scholarly journals Prevalence of nephropathy and proximal tubule disorder in human immunodeficiency virus patients under tenofovir therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e11-e11
Author(s):  
Foroogh Sabzghabaei ◽  
Afsaneh Sedighi ◽  
Raziyeh Shahi ◽  
Vahid Mahmoodi ◽  
Jahanbakhsh Khamseh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Proximal Tubule ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
First Year ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Effect

Introduction: Tenofovir is a common therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. Objective: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of nephropathy and proximal tubule disorder in HIV patients under tenofovir therapy. Patients and Methods: In this study, 160 HIV patients under tenofovir therapy were enrolled and the prevalence of nephropathy and proximal tubule disorder was determined and compared. Results: We found, the proximal tubule involvement in 25%, 6.8%, 2.2% and 0% in first year, 2–5 years , 6–10 years and 11–18 years of disease involvement respectively, (P = 0.02). The mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) diminution was 2.15%, 10.53%, 12.6% and 17.79%, in the first, 2–5, 6–10, and 11–18 years, respectively, again showing a significant difference between years (P = 0.02). Proteinuria was seen in 13.1% of patients. Conclusion: We concluded that GFR diminution and proximal tubule involvement are common and important to be managed in HIV-positive patients under tenofovir therapy, and discontinuation of drug has no positive effect on GFR.

scholarly journals Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Nelfinavir and Its Metabolite M8 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Positive and HIV-Hepatitis C Virus-Coinfected Subjects

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Regazzi ◽  
Renato Maserati ◽  
Paola Villani ◽  
Maria Cusato ◽  
Patrizia Zucchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Standard Dosage ◽  
Clinical Pharmacokinetics ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the potential risk of nelfinavir (NFV) accumulation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients with liver disease, we investigated the concentrations of NFV and M8, the active metabolite of NFV, in plasma HIV-positive (HIV+) patients coinfected with HCV. A total of 119 HIV+ subjects were included in our study: 67 HIV+ patients, 32 HIV+ and HCV-positive (HCV+) patients without cirrhosis, and 20 HIV+ and HCV+ patients with cirrhosis. Most of the enrolled patients (chronically treated) were taking NFV at the standard dosage of 1,250 mg twice a day. To assay plasma NFV and M8 concentrations, patients underwent serial plasma samplings during the dosing interval at steady state. Plasma NFV and M8 concentrations were measured simultaneously by a high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection. The HIV+ and HCV+ patients with and without cirrhosis had significantly lower NFV oral clearances than the HIV+ and HCV-negative individuals (28 and 58% lower, respectively; P < 0.05), which translated into higher areas under the concentration-time curves for cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients. The NFV absorption rate was significantly lower in cirrhotic patients, resulting in a longer time to the maximum concentration in serum. The mean ratios of the M8 concentration/NFV concentration were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in HIV+ and HCV+ subjects with cirrhosis (0.06 ± 0.074) than in the subjects in the other two groups. The mean ratios for M8 and NFV were not statistically different between HIV+ and HCV-negative patients (0.16 ± 0.13) and HIV+ and HCV+ patients without cirrhosis (0.24 ± 0.17), but the interpatient variability was high. Our results indicate that the pharmacokinetics of NFV and M8 are altered in HIV+ and HCV+ patients, especially those with liver cirrhosis. Therefore, there may be a role for therapeutic drug monitoring in individualizing the NFV dosage in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients.

scholarly journals Evolution of Tuberculosis/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Services among Different Integrated Models in Myanmar: A Health Services Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myo Kyi ◽  
Si Aung ◽  
Edward McNeil ◽  
Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Integrated Services ◽  
Program Review ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Hiv Services ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Government

Myanmar is one of the highly affected countries by tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. We aimed to review the coverage of TB/HIV integrated services as well as to document the performance of this integrated services. A retrospective program review was conducted using the aggregated data of the National TB Programme (NTP) from 2005 to 2016. In Myanmar, TB/HIV services were initiated in seven townships in 2005. Townships were slowly expanded until 2013. After that, the momentum was increased by increasing the government budget allocation for NTP. In 2016, the whole country was eventually covered by TB/HIV services in different types of integration. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage among HIV-positive TB patients remained low and it was the only significant difference among the three types of integration. Barriers of low ART coverage need to be investigated to reduce the burden of TB/HIV.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Kidney Function Tests in HIV-Positive Patients Receiving Combined Antiretroviral Therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
emre aydın ◽  
Fatma Yılmaz Aydın ◽  
Yakup Demir ◽  
Yaşar Yıldırım ◽  
Mustafa Kemal Çelen
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Combined Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Group 5

