scholarly journals The Possibility of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) for Normal Functioning of the Public Water-Supply of Zagreb, Croatia

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1562
Author(s):  
Hrvoje Meaški ◽  
Ranko Biondić ◽  
Jelena Loborec ◽  
Dijana Oskoruš
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Normal Functioning ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Pumping Station ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
Sava River ◽  
The Sava River

With its quantities of groundwater, the Zagreb aquifer is an irreplaceable water-supply resource that forms the basis of the water-supply of Zagreb, the capital and largest city of the Republic of Croatia. The depth of the Zagreb aquifer system is about 100 m at the deepest part, and the two main aquifers of the aquifer system can be separated vertically by low-permeable clay deposits. In the area of the Zagreb aquifer, there are several active and reserve public water-supply sites, the largest of which are Mala Mlaka and Petruševec. The groundwater level of the Zagreb aquifer is directly related to the water levels of the Sava River, so any erosive change in the Sava riverbed decreases the groundwater levels in the aquifer. In the last 50 years, the groundwater levels in the Zagreb aquifer have decreased significantly, being most pronounced in the area of the Mala Mlaka water-supply site. This has affected the normal functioning of the public water-supply because the suction baskets of the pumps in the dug wells at the Mala Mlaka water-supply site occasionally remain partially or completely in the unsaturated aquifer zone during low groundwater levels, which reduces capacity or prevents pumping from these water-supply facilities. Immediately next to the Mala Mlaka water-supply site is the Sava-Odra Canal, which was built to protect Zagreb from flooding and into which the Sava River flows when its flow rate exceeds 2350 m3/s. This reduces the flow rate of the Sava River near Zagreb and the possibility of flooding urban areas. To prevent problems with groundwater levels at the Mala Mlaka water-supply facilities and to enable normal water-supply, even in extremely dry periods, several variants of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) are proposed here. In order to determine the optimal solution for MAR and to enable the normal functioning of one of the main sites of water-supply in the Zagreb water-supply system. Groundwater flow for the period of 2006 to 2010 was simulated for six different variants of MAR. One assumes a constant potential in the Sava-Odra Canal, three are related to recharge from the Sava-Odra Canal with different backwater levels in the infiltration facility (elevations of 114, 114.5, and 115 m a.s.l.), and two with three absorption wells upstream of the Mala Mlaka water pumping station (injection of 300 L/s each and 500 L/s each). The most favorable method to recharge artificially the Zagreb aquifer near the Mala Mlaka pumping station is achieved with an infiltration facility using an elevation of 115 m a.s.l. The use of such a facility will enable the smooth operation of the water pumping station and the possibility of increasing the pumping quantities at the Mala Mlaka water pumping station for the future development of the area.

scholarly journals The study of the interactions between Sava River and Zagreb aquifer system (Croatia) using water stable isotopes

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 12017
Author(s):  
Jelena Parlov ◽  
Zoran Kovač ◽  
Jadranka Barešić
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
River Water ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Protection Zones ◽  
Sava River ◽  
Water Fractions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Sava River

Water stable isotopes were used to investigate hydrological pathways and interactions between surface water and groundwater in the Zagreb aquifer system (Croatia). δ2H and δ18O values indicate a spatial variability of the influence of individual groundwater sources inside the aquifer – local precipitation and the Sava River water. Fractions of surface water in groundwater strongly depend on fluctuations of the river water level and less on the distance from the Sava River. These data extend our understanding of groundwater flow in the Zagreb aquifer system, interactions between Sava River water, local precipitation and groundwater. The results of the research allow more precise monitoring plans and definition of the sanitary protection zones of the well fields in the future.

scholarly journals Morphometric Characteristics, Shapes and Provenance of Holocene Pebbles from the Sava River Gravels (Zagreb, Croatia)

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Uroš Barudžija ◽  
Josipa Velić ◽  
Tomislav Malvić ◽  
Neven Trenc ◽  
Nikolina Matovinović Božinović
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Alluvial Aquifer ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Sedimentary Environments ◽  
Sava River ◽  
Local Input ◽  
The Sava River

