scholarly journals Examination of the element content of beers

2014 ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Edina Szabó ◽  
Dávid Andrási ◽  
Péter Sipos
Keyword(s):  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Element Content ◽  
Mineral Contents

Beer is a complex mixture of more than 800 several components, the most important ones are the minerals from this. Minerals originate especially from water and malt. In this work we measured the mineral contents of some own-brewed beer samples. We compared the results with the mineral contents of the water used as raw material of beer.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Major Cassava Varieties in Uganda, Targeted for Industrialisation

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Manano ◽  
Patrick Ogwok ◽  
George William Byarugaba-Bazirake
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cyanogenic Glucosides ◽  
East African ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Crude Lipid ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
Cassava Varieties

Uganda is one of the major cassava producing countries in the world. Currently, utilization of cassava is limited to semi-processed products through the informal sector. Cassava has technological potential as a raw material for agro-industrial products, such as flours for baked products, animal feeds and starch. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of five major cassava varieties grown in Nebbi distict (Uganda), to assess their potential as industrial raw materials. Analysis of the chemical composition of local (Nyamatia and Nyarukeca) and improved (NASE 3, NASE 14, and NASE 19) cassava varieties was carried out using standard methods. Results showed significant (p < 0.05) differences between the varieties indicating high levels of starch, calcium, magnesium, cyanonenic glucosides and phytates. The cassava varieties contain low levels of protein, lipids and minerals with respect to recommended daily intake of these nutrients. Moisture contents ranged from 5.43 for Nyamatia to 10.87 for NASE 19; ash from 1.05 for Nyamatia to 2.39 for NASE 14; crude fiber from 1.06 for Nyamatia to 1.18 for NASE 19; crude protein from 0.74 for Nyarukeca to 1.51 for NASE 14; crude lipid from 0.39 for Nyamatia to 0.63 for NASE 19; and starch contents from 66.72 for NASE 19 to 84.42 for NASE 3. The mineral contents (mg/kg): calcium ranged from 13.15 for Nyamatia to 16.56 for NASE 3; iron ranged from 0.002 for Nyarukeca to 0.01 for NASE 19; zinc ranged from 0.56 for Nyamatia to 0.87 for NASE 3; magnesium ranged from 3.58 for NASE 19 to 3.88 for Nyarukeca; and copper ranged from 0.002 for Nyamatia to 0.14 for NASE 3. The contents of anti-nutrients (mg/kg): cyanogenic glucosides ranged from 30 in NASE 3 and NASE 19 to 800 in Nyamatia; phytates ranged from 661.33 in Nyarukeca to 984.64 in NASE 3; oxalates ranged from 90.6 in Nyarukeca to 227.8 in NASE 3; and tannin ranged from 0.18 in Nyarukeca to 0.33 in NASE 3. Based on the chemical composition results, all the cassava varieties studied contain higher levels of cyanogenic glucosides than recommended by Ugandan and East African Standards, making them unsafe for direct utilization as food and food raw materials for industries at levels beyond 30% in food formulations. The high starch levels in all the cassava varieties make them valuable raw materials for starch and starch-related industries. 

Effect of partial sodium replacement on physicochemical parameters of smoked sea bass during storage

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Fuentes ◽  
I Fernández-Segovia ◽  
JA Serra ◽  
JM Barat
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Sea Bass ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Fresh Fish ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Sodium Replacement

The objective of this work was to study the effect of partial sodium replacement by potassium and packaging conditions on the physicochemical properties of smoked sea bass during cold storage. Sea bass fillets were salted with 100% NaCl (Na samples) or with 50% NaCl–50% KCl (Na:K samples), smoked, packaged under three different conditions (air, vacuum and modified atmosphere) and stored at 4 °C for 42 days. Physicochemical parameters, color and texture were periodically determined in the raw material and in smoked samples during cold storage. The smoking process led to a reduction in moisture, pH and aw values, and an increase in water holding capacity, ash and mineral contents. Smoked fish exhibited significant differences in color and texture as compared to fresh fish. The type of packaging had an effect on the pH, water holding capacity and texture. Samples in air exhibited the highest pH values and water holding capacity in these samples gradually decreased during storage. Textural parameters decreased during storage in samples packaged in vacuum and modified atmosphere. The pH of Na samples was initially higher than in Na:K samples, and this difference remained over the rest of the study. The type of salt did not affect the texture or other physicochemical parameters.

