scholarly journals Measuring Digital Economy in National Accounts

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Tatarinov
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Digital Products ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Principal Subject ◽  
Digital Components

The paper addresses methodological and practical issues of statistical evaluation of the digital economy in macroeconomic calculations. The UN Statistical Commission has determined the statistical description of digitalisation processes as one of the priorities of the SNA research programme.The author examines the problems and structure of Digital Economy Satellite Account (DESA) proposed by OECD as a complex tool for measuring digitalisation processes. Compiling this account will enable statisticians to evaluate all measurable phenomena in a digital economy and expand the production boundaries by including free digital services into the evaluation.Compilers of the new SNA satellite account now focus on Digital Supply and Use Tables (DSUT) that play the role of core structure for the future DESA. In the process, the traditional SUT structure is revised by including new groups of specific products and extracting digital components of several products of CPA classification. Moreover, developers add new industries that form by reclassifying producer units en­gaged in digital production.The author explores the issue of measuring «digital» value added and outlines approaches to solving it used, for example, by the US Bureau of Economic Analysis. He also gives a summary of the relevant methodological challenges affecting DESA compilation.Special attention in the paper is paid to the problem of valuation of data (information) which is not covered by the existing 2008 SNA methodology. The author proposes to evaluate data as a non-produced asset, using the Net Present Value (NPV) approach. According to it the value of information (non-produced asset) at a specific moment is equal to the difference between the sum of discounted future incomes of the organisation and the value of its fixed capital. Such an approach could be applied to the valuation of data used as a principal subject of activity by organisations producing digital products.The paper also presents various aspects of statistical evaluation of free digital products.It is the author’s opinion that approaches to statistical evaluation presented in this article could serve as a basis for creating the system of such measures in the Russian Federation.

Measuring the Value of Data and Their Treatment in Macroeconomic Statistics

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 5-25
Author(s):  
A. A. Tatarinov
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Digital Products ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Productivity Dynamics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Data Valuation

The paper studies the role of data as an economic asset in the digital economy. The research is focused on the development of an approach to comprehensive data valuation and their adequate treatment in macroeconomic statistics. The first part of the paper reviews the major publications on the so-called Solow productivity paradox: the impact of digital technologies on the productivity growth slowdown. Considering points of view of various researchers, the author takes an opinion that the existing statistical methodology does not permit comprehensive measuring of the digital economy contribution to the productivity dynamics. At the same time, the author does not support the proposal to include the value of data generated by unpaid household activities in macroeconomic accounting and expand the scope of key macroeconomic indicators such as GDP. In the second and the third parts the methods of data valuation used by companies as assets in production, as well as major discussed proposals on methods for measuring the value of data in macroeconomic statistics, are considered. These two aspects of data valuation are closely related, both informationally and methodologically. The author concludes that an increase in the need for the valuation of data at the micro level will inevitably lead to corresponding changes in the methodology of macroeconomic statistics. The last part of the paper explores more elaborately the issues of data valuation as a non-produced asset. The need for such an approach is caused by the existing gap between the marketed assessment of the contribution of data to production and the existing possibilities for accounting for them at the costs of their production. In the author’s opinion, this is a promising direction, allowing to overcome the indicated gap. In support of this, the article provides examples of experimental calculations based on IFRS reports of four Russian companies involved in the production of digital services. Experimental valuation of non-produced assets using the net present value method shows that the value of the non-produced assets involved in the production of data-driven companies differs from the values recorded in their financial statements. This, in particular, occurs due to the underestimation or overestimation of the value of the data used in production, which, according to the author, constitutes the bulk of the unidentified unproduced assets of digital companies. The author concludes that the development of methods for accounting for the value of data as a non-produced asset used in the production of digital products is one of the priority tasks of developing the methodology of the system of national accounts.

scholarly journals TAX REFORM AND NONCOMPLIANCE IN INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heru Iswahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Tax Reform ◽  
Value Added ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Compliance Behavior ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Central Board

