Out of Amazonia and Back Again: Historical Biogeography of the Species-Rich Neotropical Genus Philodendron (Araceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dubán Canal ◽  
Nils Köster ◽  
Marcela Celis ◽  
Thomas B. Croat ◽  
Thomas Borsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Northern Andes ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Isthmus Of Panama ◽  
History Of ◽  
Andean Uplift ◽  
The Impact

The origin of Neotropical species diversity is strongly associated with the geological history of South America. Since the Miocene, a number of species radiations across different Neotropical lineages coincided with the rise of the Andes and the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. The species-rich genus Philodendron Schott (Araceae) is widely distributed across Neotropical rainforests, originating in the Late Oligocene and diversifying more intensely from the Miocene onward. It is likely that its diversification process and distribution patterns are associated with recent geological changes in the Americas. To test this hypothesis, we sampled the species diversity of Philodendron across its entire geographic range and used a combination of three non-coding plastid regions (petD, rpl16, and trnK/matK) to obtain a comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny. We then inferred geographic range evolution and explored the impact of the Andean orogeny on speciation, extinction, and dispersal. The genus Philodendron originated ~29 million years ago (mya) and experienced the earliest diversification events ~25 mya in the Pan-Amazonian rainforests. From the Middle Miocene onward, multiple geographic range expansion events occurred from Amazonia to southeast Brazil and to the area which would become the Chocó and the northern Andes. From the Pliocene onward, Philodendron reached Central America and the Caribbean islands, and Andean lineages recolonized and diversified in Amazonia. In Philodendron, higher diversification rates are found in the adjacent lowland rainforests of the northern Andes compared with other regions in the Neotropics, demonstrating a potential indirect impact of the Andean uplift on species radiations in lowland regions.

scholarly journals Neogene precipitation, vegetation, and elevation history of the Central Andean Plateau

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (35) ◽  
pp. eaaz4724 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Martínez ◽  
C. Jaramillo ◽  
A. Correa-Metrío ◽  
W. Crepet ◽  
J. E. Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Plant Fossil ◽  
History Of ◽  
Andean Uplift ◽  
Climate Model Simulations ◽  
Fossil Data

Andean uplift played a fundamental role in shaping South American climate and species distribution, but the relationship between the rise of the Andes, plant composition, and local climatic evolution is poorly known. We investigated the fossil record (pollen, leaves, and wood) from the Neogene of the Central Andean Plateau and documented the earliest evidence of a puna-like ecosystem in the Pliocene and a montane ecosystem without modern analogs in the Miocene. In contrast to regional climate model simulations, our climate inferences based on fossil data suggest wetter than modern precipitation conditions during the Pliocene, when the area was near modern elevations, and even wetter conditions during the Miocene, when the cordillera was around ~1700 meters above sea level. Our empirical data highlight the importance of the plant fossil record in studying past, present, and future climates and underscore the dynamic nature of high elevation ecosystems.

Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio De la Riva ◽  
Juan C Chaparro ◽  
Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher ◽  
José M Padial
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Southern Peru ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Taxonomic Research

AbstractDespite recent efforts to accelerate exploration and species description, the diversity of high Andean frogs remains highly underestimated. We report high levels of species diversity in direct-developing frogs or terraranas inhabiting the wet puna and adjacent cloud forests of the Amazonian versant of the Andes in Bolivia and Peru. Descriptive evidence of external morphology, distribution patterns and molecular phylogenetic analyses support the existence of nine unnamed species in two clades, which represents a 30% increase in species diversity for those clades. The relationships of these species and their relatives in Holoadeninae are tested using nuclear and mitochondrial genes for 159 terminals representing the 11 genera in this subfamily and 25 species of previously unknown relationships. Our results corroborate species monophyly in all but three cases and support the monophyly of all Holoadeninae genera, albeit the position of some differs between analyses. We propose a new genus (Microkayla gen. nov.) for the clade containing all Bolivian species formerly in Psychrophrynella plus five species from southern Peru. The new genus is monophyletic and supported by anatomical synapomorphies. Psychrophrynella is re-diagnosed and redefined to include three species from the Andes of southern Peru. We discuss the taxonomic instability associated with Noblella and Psychrophrynella due to the fact that the type species of both genera share a number of traits that support a close relationship. We also name and describe three new species of Bryophryne and two of Microkayla from Peru, provide baseline data for the future description of four Bolivian species of Microkayla, and describe the unknown mating calls of two species. Our results support that the grasslands of the Amazonian versant of the Andes harbour a large diversity of species with small altitudinal and horizontal distributions that replace each other along a latitudinal axis. These species belong to different lineages whose closest relatives are forest species, often from distant parts of the continent. These patterns suggest that high Andean environments were colonized several times independently by species with forest ancestors and which radiated into a multitude of species with remarkably similar ecomorphologies. The extent of these radiations remains obscured by a still rudimentary knowledge of species diversity due to insufficient fieldwork and taxonomic research.

