scholarly journals Study on the weeds of maize in the infected field with Cirsium arvense (l.) scop.

2013 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Lénárd Márton ◽  
Éva Lehoczky ◽  
Gábor Wágner
Keyword(s):  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Weed Cover ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Weed Survey ◽  
Agricultural Farm ◽  
Density Assessment

The aim of our research was to establish the difference between the weed flora of maize hybrids sown in different times. Our field trial has been performed nearby Szombathely on a field of an agricultural farm, where two different hybrids were grown. The cold tolerant hybrid was sown at the end of March; the traditional hybrid was sown at the end of April. During the vegetation weed survey was conducted on 4–4 model parcels at two times in case of both hybrids. Cirsium arvense gave the largest weed cover in both hybrids. In cold tolerant hybrid gave 4.53%, in the traditional hybrid gave 56.63% weed cover. Considering the number of shoots per square meter C. arvense was also dominant with 64 plant m-2 density in early sown maize and 49.5 plant m-2 in traditional maize hybrid. At the time of the second weed survey the number of weeds increased significantly. The shoot number of C. arvense in cold tolerant hybrid was almost one and a half times more than at the first evaluation, while in case of the traditional hybrid it is nearly doubled. According to the weed density assessment there were differences between the two hybrids in the rate of G3 and T4 weeds. In early sown maize hybrid (MT Milo) this rate was 50–50% while in traditional hybrid was 90–10%. On 26th June the density of the weeds in the cold tolerant hybrid was two times higher than in the traditional one (Kamelias). Based on the experimental results it can be stated that the effective weed control in cold tolerant, early sowing maize hybrids is very important too.

scholarly journals Unravelling the Effect of Provitamin A Enrichment on Agronomic Performance of Tropical Maize Hybrids

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1580
Author(s):  
Abebe Menkir ◽  
Ibnou Dieng ◽  
Wende Mengesha ◽  
Silvestro Meseka ◽  
Bussie Maziya-Dixon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Provitamin A ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Tropical Maize ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Diverse Field ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Traditional Diets

Maize is consumed in different traditional diets as a source of macro- and micro-nutrients across Africa. Significant investment has thus been made to develop maize with high provitamin A content to complement other interventions for alleviating vitamin A deficiencies. The current breeding focus on increasing β-carotene levels to develop biofortified maize may affect the synthesis of other beneficial carotenoids. The changes in carotenoid profiles, which are commonly affected by environmental factors, may also lead to a trade-off with agronomic performance. The present study was therefore conducted to evaluate provitamin A biofortified maize hybrids across diverse field environments. The results showed that the difference in accumulating provitamin A and other beneficial carotenoids across variable growing environments was mainly regulated by the genetic backgrounds of the hybrids. Many hybrids, accumulating more than 10 µg/g of provitamin A, produced higher grain yields (>3600 kg/ha) than the orange commercial maize hybrid (3051 kg/ha). These hybrids were also competitive, compared to the orange commercial maize hybrid, in accumulating lutein and zeaxanthins. Our study showed that breeding for enhanced provitamin A content had no adverse effect on grain yield in the biofortified hybrids evaluated in the regional trials. Furthermore, the results highlighted the possibility of developing broadly adapted hybrids containing high levels of beneficial carotenoids for commercialization in areas with variable maize growing conditions in Africa.

scholarly journals Nickel Toxicity Induced Changes in Nutrient Dynamics and Antioxidant Profiling in Two Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Amjad ◽  
Hasan Raza ◽  
Behzad Murtaza ◽  
Ghulam Abbas ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Elevated Level ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nickel Toxicity ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Growth Physiology ◽  
Induced Changes

Nickel (Ni) is among the essential micronutrient heavy metals utilized by plants. However, an elevated level of Ni causes serious concerns for plants’ physiology and their survival. This study evaluated the mechanisms influencing the growth, physiology, and nutrient dynamics in two commercial maize hybrids (Syngenta and Pioneer) exposed to Ni treatments in hydroponics nutrient solution (NS). Seedlings were raised in plastic trays with quartz sand, and subsequently transferred to Hoagland’s NS at the two leaves stage. After three days of transplantation, Ni levels of 0, 20, and 40 mg L−1 were maintained in the nutrient solution. After 30 days of Ni treatments, seedlings were harvested and different growth, physiological, and nutrient concentrations were determined. The results showed that with increasing Ni concentration, the growth of maize hybrids was significantly reduced, and the maize hybrid, Pioneer, showed significantly higher growth than that of Syngenta at all levels of Ni. Higher growth in Pioneer is ascribed to elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GR, APX, and POX), lower damage to cellular membranes (i.e., higher MSI and lower MDA), and higher tissue nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu). Furthermore, the maize hybrids showed a difference in nutrient translocation from root to shoot which could be one of the factors responsible for differential response of these hybrids against Ni treatments.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Fusarium species in maize grains for silage

