scholarly journals Techniques Used for Metals' Analysis of Organic Compounds in Wastewater, Greywater and Rainwater: A Brief Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Vinícius Silva dos Santos ◽  
Lilian Lefol Nani Guarieiro
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
The World ◽  
Wastewater Samples

Water recycling is a sustainable way of managing water resources because of the large consumption of fresh water in the world caused by population growth, urbanization, and industrial development. However, the reuse of freshwater requires serious care due to the appearance of contaminants after its use, such as active chemicals, micropollutants, and pharmaceutical products. This study presents a systematic review of articles that includes terms of techniques used to assess metals and organic compounds in wastewater samples (a combination of effluents and water originated from bathrooms, showers, and kitchen sinks, and rainwater between the years 2000 and 2020).  

scholarly journals Recent Developments in Solar Thermal Desalination Technologies: A Review

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihsan Ullah ◽  
Mohammad Rasul
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Grid Infrastructure ◽  
The World ◽  
Thermal Desalination ◽  
Recent Developments

Fresh water resources are depleting rapidly as the water demand around the world continues to increase. Fresh water resources are also not equally distributed geographically worldwide. The best way to tackle this situation is to use solar energy for desalination to not only cater for the water needs of humanity, but also to offset some detrimental environmental effects of desalination. A comprehensive review of the latest literature on various desalination technologies utilizing solar energy is presented here. This paper also highlights the environmental impacts of desalination technologies along with an economic analysis and cost comparison of conventional desalination methods with different solar energy based technologies. This review is part of an investigation into integration of solar thermal desalination into existing grid infrastructure in the Australian context.

scholarly journals Spanish Civil War According to the Turkish Embassy Reports

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
savaş sertel
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
The World ◽  
Advanced Civilization ◽  
European Students ◽  
Umayyad Caliphate ◽  
Over Time

Spain throughout history has hosted many civilizations. With its climate,geography, fresh water resources and vegetation, it is one of the most favorableplaces to live in the world. Therefore, many communities lived here. Especially, theestablishment of the Umayyad Caliphate was a very big chance for Spain. In theperiods when the Islamic world was the most advanced civilization, the biggestphilosophers and scientists of Europe raised in this geography. Scholars such as IbnRüşt and Ibn Meymun taught European students. While, the Kings in Europe areproud of the several thousand volumes of books in their libraries bragged, 400thousand volumes of books existed in the library of the Andalusian Caliphate. Thedestroyed Muslim and Jews with the Reconquista took also the richness and thecivilization of Spain. By contrast, Spain has found something new: Geographicaldiscoveries and gold. After these events, Spain became one of the world's largestcolonial empire, but in XIX and XX. Century, Spain lost power and withdraws to theIberian peninsula Over time, Spain has become one of Europe's most powerlesscountries sicne their economy was based on primitive agriculture. In this process,the Kingdom, dictatorships, military coups and republics were established. In theseprocesses Spain has seen continuous coups and coup attempts. In 1936, the armyhad rebelled once more against the legitimate Government. However this time therebels were supported by the foreign powers. Imperialist States were the financiersof the bloody civil war occurred between 1936-1939.

Sustainable development of water services industry

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Magara
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
World Population ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Energy Dependent

The world population is expected to increase up to 8 billion by 2015. Most of the cities in the world are scattered around the fresh water resources. These cities and villages have their own interests and they constitute a power order. Therefore, we have been trying to harmonize these cities and villages in the usage of fresh water resources and the discharging of wastewater as well, by using an engineering means of water treatment. However, fresh water resources, which are essential to our lives, have a constant amount of circulation with a period of one week to ten days. The science and technology of the water environment should recognize the limit of fresh water resources for the sustainable development of society, because the water service industries are the essential infrastructure of the community. In order to implement an appropriate risk management it is necessary to identify the goal of environmental management considering the social, natural and economical conditions. The energy-dependent technologies should be reconsidered to consume less energy and undertake more resource conservation engineering. Water science and technology cannot supply all the answers, therefore more comprehensive water management systems should be developed by other sectors, such as the food production industry.

Assessment of the world fresh water resources through energy requirements in desalination technologies

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 165-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaya Martínez ◽  
Javier Uche ◽  
Angel A. Bayod ◽  
Carlos Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
The World

scholarly journals Desertification in Agricultural Lands: Approaches to Mitigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Rastgoo ◽  
Alireza Hasanfard
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Agricultural Lands ◽  
Fundamental Causes ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Economic Activity ◽  
Care Systems