scholarly journals Demographic history and admixture dynamics in African Sahelian populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Černý ◽  
Cesar Fortes-Lima ◽  
Petr Tříska
Keyword(s):  
Demographic History ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
African Region ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Sahel/Savannah belt of Africa is a contact zone between two subsistence systems (nomadic pastoralism and sedentary farming) and of two groups of populations, namely Eurasians penetrating from northern Africa southwards and sub-Saharan Africans migrating northwards. Because pastoralism is characterised by a high degree of mobility, it leaves few significant archaeological traces. Demographic history seen through the lens of population genetic studies complements our historical and archaeological knowledge in this African region. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of demographic history in the Sahel/Savannah belt as revealed by genetic studies. We show the impact of food-producing subsistence strategies on population structure as well as the somewhat different migration patterns in the western and eastern part of the region. Genomic studies show that the gene pool of various groups of Sahelians consists in a complex mosaic of several ancestries. We also touch upon various signals of genetic adaptations such as lactase persistence, taste sensitivity, and malaria resistance, all of which have different distribution patterns among Sahelian populations. Overall, genetic studies contribute to gain a deeper understanding about the demographic and adaptive history of human populations in this specific African region and beyond.

scholarly journals Evolutionary transitions between beneficial and phytopathogenic Rhodococcus challenge disease management

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A Savory ◽  
Skylar L Fuller ◽  
Alexandra J Weisberg ◽  
William J Thomas ◽  
Michael I Gordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ecological Sampling ◽  
The Impact

Understanding how bacteria affect plant health is crucial for developing sustainable crop production systems. We coupled ecological sampling and genome sequencing to characterize the population genetic history of Rhodococcus and the distribution patterns of virulence plasmids in isolates from nurseries. Analysis of chromosome sequences shows that plants host multiple lineages of Rhodococcus, and suggested that these bacteria are transmitted due to independent introductions, reservoir populations, and point source outbreaks. We demonstrate that isolates lacking virulence genes promote beneficial plant growth, and that the acquisition of a virulence plasmid is sufficient to transition beneficial symbionts to phytopathogens. This evolutionary transition, along with the distribution patterns of plasmids, reveals the impact of horizontal gene transfer in rapidly generating new pathogenic lineages and provides an alternative explanation for pathogen transmission patterns. Results also uncovered a misdiagnosed epidemic that implicated beneficial Rhodococcus bacteria as pathogens of pistachio. The misdiagnosis perpetuated the unnecessary removal of trees and exacerbated economic losses.

Harvesting Natural Resources

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-125
Author(s):  
Emily W. B. Russell Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
The Impact

People have always had to rely on hunting and gathering for food, fuel and shelter. The first evidence for possible major impact of these activities is the early Holocene extinction of most megafauna on all continents except Africa. Multidisciplinary historical research indicates that both climate and human impact interacted to cause these extinctions. This chapter also discusses historical records which have elucidated some of the long-term impacts of harvesting fish and other creatures of seas and estuaries on aspects such as population numbers, age structure, and species diversity of these organisms. On land, hunting has continued to affect many species. Agriculture, rather than decreasing the use of natural resources, has altered land use and increased demand so that the impact on natural resources has increased worldwide. Industrialization further accelerated this trend. Even those sites removed from active use by inclusion in preserves continue to change, in part because of a complex history of use before they were preserved. Understanding this history can help set appropriate goals for preservation as well as indications of management that may assist in evaluating changes.