Introduction: Human Immunodeficiency virus is a chronic infection that attacks the immune system of the human body, particularly CD4 T lymphocytes. Combined antiretroviral therapies are highly effective in virological suppression of human immunodeficiency virus infection. It has been shown that some retroviral therapies have a higher nephrotoxicity potential. As a result of renal injury, serum creatinine increases, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate is reduced. The aim of our study was to assess changes in kidney function during a 24-month period in HIV-positive patients who were begun on combined antiretroviral therapy. Material-method: A total of 127 HIV positive patients were enrolled. The patients were divided into five groups; patients who received no therapy were designated as Group 1; those that received Dolutegravir/Abacavir/Lamivudine combination as Group 2; those that received Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate combination as Group 3; those that received Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Dolutegravir combination as Group 4; and those that received Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Raltegravir combination as Group 5. We compared the effects of these drugs on estimated glomerular filtration rate during a 24-month follow-up period. Results: At the 24th month of therapy, a significant difference was observed between the eGFR levels of the study groups (p:<0.001). eGFR level was significantly higher in Group 4 compared to Groups 1, 2, and 3 (p:0.009, p:<0.001, p:<0.001, respectively) while it was significantly lower in Group 5 than groups 1, 2, and 3 (p:0.005, p:<0.001, p:<0.001, respectively). No significant eGFR difference was found between Group 4 and Group 5 (p>0.05). Serum creatinine level was significantly higher in Groups 4 and 5 compared to the other groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: The use of TDF-containing regimens causes renal dysfunction. Therefore, we recommend close monitoring of renal function, especially in patients treated with TDF.

scholarly journals Determination of Serum IL-8, CD4+ and CD8+ in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 300-304
Author(s):  
HM Alhassan ◽  
MH Yeldu ◽  
M Kabir ◽  
M Abubakar ◽  
A Isiyaku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
P Value ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean

Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is associated with a decline of immunity and progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). This current study was aimed at evaluating the serum level of Interleukin-8 (IL-8), CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells counts among newly diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive adults in Sokoto-Nigeria. Materials and methods: A total of 60 adults were enrolled into the study, comprising of 30 newly diagnosed HIV seropositive subjects and 30 age-and sex-matched apparently healthy controls. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were enumerated using flow cytometry. Serum IL-8 was analyzed using ELISA kit. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 statistical package. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant in all statistical comparisons. Results: The mean of CD4+ (632.63 ± 34.83 cells/μl), CD8+ (579.98 ± 30.74 cells/μl) and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (1.10 ± 0.03 cells/μl) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in controls compared to newly diagnosed HIV patients (160.60 ± 29.47 cells/μl, 521.10 ± 46.34cells/μl and 0.32 ± 0.52 respectively. The mean of IL-8 (6.56 ± 0.09 pg/ml) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in controls compared to newly diagnosed patient IL-8 (6.60 ± 0.07 pg/ml). There were insignificant negative correlation between IL-8 and CD4+ (r = -0.064, p > 0.05) as well as CD8+ (r = -0.074, p > 0.05) in controls. And conversely, an insignificant positive correlation occurred between IL-8 and CD4+ (r = 0.025, p > 0.05) as well as CD8+ (r = 0.016, p > 0.05) in newly diagnosed HIV patients. Moreover, it has also shown a statistically insignificant positive correlation between IL-8 and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (r = 0.039, p > 0.05) in controls compared to newly diagnosed HIV patients where it shows a statistically insignificant negative correlation between the IL-8 and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (r = -0.076, p > 0.05). Conclusion: It could be concluded that, both CD4+, CD4+/ CD8+ ratio in newly diagnosed HIV patients are significantly decrease compared to controls (p < 0.05), while serum IL-8 was significantly increased, the serum levels of IL-8 did not correlate with CD4+ T-cells and CD8+ T-cells population, as well as CD4+/CD8+ ratio.