Morphometric analysis of Holocene pebbles from Sava River gravel in NW Croatia revealed shape distributions as observed along a 30 km long watercourse. Limestones, dolomites, and sandstones were identified as the major (>4%) and effusive magmatics in this alluvial aquifer system in Zagreb, with cherts and tuffs as minor pebble lithologies (up to 4%). Their distributions mainly indicate distant Alpine provenance for carbonate pebbles (limestone and dolomite) and local input for sandstones and minor lithotypes, laterally from the Samoborska Gora and Medvednica mountain. Carbonates are predominantly disc- and sphere-shaped, implying distant sources. Scattered distributions of pebble shapes (sphere, disc, blade, and rod) for sandstones and minor lithotypes possibly indicate multiple sources, some of them probably local. The tentatively interpreted “original sedimentary environments” for the main pebble lithotypes (calculated from their flatness ratios) possibly indicate that they are predominantly lake beach pebbles, followed by moraine and riverbed pebbles. However, these results should be strongly questioned.

scholarly journals Groundwater Quality on the Adriatic Karst Island of Mljet (Croatia) and Its Implications on Water Supply

Geofluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Staša Borović ◽  
Josip Terzić ◽  
Marco Pola
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Groundwater Levels

Water supply of the islands is a global challenge, especially in the countries which have highly indented coastlines with numerous islands. The island of Mljet in Croatia was investigated due to its unique source of water supply: desalination of water from brackish lakes—blatinas—fed by groundwater and connected to the sea by karst conduits. Water sampling and chemical analyses were performed during hydrological minimum and maximum with regard to groundwater levels in 2005/2006 and minimum in 2016. A total of 13 samples were analysed within the study: 10 samples were taken from blatinas, 1 from pit well, and 2 from borehole wells. All waters sampled from the lakes are of Na-Cl type. The seawater percentage in the lakes used to extract feed water for desalination plants, calculated by conservative mixing approach, is relatively low (0.7-9.8%) and varies in correlation with hydrological seasons. Low proportion of seawater is an essential factor of cost minimisation in desalination by the installed reverse osmosis (RO) plants. Daily monitoring of total dissolved solids in the feed water was introduced in May 2016, and its results were analysed in the context of precipitation—a sole source of island aquifer recharge. Maximum concentrations were observed during September and interpreted to be caused by a combination of natural and anthropogenic pressure during the summer tourist season. Minimum concentrations were expected after the rainy season in the cold part of the year but were observed in June instead. Due to a short observation period and untypical distribution of precipitation in the same time interval, the data can only be considered indicative. An unusual pattern of sulphate anion concentrations, which cannot be attributed solely to fresh- and seawater mixing, was observed in one of the blatinas, but its origin could not be determined based on available data. Taking into account all the presented data on groundwater quality, climate change predictions, the connection of water supply system to the mainland and problems with the effluent treatment, it is clear that the main future challenge will be the creation of an island-wide sustainable water management plan followed by continuous monitoring and research.

scholarly journals Optimization of Energy Consumption in the Pumping Station Supplying Two Zones of the Water Supply System

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 310
Author(s):  
Martyna Świętochowska ◽  
Izabela Bartkowska
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Energy Optimization ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Pumping Station ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
System Pressure ◽  
Pumping Stations

Water supply pumping stations are among the main energy-consuming elements in the water supply system. The energy optimization of a pumping station can significantly affect the energy consumption of a water utility. This article deals with the energy optimization of water pumping stations. The work assumes several variants of optimization of water supply pumping stations through changes in the water supply system, pressure changes in the pumping station, and modification of the number of pumps. After analyzing the network, conducting field tests, and creating a model of the water supply network, the network was calibrated in order to reproduce the existing water network as accurately as possible. Then, a variant analysis was performed, and the best optimization method for the pumping station was selected. In two variants, there was a decrease in electricity consumption; in three there, was an increase; in one, there was no change. By connecting the DMA zones and modifying the pressure in the pumping station, the energy consumption of the pumping stations was reduced. On this basis, it was found that it is possible to optimize the water pumping station by modifying the pumping station and work related to the network layout.

