ◽  
Willian de Oliveira Fahl ◽  
Jonas Yoshitaka de Oliveira Lima ◽  
Rafael de Novaes Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
São Paulo

INTRODUCTION: Rabies is an acute disease of the central nervous system and is responsible for the deaths of thousands of humans, wild animals and livestock, particularly cattle, as well as causing major economic losses. This study describes the genetic characterization of rabies virus variants that circulate in Desmodus rotundus populations and are transmitted to herbivores. METHODS: Fifty rabies virus isolates from bovines and equines in the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil, were genetically characterized and compared with sequences retrieved from GenBank. RESULTS: Two clusters (I and II) with mean nucleotide identities of 99.1 and 97.6% were found. The first of these contained nearly all the samples analyzed. Lineages from other Brazilian states grouped in cluster II. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the amino acid sequences of the N proteins revealed the existence of genetic markers that may indicate possible variations between geographic regions, although the biologically active regions are conserved within the species over space and time.

scholarly journals PM10 Exposure and Cardiorespiratory Mortality – Estimating the Effects and Economic Losses in São Paulo, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 3127-3133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Camasmie Abe ◽  
Gianni Mara Silva dos Santos ◽  
Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coêlho ◽  
Simone Georges El Khouri Miraglia
Keyword(s):  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Pm10 Exposure

scholarly journals Campylobacter isolation from the feces of sheep with a history of reproductive disorders bred in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽  
pp. 4207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huber Rizzo ◽  
Lilian Gregory ◽  
Fidel Beraldi ◽  
Aline Feola de Carvalho ◽  
Eliana Scarcelli Pinheiro
Keyword(s):  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter species are a significant cause of sheep abortion in most sheep-raising countries. The relationship between the presence of Campylobacter spp. in fecal samples and reproductive disorders was investigated in 274 sheep from 28 properties in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Biological samples from 16 aborted fetuses, one uterus, six placentas, five uterine secretion samples, five vaginal swabs, 17 semen samples, and three preputial swabs were also subjected to bacterial isolation. The bacteria were isolated from fecal samples of 14.9% (5/28) of the properties, affecting 3.65% (10/274) of the sheep, 3.5% (9/255) of females and 5.3% (1/19) of males. Campylobacter jejuni was the most prevalent species, present in 66.67% (7) of the positive samples, followed by Campylobacter coli, present in 22.22% (2), and one strain was identified as Campylobacter spp. The birth of “weak” lambs (p=0.06, OR=6.83 and CI=1.73 to 27.05) and neonatal death (p=0.087, OR=3.5 and CI=0.83 to 14.72) were associated with the fecal isolation of Campylobacter spp. Diarrhea was also associated with the bacteria (p=0.003, OR=9.83 and CI=2.19 to 44.18). The dissemination of Campylobacter spp. in Brazilian sheep is low and that, at present, the existing strains are not responsible for significant economic losses in sheep production, especially in adult animals.

CSR Programs of Municipal Water Utility Companies for Wetland Communities of South Kalimantan

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
Laila Said ◽  
Fifi Swandari ◽  
Meldasari Said
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Utility Company ◽  
Municipal Water ◽  
Utility Companies ◽  
Csr Strategy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Corporate Social

Many studies on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of private companies' social funds. Only a few studies on CSR programs of municipal utility companies. The municipal utility company is unique because it has a captive market, and the Government regulates the company. These factors impact company's CSR strategy. This study qualitatively analyzed the CSR of municipal water utility companies of Bandarmasih and Intan Banjar. The Bandarmasih, which is located in the city of Banjarmasin, represents urban wetlands. The Intan Banjar, which service area includes Banjarbaru city and Banjar regency, represents rural wetlands. The analysis method was descriptive exploratory through observation, interviews, and focus group discussion. The results showed that the CSR programs had been sufficiently implemented but ineffective to fulfill the wetland community's needs. The CSR programs were sporadic and did not strategically improve the companies' image. The CSR programs were not derived from the companies' vision and mission. There was no formulated social responsibility policy. This current research contributes to designing a 'signature' CSR program under its core business competencies for community welfare. This research is among the first to focus on municipal utility companies' CSR programs concerning communities in wetland areas. 

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