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of Indonesia’s tax reforms of 2000 and 2008/2009 on taxpayers’ noncompliance. Noncompliance is defined as the difference between the Value Added Tax (VAT) liability and the actual revenue. Data are mainly collected from the World Input-Output Database and Indonesia’s Central Board of Statistics. The methodology uses one of the ‘top-down’ approaches, in which national accounts figures are employed to arrive at an estimation of the VAT liability. It is found that compliance deteriorated when reform efforts were incomplete – that is when the reforms suffered from decelerations, setbacks or reversals. This paper contributes to the literature by providing a framework for analyzing the impact of tax reform on taxpayer’s compliance behavior.

scholarly journals Republic of Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (357) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Analysis Program ◽  
Tax Gap ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Revenue Administration

This report presents the results of applying the Revenue Administration Gap Analysis Program (RA-GAP) value-added tax (VAT) gap estimation methodology1 to Poland for the period 2010–16. The RA-GAP methodology employs a top-down approach for estimating the potential VAT base, using statistical data from national accounts on value-added generated in each sector. There are two main components to this methodology for estimating the VAT gap: 1) estimate the potential VAT collections for a given period; and 2) determine the accrued VAT collections for that period. The difference between the two values is the VAT gap. RA-GAP provides estimates of the two components of the tax gap: the compliance gap and the policy gap. The compliance gap is the difference between the potential VAT that could have been collected given the current policy framework and actual accrued VAT collections. The policy gap is the difference between the overall tax gap and the compliance gap. To put the level and trends of the compliance gap into context it is also necessary to analyze the level and trends of the overall tax gap and the policy gap.

scholarly journals Techno-Economic Assessment of Coal-Fired Power Unit Decarbonization Retrofit with KP-FHR Small Modular Reactors

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2557
Author(s):  
Łukasz Bartela ◽  
Paweł Gładysz ◽  
Charalampos Andreades ◽  
Staffan Qvist ◽  
Janusz Zdeb
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Small Modular Reactors ◽  
Greenfield Investments ◽  
Unit Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
The Eu

The near and mid-term future of the existing Polish coal-fired power fleet is uncertain. The longer-term operation of unabated coal power is incompatible with climate policy and is economically challenging because of the increasing price of CO2 emission allowances in the EU. The results of the techno-economic analysis presented in this paper indicate that the retrofit of existing coal-fired units, by means of replacing coal-fired boilers with small modular reactors, may be an interesting option for the Polish energy sector. It has been shown that the retrofit can reduce the costs in relation to greenfield investments by as much as 35%. This analysis focuses on the repowering of a 460 MW supercritical coal-fired unit based on the Łagisza power plant design with high temperature small modular nuclear reactors based on the 320 MWth unit design by Kairos Power. The technical analyses did not show any major difficulties in integrating. The economic analyses show that the proposed retrofits can be economically justified, and, in this respect, they are more advantageous than greenfield investments. For the base economic scenario, the difference in NPV (Net Present Value) is more favorable for the retrofit by 556.9 M€ and the discounted payback period for this pathway is 10 years.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN TAX REVIEW SEBAGAI DASAR EVALUASI ATAS PEMENUHAN KEWAJIBAN PERPAJAKAN PPH BADAN DAN PPN

2018 ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
I Kadek Agus Setiawan ◽  
Putu Ery Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
National Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Corporate Income Tax ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tax Reporting ◽  
The Cost

Taxes as a source of state revenues are used as a source of funds for governments for national development and measuring instruments to regulate government policies. Taxation or tax review is a measure of all company transactions to calculate the amount of tax payable and predict potential taxes that may arise under applicable tax laws and regulations. This research was conducted at PT. KBIC which is engaged in cargo of Tax Year 2015. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the implementation of tax review of corporate income tax and value added tax. The method used in this research is descriptive comparative. Comparing the results of tax reporting by the company with the calculation of Corporate Income Tax and Value Added Tax at PT. KBIC tax year 2015 from the researcher in accordance with the applicable tax provisions in Indonesia. Based on the results of the research, the tax review of the Corporate Income Tax has found differences in the fiscal reconciliation report on the Office of Travel and Phone Charge accounts. Taxpayers make 100% corrections of the cost of mobile phones. It should be corrected cost of 50% of the cost should be. On the company's travel account, the company can not show the official report or notes in the assignment explaining the subject or purpose of the Overseas official's travel related to the company's principal activity that causes the difference of tax correction between the taxpayer and the researcher. Tax review conducted on Value Added Tax, the taxpayer has reported the fiscal reconciliation report correctly and there is no mistake.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENERAPAN PEMUNGUTAN PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI PADA BUMN SEBAGAI PEMUNGUT DAN TIDAK SEBAGAI PEMUNGUT PAJAK PERTAMBAHAN NILAI (STUDI KASUS PADA PT PELABUHAN INDONESIA III Cabang Benoa)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agista Ayu Aksari
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The State ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Difference