Fuzzy Method Applied at Energetic and Economic Rehabilitation of Pumping Station

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victorita Radulescu
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Pumping Station ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
Pumping Stations ◽  
Double Spiral

Abstract Many pumping stations require an urgent rehabilitation from hydraulic, energetic, and economic point of view, being older than 30 years. Some urban stations for the water supply are nowadays under-dimensioned compared with the necessary consumption. Such an example is the pumping station of the Buzau City, realized in 1986. Its population has grown in the last decades by about 30% due to industrial development and its water pumping station from the treatment plant is currently totally insufficient. The hydraulic losses through the control discharge valve have become too high. This pumping station ensures the water supply for the south and east part of the city. Firstly, some characteristics of the pumping station equipped with pumps 12NDS- Normal-Double spiral casing-Single-layer of 160kW and 18NDS of 400kW and 500 kW, all from domestic production, are presented. Modernization of the pumping station has started few years ago and being realized in steps, so as not interrupt the city’s water supply. To establish the optimal operating point some algorithms are presented, developed based on the experimental data and using functions with one or two independent variables. Firstly, the interpolation function is determined, followed by its numerical calculation. To establish the characteristics’ equations H = f(Q), P = f(Q), and η = f(Q) starting from experimental results obtained by direct measurements, a polynomial approximation was chosen by the method of the least squares, using the polynomials Lagrange and Bezier. For optimization, the fuzzy technique is adopted regarding the flow fusing, intervals between start and stop following some policies concerning the aggregates’ starting. For a year, the energy saved between these intervals was calculated. Finally, the obtained yields of about 90% proved that the pumps modernization adopting new functioning techniques is more advantageous in some situations than the purchase of new equipment.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Impact of Climate Extremes on the Groundwater of Eastern Croatia

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Marija Šperac ◽  
Jasna Zima
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Pumping Station ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Constant Quality ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyzes the groundwater in the deep Quaternary aquifer of Eastern Croatia. These waters are collected at the Vinogradi Pumping Station (Osijek, Croatia) for the needs of public water supply. This research aimed to assess the impact of climate extremes, namely, high air temperatures and low rainfall, on the quantity and quality of groundwater. On the basis of data from the Vinogradi Pumping Station in the period 1987–2015, three extremely warm and low-water years were singled out. For these three years, the following were analyzed: climate diagrams, groundwater levels (in the piezometers closest to and farthest from the pumping station), and the quality of the affected groundwater. The results of this research indicate that the reaction of aquifers to the analyzed extreme climatic conditions for the observed period was manifested in the variation of the amplitude of groundwater levels by a maximum of 4–5 m. Considering the total thickness of the affected layers (60–80 m), this variation is not a concern from the point of view of water supply. As for the quality of groundwater, it was found to be of constant quality in its composition and was not affected by climatic extremes.

scholarly journals Hydro-geological properties of the Savian aquifer in the county Obrenovac

2005 ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusan Stojadinovic ◽  
Zoran Nikic ◽  
Dusko Isakovic
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Pollution Transport ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Sava River ◽  
Groundwater Regime ◽  
Filtration Properties ◽  
Bearing Layer ◽  
The Sava River

