Ratio of maximum hamstring torque to maximum quadriceps torque in professional basketball and soccer players

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the differences between football players and basketball players in the mean absolute values of maximum torque flexors and extensors, ratio of maximum hamstring torque to maximum quadriceps torque dominant (DOM) non-dominant (ND) leg and differences in bilateral imbalance of flexor muscles and knee extensors. Material and methods: The research included a sample of 39 professional athletes. The first subsample included 19 professional basketball players while the second subsample included 20 professional soccer players. Results: Based on the results of the torques of the extensors in the knee joint of the DOM and ND legs, it was established that there is no statistically significant difference between basketball players and football players. However, a statistically significant difference was found in the torque flexors of the knee joint DOM (p≤0.01) and ND (p≤0.00) of the leg between basketball players and football players. On the other hand, the results of the research indicate that the difference between basketball players and football players in the ratio of Hamstrings peak torque to Quadriceps peak torque was recorded only in the ND leg (p≤0.02), while the difference in the DOM leg is not statistically significant. The results of our study indicate that basketball players have a higher percentage of imbalances compared to football players, especially in m. hamstrings. Conclusion: This study provides normative data on populations specific to soccer and basketball, but does not provide evidence of the ability of the isokinetic assessment of lower extremity muscle strength to predict injuries to football players and basketball players.

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Analysis of the External and Internal Load in 5vs5 Large Sided Games: Differences Between Different Sized Fields

Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ ◽

10.17309/tmfv.2021.4.08 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 337-342

Author(s):

Giacomo Cofano ◽

Francesca D’Elia ◽

Andrea Piccinno ◽

Italo Sannicandro

Keyword(s):

External Load ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Internal Load ◽

Passive Recovery ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Load Analysis ◽

The Difference ◽

Fourth Session

The study purpose. The purpose of the study is to analyze and understand the internal and external load in Large Sided Games (LSG) exercises carried out on fields of different sizes, defined as Small – Large Sided Games (SLSG) and Big – Large Sided Games (BLSG), according to the different square meters assigned to each player. Materials and methods. 22 professional soccer players (average age: 23.59 ± 4.87 years, weight: 77.8 ± 7.6 kg, height: 183.5 ± 7.5 cm, age training: 13.1 ± 1.7). The LSG exercises were carried out on a 60 x 54 m field (270 m2/player), defined as "small" (SLSG) and on a 65 x 60 m field (325 m2/player) defined as "big" (BLSG). During the two LSG exercises, the internal load and the external load were analyzed. LSG exercises were performed with 4 sets of 5 minutes each, with 2 minutes of passive recovery between each set. Results. The results of the internal load analysis show how the LSG carried out on a SLSG field provides higher and more significant HR values (p < 0.0005) than those emerged during the exercise carried out on a BLSG field. The RPE value is also higher during the SLSG, although statistically no significant difference appears. The analysis of the external load in relation with the observed parameters shows higher values in the BLSG, except for the number of accelerations. Conclusions. In terms of external and internal load, the results of this study showed how the difference of 55 m2/player can radically change the configuration of the two exercises. These differences allow to use both dimensions within a micro-cycle, but in sessions with different goals. The most appropriate sessions for LSGs are the first post-match session in which the rest day is not gone and the fourth session 3 days before the match.

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The Effect of an 8-Week Hamstring Weight Training on H/Q ratio and H/Q FI of Male College Students

Exercise Science ◽

10.15857/ksep.2021.30.3.295 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 295-302

Author(s):

Seung-Ri Kim ◽

Hyun-Joo Kang

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Knee Joint ◽

Weight Training ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Control Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Male College ◽