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 1235-1240
Author(s):  
V. Krnjaja ◽  
J. Levic ◽  
S. Stankovic ◽  
Z. Bijelic ◽  
V. Mandic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Late Maturity

Grain samples of two maize hybrids, medium early (ZP434) and late maturity (ZP704), collected during harvest in 2008 were investigated for contamination by fungi. Grains were plated on agar media and grown fungi were identified by morphological macroscopic and microscopic characteristics on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and synthetic nutrient agar (SNA). Species of the genus Fusarium were the most common in both hybrids, and their presence amounted to 33.89% (ZP434) and 42% (ZP704). Other fungi of genera, Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Trichotecium, were isolated from 0 to 41%. Four species belonging to the genus Fusarium were identified, of which the species F. verticillioides was the most common with 28.63% in ZP434 and 30.5% in ZP704 hybrids. The presence of F. graminearum, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans ranged from 3% (ZP704) to 5% (ZP434), 0.13% (ZP434) to 7% (ZP704) and 0.13% (ZP434) to 7% (ZP704), respectively. Generally, the incidence of every particular fungus was higher in the late maize hybrid with a higher moisture content than in the medium-early hybrid with a lower moisture content.

scholarly journals Single-Parent Expression of Anti-sense RNA Contributes to Transcriptome Complementation in Maize Hybrid

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangbo Zhang ◽  
Yongwen Qi
Keyword(s):  
Histone H3 ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
General Mechanism ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
High Level Expression ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
High Level

Anti-sense transcription is increasingly being recognized as an important regulator of gene expression. But the transcriptome complementation of anti-sense RNA in hybrid relative to their inbred parents was largely unknown. In this study, we profiled strand-specific RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in a maize hybrid and its inbred parents (B73 and Mo17) in two tissues. More anti-sense transcripts were present in the hybrid compared with the parental lines. We detected 293 and 242 single-parent expression of anti-sense (SPEA) transcripts in maize immature ear and leaf tissues, respectively. There was little overlap of the SPEA transcripts between the two maize tissues. These results suggested that SPEA is a general mechanism that drives extensive complementation in maize hybrids. More importantly, extremely high-level expression of anti-sense transcripts was associated with low-level expression of the cognate sense transcript by reducing the level of histone H3 lysine 36 methylation (H3K36me3). In summary, these SPEA transcripts increased our knowledge about the transcriptomic complementation in hybrid.

Cold acclimation increases cold tolerance independently of diapause programing in the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rozsypal ◽  
M. Moos ◽  
S.G. Goto
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Riptortus Pedestris ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Bean Bug ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Short Days

AbstractThe bean bug (Riptortus pedestris) is a pest of soybeans and other legumes in Japan and other Asian countries. It enters a facultative adult diapause on exposure to short days. While photoperiodism and diapause are well understood in R. pedestris, knowledge of cold tolerance is very limited, as is information on the effect of diapause on cold tolerance. We examined the effect of photoperiod, cold acclimation, and feeding status on cold tolerance in R. pedestris. We found that cold acclimation significantly increased survival at −10°C in both long- and short-day adult R. pedestris. Since the difference in cold survival between long- and short-day cold-acclimated groups was only marginal, we conclude that entering diapause is not crucial for R. pedestris to successfully pass through cold acclimation and become cold tolerant. We observed similar effects in 5th instar nymphs, with both long- and short-day cold-acclimated groups surviving longer cold exposures compared with non-acclimated groups. Starvation, which was tested only in adult bugs, had only a negligible and negative impact on cold survival. Although cold tolerance significantly increased with cold acclimation in adult bugs, supercooling capacity unexpectedly decreased. Our results suggest that changes in supercooling capacity as well as in water content are unrelated to cold tolerance in R. pedestris. An analysis of metabolites revealed differences between the treatments, and while several metabolites markedly increased with cold acclimation, their concentrations were too low to have a significant effect on cold tolerance.

Regeneration of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) from Intact Roots and Root Fragments at Different Soil Depths

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Goul Thomsen ◽  
Lars-Olav Brandsæter ◽  
Haldor Fykse
Keyword(s):  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Intact Root ◽  
Intact Roots

In the present field study, the capability of Canada thistle to develop shoots from intact roots and root fragments at different soil depths was studied. The experiments were performed on four sites with high-density Canada thistle, with three or four replications per treatment. At each site, the soil in the plots was removed layer by layer (to 30 or 40 cm, depending on the site), within a 1 by 1-m quadrat, and spread out on a plastic sheet. All roots and other plant parts were removed, and the soil was either replaced without any root material (two sites), or the roots of the thistles were cut into 10-cm-long fragments and replaced into the source holes (two sites). The measured variables were shoot number and biomass. The number of shoots of Canada thistle decreased with increasing depth (P < 0.001) and increased with time. Additionally, the two factors interacted (P < 0.001) such that shoot development was slower from greater depths. Roots from ≤ 20 cm depth produced higher biomasses than did roots from below 20 cm depth. Replacement of root fragments did not affect the amount of biomass produced. It was concluded that the intact root system contributed considerably more to the total biomass produced by Canada thistle than did the root fragments in the upper soil layers.