On 1st July 2012 SOE (State-Owned Enterprises)become the Value Added Tax (VAT) collector. According to the regulation of the Ministher of Finance No.85/PMK.03/2012 about the appointment of the State Owned Enterprises to collect, deposit and reporting Value Added Tax (VAT) and Sales Tax on Luxurious Goods, and precedures for collecting, depositing and reporting. The purpose of this research is to determine the difference between SOE as a Value Added Tax collector and not as a Value Added Tax collector.The object of this research is PT Pelabuhan Indonesia III cabang Benoa. The data analysis in this research is to analyze the calculation and reportig of VAT before being VAT collector and when it became VAT collector.The result of this research it is known that are the application of the value added tax on PT Pelabuhan Indonesia III Cabang Benoa before becoming tax collector is charged directly by fiskus and has official assessment system and as a PT Pelabuhan Indonesia III Cabang Benoa has a self assessment system whereby PT Pelabuahan Indonesia III Cabang Benoa became ILL wapu. Differnce in PT Pelabuhan Indonesia III Cabang Benoa as a collector, and the collector Is a time before becoming a collector has aself just my assessment system whereas before becoming a collector has official assessment system. Tax eceipt when it became a collector of VAT using duplicate counts 3 before becoming a collector only uses 2 of the double. For SSp before becoming a duplicate while using 4 collector as a collector to use duplicate. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.1214932

scholarly journals An Insight Into the Value Added Tax System Detailing Its Origins, Impact, Provisions and Regulations With Reference to India

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Tomy Kallarackal
Keyword(s):  
European Economic Community ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Tax Credit ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Excise Duty ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Insight Into

The Value Added Tax was first introduced in France in 1954. It was the resultant effort of France and members of the European Economic Community (E.E.C) during the 1950s aimed at the simplification of commodity taxes. Currently more than 130 nations in the world have adopted the VAT system. In the last decade alone over 50 nations have introduced VAT. This includes implementation in China and most recently the addition of Australia to the list of VAT nations. The world over, VAT is payable on both goods and services as they constitute a part of the national GDR Excise duty and sales taxes are merged into the singularity of VAT. No tax is levied on exports with full input tax credit made available. The scheme of taxation adopted by most nations is very simple. The seller of goods and the service provider charge tax on sales, avail input tax credit and pay the difference as VAT to the goVernment treasury. The compliance system in VAT nations is also very simple. There is very less interface between the tax collector and the tax payer. However there are provisions for heavy penalization of VAT defaulters. VAT is administered nationally and is also levied on imports.  

scholarly journals Digital Economy : A Journey Through 21st Century Towards 22nd Century with Respect to India

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Dr. Pradipta Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
22Nd Century ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Come

Digital Economy refers to an economy which is based on digital computing technologies and can also be referred to as internet economy or web economy as the business activities are conducted through markets based on the internet or the World Wide Web. A Digital Economy also refers to the usage of various digitised information and knowledge to perform various economic activities and uses various new technologies like Internet, Cloud Computing, Big Data Analytics to collect, store and analyse information digitally. This way the modern digital economies are helping the local and regional business organisations to come out of their local boundaries and step into the global scenario to take advantages of the modern liberalisation policies of the governments along with reduced trade barriers throughout the world. This paper will study the importance of digital economy in the modern world along with the difference between the traditional economy and the digital economy and the current state of digital economy in India. This Study has been casual, exploratory and empirical in nature and the data needed for research work has been collected by using both direct and indirect method of data collection.

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