Effect of Potassium Element Content and Crystal Form of Ammonium Tetramolybdate and Reduction Conditions on Properties of Molybdenum Powder

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1323-1331
Author(s):  
Yan-Fang Chen ◽  
Jing-Pei Xie ◽  
Dou-Qin Ma
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Mixed Crystal ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Element Content ◽  
Molybdenum Powder ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
Hydrogen Flow

As the raw material for producing molybdenum products, the quality of molybdenum powder such as purity, microstructure, particle size and distribution, has great influence on the microstructure of molybdenum products, which will affect its performance. In this study, the effect of potassium element content and crystal form of ammonium tetramolybdate and reduction conditions on the properties of molybdenum powder was studied. The results show that under the same reduction conditions, the particle size of molybdenum powder obtained by the reduction of high potassium ammonium tetramebolybdate is larger than that obtained by the reduction of low potassium ammonium tetramebolybdate. The particle size distribution of molybdenum powder obtained by the reduction of ammonium tetramebolybdate with mixed crystal form (α-type and β-type) is wider, while that obtained by the reduction of ammonium tetramebolybdate with single crystal form (β-type) is narrower and the particle size is more uniform. The higher the reduction temperature is and the lower the hydrogen flow rate is, the larger the particle size of molybdenum powder will be. The agglomeration degree of molybdenum prepared by β-type ammonium tetramolybdate is lighter than that prepared by ammonium tetramolybdate with mixed crystal form (α-type and β-type), and its sieving rate is higher.

Application of Ion Exchange Resins in the Separation of Valuable Compounds from Wood Pyrolysis Liquids

2014 ◽  
Vol 604 ◽  
pp. 232-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Meile ◽  
Aivars Zhurinsh ◽  
Baiba Spince ◽  
Galina Dobele
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Pyrolysis ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Renewable Raw Material ◽  
Valuable Compounds ◽  
Exchange Resins ◽  
Pyrolysis Liquids

Biomass, such as wood, is an important renewable raw material for the production of various products. Since one of the main constituents of wood is cellulose, a polysaccharide, fast pyrolysis of wood yields liquid products with a noteworthy content of sugars. The purpose of the present study was to develop a method for the chromatographic separation of valuable compounds, such as levoglucosan, from the complex mixture of wood pyrolysis products by using an ion exchange resin column.

scholarly journals Marrubium vulgare L.: A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Overview

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2898
Author(s):  
Milica Aćimović ◽  
Katarina Jeremić ◽  
Nebojša Salaj ◽  
Neda Gavarić ◽  
Biljana Kiprovski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Labdane Diterpene ◽  
Marrubium Vulgare ◽  
Bioactive Potential ◽  
Simplex Virus

Marrubium vulgare is a plant with high bioactive potential. It contains marrubiin, a labdane diterpene that is characteristic for this genus, as well as a complex mixture of phenolic compounds. According to numerous studies, M. vulgare acts as a good antioxidant agent, and due to this, it could potentially be useful in treatments of cancer, diabetes mellitus, and liver diseases. In addition, its anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, antihypertensive, hypolipidemic, and sedative potential are discussed. Apart from that, its antimicrobial activity, especially against Gram+ bacteria, fungi, herpes simplex virus, and parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Plasmodium berghei-berghei was recorded. Additionally, it could be used as a chicken lice repellent, herbicide, and natural insecticide against mosquito larvae and natural molluscicide. In veterinary medicine, M. vulgare can be used as an anthelmintic against the eggs and larvae of bovine strongyles parasites, and as an antibiotic against bovine mastitis caused by resistant bacterial strains. Due to the mentioned benefits, there is a tendency for the cultivation of M. vulgare in order to ensure high-quality raw material, but more firm scientific evidence and well-designed clinical trials are necessary for the well-established use of M. vulgare herb and its preparations.