The paper presents a description of hydrogeological researches of alluvial layers of the Sava River in the area of the source "Vic Bare" near Obrenovac. This source supplies groundwater to that town. The depth of these layers amounts to 25 m. With regard to collecting capacity, the most significant are gravel-sand sediments of high filtration properties. Their average depth amounts to about 13 m with the underlying layer made of Pleistocene clays. Compact aquifer is formed within these sediments and it refills partly from the Sava River at places where river cuts its channel into the gravel-sand layer. The analysis of the groundwater regime in the riparian area points out that groundwater levels follow stages of the Sava River. Such an influence lessens with the distance. Established hydraulic connection between the river and the aquifer enables its permanent replenishment. On the other hand, due to certain pollutions this river flow might bring along, it represents a potential danger. Those pollutions could enter water-bearing layer of the aquifer as well as the exploitation well of the source. Such presumptions have been confirmed in the experiment of pollution transport carried out in the water-bearing layer. Unabsorbable chloride was used as a tracer whose movement velocity through exploitation well proved that there were real possibilities of intrusion of aggressive pollutants into the water-bearing layer and into the aquifer as well. Therefore, the protection of the source must be in the function of the protection of surface waters.

scholarly journals Mitigating Land Subsidence in the Coachella Valley, California, USA: An Emerging Success Story

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 809-813
Author(s):  
Michelle Sneed ◽  
Justin T. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Coachella Valley ◽  
Groundwater Overdraft

Abstract. Groundwater has been a major source of agricultural, municipal, and domestic water supply since the early 1920s in the Coachella Valley, California, USA. Land subsidence, resulting from aquifer-system compaction and groundwater-level declines, has been a concern of the Coachella Valley Water District (CVWD) since the mid-1990s. As a result, the CVWD has implemented several projects to address groundwater overdraft that fall under three categories – groundwater substitution, conservation, and managed aquifer-recharge (MAR). The implementation of three projects in particular – replacing groundwater extraction with surface water from the Colorado River and recycled water (Mid-Valley Pipeline project), reducing water usage by tiered-rate costs, and increasing groundwater recharge at the Thomas E. Levy Groundwater Replenishment Facility – are potentially linked to markedly improved groundwater levels and subsidence conditions, including in some of the historically most overdrafted areas in the southern Coachella Valley. Groundwater-level and subsidence monitoring have tracked the effect these projects have had on the aquifer system. Prior to about 2010, water levels persistently declined, and some had reached historically low levels by 2010. Since about 2010, however, groundwater levels have stabilized or partially recovered, and subsidence has stopped or slowed substantially almost everywhere it previously had been observed; uplift was observed in some areas. Furthermore, results of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar analyses for 1995–2017 indicate that as much as about 0.6 m of subsidence occurred; nearly all of which occurred prior to 2010. Continued monitoring of water levels and subsidence is necessary to inform the CVWD about future mitigation measures. The water management strategies implemented by the CVWD can inform managers of other overdrafted and subsidence-prone basins as they seek solutions to reduce overdraft and subsidence.

scholarly journals Morphometric Characteristics, Shapes and Provenance of Holocene Pebbles from the Sava River Gravels (Zagreb, Croatia)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uroš Barudžija ◽  
Josipa Velić ◽  
Tomislav Malvić ◽  
Neven Trenc ◽  
Nikolina Matovinović Božinović
Keyword(s):  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Alluvial Aquifer ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Lake Shore ◽  
Sedimentary Environments ◽  
Sava River ◽  
Local Input ◽  
The Sava River

Morphometric analysis of Holocene pebbles from the Sava River gravels, in Zagreb alluvial aquifer system (NW Croatia), revealed distribution of their shapes along 30 km long observed watercourse. Limestones, dolomites and sandstones are determined as major (> 4%), and effusive magmatics, cherts and tuffs as minor lithotypes of the pebbles (up to 4%). Their distributions indicate mainly distant Alpine provenance for carbonate (limestones and dolomites) pebbles and local input for sandstones and minor lithotypes, laterally from the Samoborska gora and Medvednica Mts. Carbonates have predominately disc and sphere shapes, implying also their mainly distant sources. Scattered distributions of pebble shapes (sphere, disc, blade and rod) for sandstones and minor lithotypes indicate multiple sources, some of them probably local. Original sedimentary environments for main pebble lithotypes are tentatively interpreted from their flatness ratios, indicating predominant lake shore environments, followed by moraine and riverbed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document