The Difference ◽

Male College Students

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the effects on the hamstring/quadriceps ratio (H/Q ratio) and H/Q ratio fatigue index (H/Q FI) of the knee joint of an 8-week weight training to improve the hamstring muscles of male college students.METHODS: Twenty male college students were divided into two groups: an exercise group (EG) and a control group (CG). The EG participated in an 8-week hamstring weight training program, working out twice a week, 60 min per session, with a 60–80% 1RM and 12–16 RPE intensity. The peak torque, H/Q ratio, and H/Q FI were measured, and a t-test was used to verify the statistical significance of the difference between the pre- and post-intervention results.RESULTS: The right flexor peak torque at 60°/sec increased by 14.10±9.60%BW in the EG and decreased by −9.00±16.55%BW in the CG, showing a significant difference between the groups (p<0.01). The left flexor peak torque increased by 6.60±12.31%BW in the EG and decreased by −5.10±10.68%BW in the CG, showing a significant difference between the groups (p<0.05). The left extensor peak torque decreased by −5.40±19.53%BW in the EG and by −28.40±25.70%BW in the CG, showing a significant difference between the groups (p<0.05). The H/Q ratios tended to increase, but the difference was not significant.CONCLUSIONS: To prevent injuries and stabilize the knee joint, the central joint of the lower extremity that plays an important role in daily life and sports activities, hamstring weight training can be performed to maintain the H/Q ratio within the normal range.

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Biomechanical Kinetics Analysis of Flexors and Extensors on Knee Joint in Soccer Players

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.540.313 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 540 ◽

pp. 313-316

Author(s):

Pan Li

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Test System ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Kinetics Analysis ◽

Biomechanical Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Flexor Muscles ◽

Male College ◽

Kinetics Measurement

Using kinetics measurement method with CON-TREX biomechanical test system to reveal the peak torque of flexors and extensors in knee joint under different velocities in soccer players. Thirteen male college students participated in this study,. After analyzing the data collected by kinetics measurement device , this study reached the following conclusion that (a) there is no significant difference in different velocities on absolute peak torque and relative peak torque in knee joint of soccer players,(b) the knee joint extensor and flexor muscles in different velocities in soccer players should be developed with balance.

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Morphological Changes of the Hip Commonly Associated With Femoroacetabular Impingement Are Not Correlated With Rotational Range of Hip Motion in Elite Soccer Athletes

Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

10.1177/1941738120973662 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 194173812097366

Author(s):

André Orlandi Bento ◽

Guilherme Falótico ◽

Keelan Enseki ◽

Ronaldo Alves Cunha ◽

Benno Ejnisman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Femoroacetabular Impingement ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Clinical Relevance ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Alpha Angle ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Rotational Movement ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Morphological changes characteristic of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) are common in soccer players. However, the clinical relevance of such anatomical variations is still not well-defined. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that high alpha angle values and/or acetabular retroversion index (ARI) are correlated with rotational range of motion (ROM) of the hip and that there are clinical-radiological diferences between the dominant lower limb (DLL) and nondominant lower limb (NDLL) in professional soccer players. Study Design: Cross-sectional. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 59 male professional soccer players (average age 25.5 years, range 18-38 years) were evaluated in the preseason. As main outcome measures, we evaluated the alpha angle and the ARI and hip IR and ER ROM with radiographic analysis. Results: The measurements taken on DLL and NDLL were compared and a significant difference was found between the sides in the ER ( P = 0.027), where the DLL measures were 1.54° (95% CI, 0.18-2.89) greater than the NDLL. There were no significant differences between the sides in the measures of IR ( P > 0.99), total ROM ( P = 0.07), alpha angle ( P = 0.250), and ARI ( P = 0.079). The correlations between the rotation measurements and the alpha angle in each limb were evaluated and the coefficient values showed no correlation; so also between the ARI and rotation measures. Conclusion: Morphological changes of the femur or acetabulum are not correlated with hip IR and ER ROM in male professional soccer players. ER on the dominant side was greater than on the nondominant side. There was no significant difference in the other measurements between sides. Clinical Relevance: In clinical practice, it is common to attribute loss of hip rotational movement to the presence of FAI. This study shows that anatomical FAI may not have a very strong influence on available hip rotational movement in professional soccer athletes.