Cold tolerance of the pupae in relation to the distribution of swallowtail butterflies

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 3028-3037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kukal ◽  
Matthew P. Ayres ◽  
J. Mark Scriber
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Supercooling Point ◽  
Papilio Canadensis ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Swallowtail Butterflies ◽  
Steep Decline ◽  
The Difference

A steep decline in the diversity of swallowtail butterfly species at high latitudes could be due to limited cold tolerance of overwintering pupae. If this is so, species with unusually northerly distributions should be unusually cold tolerant. We compared the northerly distributed Papilio canadensis with its southern relative, P. glaucus. Pupae were exposed for 2–5 months to four acclimatization treatments: outdoors in Alaska, outdoors in Michigan, constant 5 °C, and constant −25 °C. Field temperatures encountered by pupae in Alaska were lower than in Michigan. The supercooling point of P. glaucus pupae was unaffected by acclimatization (mean ± SE= −23.5 ± 0.52 °C). The supercooling point of P. canadensis pupae did not differ from that of P. glaucus pupae, except following acclimatization in Alaska, when it dropped to −27.0 ± 0.55 °C. Survival of pupae in Michigan was high for all populations (70–90%); in Alaska, survival of P. canadensis was just as high, but survival of P. glaucus dropped to 14%. Freezing was usually fatal in both species, but death was not immediate. No pupae survived 6 weeks at −25 °C. Trehalose was the most conspicuous metabolite revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of live pupae and hemolymph. Labelled glucose was metabolized differently by the two species, which may underly the difference in acclimation potential and cold tolerance. The results support the hypothesis that winter temperatures limit swallowtail distributions.

scholarly journals Effect of Herbicides on Yield and Yield Components of Hybrid Maize (Zea mays)

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. KHAN ◽  
G. HASSAN ◽  
N. MALIK ◽  
R. KHAN ◽  
H. KHAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Maize Hybrid ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Biological Yield ◽  
Hybrid Maize

ABSTRACT Maize crop (Zea mays) is facing lots of problems from different pests throughout Asia, including Pakistan. Weed infestation is one of the serious pests that remarkably decrease the grain yield in maize. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, the trend of maize hybrid cultivation is gaining the attention of the farmers due to its higher production. Therefore, in this research we tested herbicides (Stomp 330 E, Dual gold 960 EC, 2,4-D, ester) in maize hybrids (P-3025, P-32T78, P-3203). The experiment was done in RCB design with split plots arrangement, where maize hybrids were kept in main plots, while herbicides were assigned to the subplots. Each treatment was repeated three times at the New Developmental Farm (NDF), at the Peshawar University of Agriculture, Pakistan. Results revealed that both hybrids and herbicides significantly increased plant height, biological yield and grain yield. However, the lowest weed density (142.50 m-2) was observed in Dual Gold 960 EC treated plots. Similarly, plant height (247.188 cm) and grain yield (2.253 ton ha-1) was maximum in maize hybrid P-3025 and Dual gold treated plots. From the instant experiment, it is concluded that the Dual gold 960 EC herbicide is declared as the best herbicide for weed suppression in maize, while maize hybrid P-3025 was the best hybrid giving maximum yield in the study.

scholarly journals Sethoxydim (Poast) and Oxyfluorfen (Goal) Efficacy and Tolerance by Landscape Plants

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 120-122
Author(s):  
C. Benjamin Coffman ◽  
J. Ray Frank ◽  
Walter A. Gentner
Keyword(s):  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽  
Crop Quality ◽  
Echinochloa Crusgalli ◽  
Setaria Faberi ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Weed Cover

Granular Goal (oxyfluorfen) [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(tri-fluoromethyl)benzene] at 4.5 kg/ha (4.0 lb/A) was applied to 8 species of woody landscape plants alone or with a following postemergence application of Poast (sethoxydim) [2-(1-(ethoxyimino)butyl)-5-(2-(ethylthio)propyl)-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one] at 0.6 or 1.1 kg/ha (0.5 or 1.0 lb/A). Sethoxydim was applied with and without crop oil (1%, v/v). These treatments were made one time in 1981 and 1982. Applications of Poast (sethoxydim) at 0.6 kg/ka (0.5 lb/A) with or without crop oil controlled barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv.], giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.), and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.]. Goal (oxyfluorfen) alone at 4.5 kg/ha (4.0 lb/A) reduced the rate of estasblishment of the perennial broadleaf weeds Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Cyrillo] and white heath aster (Aster pilosus Willd.). Up to 86% reduction in total weed cover was obtained when Goal (oxyfluorfen) application was followed by Poast (sethoxydim). Crop quality was not affected by any herbicide treatments.

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