Performance Analysis on the Raw Material of Nantong Silt Sintered Brick

2012 ◽  
Vol 450-451 ◽  
pp. 743-748
Author(s):  
Heng Liang Yang ◽  
Hong Mei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Materials Selection ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Wall Materials

Through the analysis of the chemical and physical properties of the silt in Nantong, which were compared with the clay, the needs of silt raw material for sintered brick were discussed in the paper. The results showed that, the moisture content of the sail in Nantong were lower than that of the clay, the plasticity indexes of silt of Yangtze River in Nantong section concentrated around 12 which was ideal, the chemical constituents of the silt was similar to clay, part of the mineral contents were different. The silt can be used for replacing clay to produce wall materials. It would provide theoretical foundation of materials selection and usage for sludge products companies in Nantong, as well as the reference for the merging recombination and management in the industry.

Physicochemical Parameters as a Tool for the Assessment of Origin of Honey

2017 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 840-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina B Lazarević ◽  
Milica S Jovetić ◽  
Živoslav Lj Tešić
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Trace Element Content ◽  
Element Content ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Soil Composition ◽  
Accurate Identification

Abstract Honey is a complex mixture of various substances, and its composition depends on both botanical and geographical origin, as well as anthropogenic factors. The accurate identification of honey origin guarantees the satisfaction of consumers' needs and has an impact on the honey market value. Physicochemical parameters, some of which are used in routine analysis of honey quality, could be useful for the assessment of its origin. In this review, special attention is paid to those studies that assessed the sugar and mineral composition of honey, whether they were investigated in terms of botanical or geographical origin, or for the characterization of honey type. The oligosaccharides present in honey and the electrical conductivity of honey correlate strongly with its botanical origin. Mineral content could be indicative for distinguishing honeys according to their botanical and geographical origins because it depends on both the soil composition and the floral type of melliferous plants. This review provides insight into the results obtained by various studies from approximately the last 10 years concerning the sugar profile and the mineral and trace element content of different types of honey. An attempt was made to statistically analyze the results regarding mineral and trace element content in order to identify indicators that could distinguish honey by origin.

scholarly journals Mini review: Application of supercritical carbon dioxide in extraction of propolis extract

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-396
Author(s):  
Nor Faadila Mohd Idrus ◽  
Lee Nian Yian ◽  
Zuhaili Idham ◽  
Noor Aiysah Aris ◽  
Nicky Rahmana Putra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Propolis Extract ◽  
Conventional Extraction ◽  
Antioxidant Characteristics ◽  
Supercritical Carbon

Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees functioned to seal holes, exclude draught, protect against contamination and external intruders inside their hives has been substantially studied and reported to have numerous health properties such as antiseptic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. Propolis cannot be utilized as raw material, due to its complex mixture of compounds. Hence it must be separated by the extraction process. Extraction targets to removes the inert compounds in the propolis sample and preserves the flavonoids and polyphenolic fraction. The most common technique used in propolis extraction is solvent extraction that involves the use of solvents such as ethanol, water, hexane, ethyl-acetate and chloroform. However, this conventional technique has some drawbacks including strong residual flavour, possible adverse reactions, harmful to the environment, low quality of the extract and long process period requirement. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is one of the alternative techniques to conventional extraction that was reported to be an excellent method to purify and fractionate bioactive compounds from natural sources. SC-CO2 extraction was first introduced for analytical application because of the demand to reduce organic solvent utilization in a laboratory environment. It has now become a favourite technique in extraction, fractionation, refinement, and deodorization of natural sample matrices in laboratory scale and industrial scale. Carbon dioxide is an ideal supercritical solvent due to its non-toxic, non-polluting, non-flammable, recoverable and environmentally benign properties. Therefore, this mini review aims to discuss the application of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction specifically on propolis sample starting with a brief introduction on propolis, methods of propolis extraction, the principle of SC-CO2 extraction, application of SC-CO2 in propolis extraction, advantages of SC-CO2 extraction and lastly comparison between SC-CO2 and conventional extraction techniques.