scholarly journals A Novel Expression of Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients: A Pilot Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rami Doukky ◽  
Won Y Lee ◽  
Mahindhar Ravilla ◽  
Omar B Lateef ◽  
Victor Pelaez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Doppler Echocardiography ◽  
Peak Exercise ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Exercise Induced

Background: Patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk for multiple pulmonary complications including pulmonary hypertension. Exercise induced pulmonary hypertension (EIPH) has been previously described in patients with scleroderma, sickle cell disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, yet has not been associated with the HIV population. Methods: A prospective case-control study design was implemented. Four HIV patients with unexplained dyspnea and four healthy controls underwent symptom-limited stationary bicycle exercise. Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography was used to measure tricuspid regurgitation velocity which was used to calculate the right ventricular to right atrial pressure (RV-RA) gradient at rest and at peak exercise using the simplified Bernoulli’s equation. Change in RV-RA gradient between rest and peak exercise was calculated and considered to represent change in pulmonary arterial systolic pressure. Results: The mean age was 41.25 years (±8.7) for patients and 33.5 years (±6.0) for controls. The mean CD4 count of patients was 191.5 cells/μL (±136.2). Patients had a significantly higher increase in RV-RA gradient as compared to controls (180.2% vs. 27.5%, p = 0.03). Discussion: This pilot study suggests that it is feasible to use recumbent bicycle and transthoracic Doppler echocardiography for the evaluation of EIPH among HIV patients with dyspnea of unknown etiology. The study is too small to draw any broad conclusion. Further evaluation of this concept with a larger study is warranted.

Gestational trophoblastic syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: A retrospective analysis

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 875-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Moodley ◽  
J. Moodley
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sub Saharan

The appropriate management of gynecological malignancies in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is not established. To date the reported literature on the subject consists mainly of case reports. Due to the increasing prevalence of HIV infection, especially in sub-Saharan countries, the chances of finding both conditions in the same patient has produced management and ethical dilemmas. This retrospective study describes the management of 12 HIV-infected patients and compares their outcome with 29 non HIV-infected patients. The mean age of the non HIV-infected patients was 30 years (range 16–56 years), while the mean age of the HIV-infected patients was 32 years (range 20–47 years). In terms of risk factors, there were 72% of non HIV-infected women in the high-risk category compared to 50% of HIV-infected women (P = 0.468). All patients who received treatment had CD4 counts greater than 200 cells/μl. Two HIV-infected women who did not receive any form of chemotherapy due to low CD4 counts (41 cells/μl and 84 cells/μl) demised of their disease. The majority of women (86% non HIV-infected & 90% HIV-infected) received lfewer than 10 cycles of chemotherapy to attain cure. Most side effects were minor. None of the HIV-infected patients who received chemotherapy demised of their disease. In total, irrespective of risk category, there were 38 patients (93%) who were cured of their disease by chemotherapy including 10 HIV-positive patients. All patients were alive and free of disease at their last follow-up visit. Although the numbers are small, it is proposed that HIV-infected patients with choriocarcinoma and a reasonable degree of CD4 counts (>200cells/μl) should receive standard therapy.

scholarly journals CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CLUSTER DIFFERENTIATION 4 COUNTS, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS CLINICAL STAGES, AND HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL AMONG HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PATIENTS WITH ANEMIA IN MERPATI CLINIC, WANGAYA HOSPITAL, DENPASAR, BALI, INDONESIA: A CROSS-SECTI

2019 ◽  
pp. 426-429
Author(s):  
KETUT SURYANA ◽  
HAMONG SUHARSONO ◽  
GEDE BUDIASA ◽  
JARWA ANTARA ◽  
PUJI ASTUTI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Clinical Stages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Study Participants

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) counts, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinical stages, and hemoglobin (Hb) level among HIV-infected patients with anemia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2017 at Merpati Clinic of Wangaya Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. We selected 79 HIV patients with anemia to participate in our study. We grouped CD4 counts into two categories: <200 cells/μL and ≥200 cells/μL, and we classified the HIV clinical stages into HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Results: About 55.7% (44) of men and 44.3% (35) of women were participated in this study. As many as, 91.1% (72) of participants were AIDS patients. The mean Hb was 8.77 g/dl with SD 1.79 g/dl. 81% (64) of study participants were suffered from anemia on chronic disease or inflammatory anemia, and 19% (15) of study participants were suffered from iron deficiency anemia. The median for CD4 counts was 94 cells/μL (3–309 cells/μL) with as many as 78.5% (62) of participants were found to have low CD4 counts (<200 cells/μL). Spearman analysis revealed a positive correlation between CD4 counts and Hb level (r=0.427, p<0.001). Independent sample t-test analysis found a correlation between the HIV clinical stages and Hb level. There was a difference between the mean of Hb level in each stage with the average difference of 0.8 g/dl (95% confidence interval 0.04–1.6; p<0.04). Conclusions: There is a correlation between CD4 counts, HIV clinical stages, and Hb level among HIV patients with anemia.