scholarly journals The Improbable Journeys of Epiphytic Plants Across The Andes: Historical Biogeography of Cycnoches (Catasetinae, Orchidaceae)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Alejandro Pérez-Escobar ◽  
Marc Gottschling ◽  
Guillaume Chomicki ◽  
Fabien L. Condamine ◽  
Bente Klitgård ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Historical Biogeography ◽  
Central American ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Andean Uplift ◽  
Founder Event ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe Andean uplift is one of the major orographic events in the New World and has impacted considerably the diversification of numerous Neotropical organisms. Despite its importance for biogeography, the specific role of mountain ranges as a dispersal barrier between South and Central American lowland plant lineages is still poorly understood. The swan orchids (Cycnoches) comprise ca 34 epiphytic species distributed in lowland and pre-montane forests of Central and South America. Here, we study the historical biogeography of Cycnoches to better understand the impact of the Andean uplift on the diversification of Neotropical lowland plant lineages. Using novel molecular sequences (five nuclear and plastid regions) and twelve biogeographic models with and without founder-event speciation, we infer that the most recent common ancestor of Cycnoches may have originated in Amazonia ca 5 Mya. The first colonization of Central America occurred from a direct migration event from Amazonia, and multiple bidirectional trans-Andean migrations between Amazonia and Central America took place subsequently. Notably, such biological exchange occurred well after major mountain building periods. The Andes have not acted as an impassable barrier for epiphytic lowland lineages such as orchids having a great potential for effortless dispersal because of the very light, anemochorous seeds.

scholarly journals Trans-Amazon Drilling Project (TADP): origins and evolution of the forests, climate, and hydrology of the South American tropics

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Baker ◽  
S. C. Fritz ◽  
C. G. Silva ◽  
C. A. Rigsby ◽  
M. L. Absy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Foreland Basins ◽  
Equatorial Atlantic ◽  
The Andes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Andean Uplift ◽  
Uplift And Erosion ◽  
American Tropics ◽  
Drilling Project

Abstract. This article presents the scientific rationale for an ambitious ICDP drilling project to continuously sample Late Cretaceous to modern sediment in four different sedimentary basins that transect the equatorial Amazon of Brazil, from the Andean foreland to the Atlantic Ocean. The goals of this project are to document the evolution of plant biodiversity in the Amazon forests and to relate biotic diversification to changes in the physical environment, including climate, tectonism, and the surface landscape. These goals require long sedimentary records from each of the major sedimentary basins across the heart of the Brazilian Amazon, which can only be obtained by drilling because of the scarcity of Cenozoic outcrops. The proposed drilling will provide the first long, nearly continuous regional records of the Cenozoic history of the forests, their plant diversity, and the associated changes in climate and environment. It also will address fundamental questions about landscape evolution, including the history of Andean uplift and erosion as recorded in Andean foreland basins and the development of west-to-east hydrologic continuity between the Andes, the Amazon lowlands, and the equatorial Atlantic. Because many modern rivers of the Amazon basin flow along the major axes of the old sedimentary basins, we plan to locate drill sites on the margin of large rivers and to access the targeted drill sites by navigation along these rivers.

Morphology of the immature stages and notes on the natural history of the little-known plume moth Stenoptilodes juanfernandicus Gielis (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4462 (3) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEBASTIÁN ESPINOZA-DONOSO ◽  
LUIS E. PARRA ◽  
CRISTÓBAL GONZÁLEZ-ESPINOZA ◽  
MARCELO VARGAS-ORTIZ ◽  
HÉCTOR A. VARGAS
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Cryptic Coloration ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Scanning Electron

Stenoptilodes juanfernandicus Gielis, 1991 (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) was described from the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile; it was subsequently recorded from the Galápagos Islands and mainland Ecuador. Its larva and pupa are described and illustrated for the first time with the aid of light and scanning electron microscopy. Descriptions are based on specimens collected as larvae displaying cryptic coloration feeding on inflorescences of Verbena hispida Ruiz & Pav. (Verbenaceae) in the Andes of northern Chile. Several differences were found with the larva and pupa of congeneric representatives, suggesting that immature morphology should be further explored to assess its value in the taxonomy and systematics of Stenoptilodes Zimmerman, 1958. Verbena hispida is the first host plant recorded for S. juanfernandicus, a finding that will be helpful to further explore different Neotropical environments to better characterize the geographic range of this plume moth. 

scholarly journals A review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus Urodeta (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae: Elachistinae), with description of new species

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3488 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
JURATE DE PRINS ◽  
VIRGINIJUS SRUOGA
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Species ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Annotated Catalogue ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
The Impact

The taxonomic history of the genus Urodeta Stainton 1869 (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae: Elachistinae) is presented. Three new species: Urodeta acinacella Sruoga et De Prins, sp. nov., U. quadrifida Sruoga et De Prins, sp. nov. and U. trilobata Sruoga et De Prins, sp. nov., from South Africa are described. The new species are diagnosed and illustrated with photographs of the adults and genitalia. A global, annotated catalogue of the Urodeta species diversity is presented. The impact of formerly published taxonomic decisions on the position of Urodeta within Gelechioidea is discussed.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

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