scholarly journals Py-GC-MS Study on Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biocrude Obtained via HTL of Fruit Pomace

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7288
Author(s):  
Mariusz Wądrzyk ◽  
Marek Plata ◽  
Kamila Zaborowska ◽  
Rafał Janus ◽  
Marek Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Pyrolysis ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Fraction ◽  
Binary Solvent ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Hy Zeolite

Herein, we proposed new two-stage processing of blackcurrant pomace toward a value-added, hydrocarbon-rich biocrude fraction. The approach consisted of thermochemical liquefaction of a wet-type organic matter into liquid biocrude followed by its upgrade by thermal and catalytic pyrolysis. Particularly, we put effort into investigating the effect of selected catalysts (ZSM-5 and HY zeolite) on the composition of the volatiles released during the pyrolysis of the biocrude. The latter was obtained through liquefaction of the raw material in the binary solvent system of water and isopropanol. The biocrude yield accounted for ca. 45 wt.% of the initial dry biomass. It was a complex mixture of various component groups with an abundant share of oxygenates, especially carboxylic acids and esters. Thereafter, the biocrude was subjected to a pyrolysis study performed by means of the microscale coupled pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique (Py-GC-MS). The dominant components identified in the catalytic pyrolytic volatiles were unsaturated hydrocarbons (both cyclic and aliphatic ones) and, to a lesser extent, oxygen and nitrogen compounds. The addition of the ZSM-5 and HY zeolite allowed us to attain the relative total share of hydrocarbons in the volatile fraction equal to 66% and 73%, respectively (in relation to identified compounds). Thus, catalytic pyrolysis over zeolites seems to be particularly prospective due to the promotion of the deoxygenation reactions, which manifested in the noticeable decrease in the share of oxygen compounds in the evolved volatiles. The developed innovative two-stage processing of blackcurrant pomaces allows for obtaining value-added products that could serve as chemicals, biocomponents, and self-contained biofuels as well as bioplastic precursors. The presented contribution brings some new insights into the field of valorization of residuals generated by the food industry sector.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF THE PROXIMATE AND MINERAL CONTENTS OF DESERT DATE KERNEL (BALANITES AEGYPTIACA LINN.) AND THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KERNEL OIL AVAILABLE IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-259
Author(s):  
Y. Datti ◽  
A. T. Yahya ◽  
I. B. Koki ◽  
U. A. Lado ◽  
L. Musbahu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Balanites Aegyptiaca ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Kernel Oil ◽  
Crude Fiber Content ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) is one the most important relish trees found in many African countries. In this study the proximate and mineral compositions of the desert date kernel, as well as some of the physical and chemical properties of its oil were analyzed using standard procedures. The results of the proximate composition revealed the following mean concentrations: Moisture content 3.19%;  ash content 2.89%; fat content 39.63%; crude protein content 33.75%; crude fiber content 13.06% and carbohydrate content 7.48%. And the mineral content revealed the following mean concentrations: Potassium 1.120 (mg/100g); calcium  0.390 (mg/100g); sodium 0.801 (mg/100g); magnesium 0.142 (mg/100g); iron 0.0024 (mg/100g); manganese 0.01512 (mg/100g); zinc 0.0082 (mg/100g); copper 0.00225 (mg/100g); nickel 0.00582 (mg/100g); cobalt 0.002623 (mg/100g) and chromium 0.003224 (mg/100g). While the results for the physical analysis of the kernel oil revealed the following: Color pale yellow; density g/cm3 0.910; specific gravity 0.907; refractive index 1.458 and viscosity 19.68. And on the other hand, the results for the chemical analysis of the kernel oil revealed the following: acid value 3.06 mgKOH/g; free fatty acid 1.27; peroxide value 3.71 mEq/Kg; saponification value 198 mg/KOH/g and iodine value 98.73 100/g. All the results were compared and found to be within the FAO/WHO standards. The seeds kernel of this plant was found to be high nutritional value, while its oil can be a good source of raw material for many oil-based products

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