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The Difference of Cardiovascular Endurance between Soccer Players and Handball Players

The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention ◽

10.18535/ijsshi/v6i3.01 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 5341-5346

Author(s):

Dr. Syed Kamaruzaman Syed Ali

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Secondary Schools ◽

T Test ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Cardiovascular Endurance ◽

Ex Post ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ex Post Facto ◽

The Difference ◽

Run Test

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of cardiovascular endurance between secondary school soccer players and handball players. The study adopted ex-post facto design. The subjects were selected among soccer and handball players at one of the secondary schools. A total of 60 subjects were selected, 30 soccer players and 30 handball players. All subjects aged between 13 and 15 years old. The test used to test cardiovascular endurance was 12 minute Cooper Run Test. T-test was used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the cardiovascular endurance of the soccer players and handball players. The results of the study showed that there was no significant difference t(-1.65)=58, P>0.05 between soccer players (M = 2235; SD = 180.44) and handball players (M = 2307.83; SD = 160.19). Although there was no significant difference, the players from both teams still have good cardiovascular endurance fitness.

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ISOKINETIC PROFILES AND REFERENCE VALUES OF PROFESSIONAL SOCCER PLAYERS

Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte ◽

10.1590/1517-8692202127062021_0073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 610-615

Author(s):

Guillermo Charneco Salguero ◽

Francisco García-Muro San José ◽

Arturo Pérez Gosalvez ◽

Jose Miguel Cárdenas Rebollo ◽

Isabel Brígido Fernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reference Values ◽

Health Professionals ◽

High Speed ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Warm Up ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Average Work ◽

Torque Values

ABSTRACT Introduction: Isokinetics is a tool commonly used in professional soccer. There is ongoing debate among researchers as to the isokinetic reference values a player should have. Objectives: To determine the absolute peak torque (PT) and average work of professional soccer players in relation to their positions on the field, and to establish the reference values for these variables. Methods: Purposeful sampling was used to select 289 professional soccer players. The sample included 32 goalkeepers, 100 defenders, 98 midfielders, and 59 strikers. The participants were measured preseason. The players were asked to perform a 10-minute warm-up on an exercise bike, and then to perform 5 repetitions at low speed, 10 at medium speed, and 25 at high speed, with 30 to 40-s of rest between each set of repetitions. The contraction method was concentric-concentric in a dynamometer Isomed 2000. Results: The average age, weight, and height of the players was 21.9 years, 74.3 kilograms, and 1.8 meters, respectively. The goalkeepers presented higher PT at the 3 measured speeds, and the higher average work at 180°/s and 240°/s in relation to defenders and midfielders. The strikers presented higher average work at 240°/s in relation to midfielders, and higher PT in relation to the defenders and midfielders. Absolute values were shown and reference values were established. Conclusions: The goalkeepers and strikers were the players that showed the greatest differences in their favor in relation to the other positions. The peak torque values and average work were described in relation to the player's position on the field. This study resulted in the creation of a tool for health professionals working with professional soccer players, providing reference values for these players in relation to their position on the field that can be used as benchmarks, by health professionals, to optimize soccer players’ performance. Level of evidence II, Prospective comparative study.

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CHANGES IN THE FLEXOR AND EXTENSOR MUSCLES AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS

Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte ◽

10.1590/1517-8692202127072021_0375 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (7) ◽

pp. 686-688

Author(s):

Rui Ma ◽

Wenyan Li

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Muscle Group ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Flexor Muscle ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Isokinetic Test ◽

Extensor Muscles ◽

Test Velocity ◽

The Difference

ABSTRACT Introduction: Centrifugal strength is an important element for strength quality. Developing muscle centrifugal strength can effectively increase the stability of lower limbs and reduce the risk of injury. Objective: To explore the characteristics of contractile force of flexor ahods in strength training and rehabilitation training, and the extensor muscles of the knee joint in athletes with different speeds of centripetal force. Methods: The knee joint muscle group of 8 first-level male high jumpers and 8 second-level male high jumpers were tested by isokinetic centrifugal contraction; the angular test velocity was 60 °/s, 120 °/s, 240 °/s, and the indexes included peak torque, relative peak torque (peak torque/body weight), and the peak torque flexural extension ratio. Results: With the centrifugal contraction of the knee joint muscle group (P < 0.05), the second-level high jumpers should increase the ability of the knee flexor muscle group of the take-off leg. In the case of constant velocity centrifugal contraction (P < 0.01), taking off time must be reduced, that is, taking off speed must be accelerated. Conclusions: The difference in the knee joint muscle isokinetic test results is one of the reasons for the difference in knee joint flexor and extensor muscle contractility under the different speed forces of high jumpers. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