scholarly journals Intestinal Parasitosis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patients Visiting Different Care Centers of Eastern Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Hemanta Khanal ◽  
Sanjita Bhujel
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Intestinal Parasitosis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Enteric Parasites ◽  
Hiv Seropositive

Gastrointestinal parasitic infections are the major sources of diarrheal disease in developing countries and Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients are at the most risk. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) in the HIV-infected individuals visiting different care centers of Morang and Sunsari districts. The present cross-sectional study was conducted from two different HIV rehabilitation centers and one antiretroviral therapy center from eastern Nepal. A semi structured questionnaires was provided to HIV patients and 149 stool specimens were collected to analyze macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of enteric parasites. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16. A total of 149 HIV seropositive patients with and without diarrhea were included in the study. Overall prevalence rate of enteroparasites was 19.46%. The prevalence rate of enteric parasites in HIV patients showed higher rate of protozoan infections (58.6%) than helminths (41.4%). High prevalence of parasitic infection was seen in male and also among male in the age groups of 31-40 years. The polyparasitism was not detected. A significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the level of infection of intestinal parasites between the HIV seropositive with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) symptoms and HIV seropositive without GIT symptoms. The enteric parasitic infections were detected in 19.46% among HIV seropositive patients. Early detection of enteric parasitic infections could help in the management and improvement of the quality of life for HIV-infected individuals.

scholarly journals Epigenetic Associations With Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Among Men With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyu Chen ◽  
Yunfeng Huang ◽  
Qin Hui ◽  
Raina Mathur ◽  
Marta Gwinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Cpg Sites ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract Background People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have higher risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined by a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Previous studies have implicated epigenetic changes related to CKD; however, the mechanism of HIV-related CKD has not been thoroughly investigated. Methods We conducted an epigenome-wide association study of eGFR among 567 HIV-positive and 117 HIV-negative male participants in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study to identify epigenetic signatures of kidney function. Results By surveying more than 400 000 cytosine guanine dinucleotide (CpG) sites measured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we identified 15 sites that were significantly associated with eGFR (false discovery rate Q value &lt; 0.05) among HIV-positive participants. The most significant CpG sites, located at MAD1L1, TSNARE1/BAI1, and LTV1, were all negatively associated with eGFR (cg06329547, P = 5.25 × 10–9; cg23281907, P = 1.37 × 10–8; cg18368637, P = 5.17 × 10–8). We also replicated previously reported eGFR-associated CpG sites including cg17944885 (P = 2.5 × 10–5) located between ZNF788 and ZNF20 on chromosome 19 in the pooled population. Conclusions In this study we uncovered novel epigenetic associations with kidney function among people living with HIV and suggest potential epigenetic mechanisms linked with HIV-related CKD risk.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Azithromycin Administered Alone and with Atovaquone in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1516-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leock Y. Ngo ◽  
Ram Yogev ◽  
Wayne M. Dankner ◽  
Walter T. Hughes ◽  
Sandra Burchett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
To Receive

ABSTRACT To evaluate if atovaquone (ATQ) interacts pharmacokinetically with azithromycin (AZ) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children, 10 subjects (ages, 4 to 13 years) were randomized in a crossover study to receive AZ (5 mg/kg/day) alone (ALONE) or AZ (5 mg/kg/day) and ATQ (30 mg/kg/day) simultaneously (SIM) prior to receiving AZ and ATQ staggered by 12 h. Despite a lack of significant difference in the mean AZ pharmacokinetic parameters, the steady-state values of AZ’s area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h and maximum concentration in serum were consistently lower (n = 7 of 7) for the SIM regimen than they were for the ALONE regimen. A larger study will be required to determine if ATQ affects AZ pharmacokinetics and efficacy in a clinically significant manner.

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