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Regions at Risk in the Knee Joint of Young Professional Soccer Players: Longitudinal Evaluation of Early Cartilage Degeneration by Quantitative T2 Mapping in 3 T MRI

Cartilage ◽

10.1177/1947603520924773 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 194760352092477

Author(s):

Hanna Schenk ◽

David Simon ◽

Leonie Waldenmeier ◽

Christoph Evers ◽

Rolf Janka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Knee Joint ◽

T2 Mapping ◽

Cartilage Damage ◽

Cartilage Degeneration ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Young Professional ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Playing Time

Purpose. The study aims to detect regions at risk for (pre-)osteoarthritis in the tibiofemoral joint of young professional soccer players by evaluating cartilage composition by T2 mapping in a 3 T magnetic resonance imaging setting. Methods. In this longitudinal study, 20 professional adolescent soccer players were included. Tibiofemoral cartilage was assessed by quantitative T2 mapping and T2 values were evaluated by regions of interest analysis. Statistical evaluation, using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, was performed to compare global T2 values and subregional T2 values between a baseline and a follow-up investigation 4.3 years later. Based on the average of playing time (15 years) we divided the cohort in 2 groups and differences were evaluated. Results. When comparing baseline and follow-up, our findings showed statistically significant increases of the global medial tibial and femoral T2 values. The most noticeable results of the subregional T2 analysis were statistically significant increases in the medial posterior zones (deep femoral 36.1 vs. 39.5, P = 0.001; superficial femoral 57.0 vs. 62.4, P = 0.034; deep tibial 28.3 vs. 34.1, P = 0.009; superficial tibial 43.2 vs. 55.3, P = 0.002). Conclusion. The elevation of T2 values in the medial, especially medial posterior, compartment of the knee joint indicates that these regions are at risk for early cartilage degeneration already at the time of adolescence. The findings can help individualize and optimize training concepts and to be aware of the chronic stress on these vulnerable areas. Prevention programs should be established in young players to avoid further cartilage damage.

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Relationships between Body Build and Knee Joint Flexor and Extensor Torque of Polish First-Division Soccer Players

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10030783 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 783 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jadwiga Pietraszewska ◽

Artur Struzik ◽

Anna Burdukiewicz ◽

Aleksandra Stachoń ◽

Bogdan Pietraszewski

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Height ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Body Part ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Joint Torque ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Lower Limb Muscles ◽

Extensor Torque

The aim of the study is to identify the relationships between anthropometric variables and knee joint extensor peak torque, knee joint flexor peak torque, and conventional hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio in Polish first-division soccer players. The study examined 37 soccer players aged 19 to 30 years (body mass: 76.8 ± 7.2 kg, body height 1.82 ± 0.06 m). Muscle torques of the knee joint were measured under isometric conditions using a Biodex 4 Pro dynamometer. The anthropometric variables such as body part lengths, breadths, and girths and skinfold thickness were measured. The strongest relationships of knee joint extensors were observed with body mass and variables describing skeleton size and lower-limb muscles. Regarding knee flexor torque, a significant relationship was found only with body mass. However, no significant relationships were observed between the conventional hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio and the anthropometric variables studied. The regression analysis results identified body height, body mass, and thigh and calf girth as the features most associated with knee joint torque. However, anthropometric measurements do not provide full information about the torque proportions of antagonist muscle groups, which is very important for injury prevention. Therefore, measurements using special biomechanical equipment are also necessary for the comprehensive analyses and control of the effects of sports training.

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