Urban expansion and industrial development destroy agricultural lands, pastures, and forests, and reduce the ecological and biological potential of lands, known as desertification. Diminished land potential due to one or a combination of processes such as erosion, destruction of water resources, destruction of vegetation, and swamping, by climate and human factors, is called desertification. Among these, human factors have a vital role in the emergence of this phenomenon. Excessive human economic activity upsets the ecological balance of arid and semi-arid regions, leading to adverse environmental changes. With the expansion of deserts in some parts of the world, food production and water resources are declining, resulting in environmental migration. Due to the limited capacity of urban areas to provide facilities and services, these migrations will cause severe socio-economic problems. In general, climatic and human factors are among the fundamental causes of desertification in the world. Preventing improper agricultural practices that lead to salinity and widespread soil degradation requires well-planned and strengthened awareness programs and development of information and care systems for areas exposed to desertification and drought, while also addressing the economic and social dimensions in these ecosystems.

scholarly journals CHALLENGE OF WATER SHORTAGE IN THE WORLD AND AZERBAIJAN AND SCIENTIFIC PRACTICAL SOLUTION

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 312-314
Author(s):  
RAE. Z.H. Aliyev
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
World Population ◽  
Practical Solution ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Scientific Practical ◽  
Soil And Water

The rapid growth in world population and limitation of soil and water resources have caused major problem for human nutrition security in the world. only 3% of water resources are fresh water.  Accoding to the FAO report, if in the  any  country  Amount  of  fresh  water  is  less  than 1700m3   per capita, this country is faced to serous water shortage. At the present, in the 22 countries share of fresh water per capita is less than 100m3and in the 18 countries is more than 2000m3. Therefore, Azerbaijan is one of the countries which have faced serous water shortage.

scholarly journals GLOBAL WATER RESOURCES: CHALLENGES OF THE 21st CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
V. Khilchevskyi
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
River Runoff ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Human Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Water

The article provides an analytical overview of the state of global water resources and their use in the world. The focus is on the most important component of water resources – freshwater, which on the planet is only 2.5 % of the total. The most accessible renewable water resources are river runoff, which is distributed unevenly on the surface of the planet: Asia (32 %), South America (28 %), North America (18 %), Africa (9 %), Europe (7%), Australia and Oceania (6 %). Along with the characteristics of the known components of freshwater resources (river runoff, groundwater, glaciers), attention is also focused on trends in attracting unconventional sources (recovered wastewater or gray water, desalinated, specially collected rainwater). The total use of fresh water in the world is only 9 % of the total river flow of the planet. At the same time, the problem of water scarcity was included in the list of the World Economic Forum 2015, as one of the global risks in terms of the potential impact on human society in the next decade. Among the causes of global water, scarcity are geographical and socio-economic. Geographical reasons are the spatial and temporal (seasonal) mismatch of the demand for fresh water and its availability. Socio-economic reasons are the growth of the world’s population, urbanization, improving living standards, changes in consumption patterns, and an increase in irrigated land. The latter has become key to the growth of global water demand. Experts forecast that the limited access to fresh water in 2050 can be felt by 3.3 billion more people than in 2000. The article gives examples of a methodology for the hydrological assessment of water scarcity (calculation of the ratio of the volume of annual renewable water resources to the population) and the methodology of economic and geographical assessment. Other approaches to assessing water resources by creating new paradigms (water – blue, green, virtual, water footprint) have been characterized. Throughout the history of mankind, there have been many conflicts related to water. Active water cooperation between countries today reduces the risk of military conflicts. This conclusion was made after studying transboundary water relations in more than 200joint river basins, covering 148 countries. The right to safe water and sanitation is a fundamental right of everyone (UN, 2010). Therefore, among the 17 sustainable development goals adopted by the UN for implementation for the period 2015-2030, Global Goal 6 “Clean Water and Good Sanitary Conditions” is aimed at ensuring sustainable management of water resources and sanitation for all. This will save people from diseases, and society will be given the opportunity to be more productive in economic terms.

Recharge and Recycling

High and Dry ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Alley ◽  
Rosemarie Alley
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
The World

Managed aquifer recharge is a widespread and growing practice. In addition, using recycled water for groundwater recharge and water supply continues to grow as water resources are increasingly strained by population growth and climate change. Through a series of examples from around the world, the chapter illustrates the value as well as limitations of managed aquifer recharge and recycled water.

Inter-country inequality as a dynamic process and the problem of post-industrial development

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Grigoryev ◽  
V. A. Pavlyushina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Modern World ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Development Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Industrial

The phenomenon of economic growth is studied by economists and statisticians in various aspects for a long time. Economic theory is devoted to assessing factors of growth in the tradition of R. Solow, R. Barrow, W. Easterly and others. During the last quarter of the century, however, the institutionalists, namely D. North, D. Wallis, B. Weingast as well as D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson, have shown the complexity of the problem of development on the part of socioeconomic and political institutions. As a result, solving the problem of how economic growth affects inequality between countries has proved extremely difficult. The modern world is very diverse in terms of development level, and the article offers a new approach to the formation of the idea of stylized facts using cluster analysis. The existing statistics allows to estimate on a unified basis the level of GDP production by 174 countries of the world for 1992—2016. The article presents a structured picture of the world: the distribution of countries in seven clusters, different in levels of development. During the period under review, there was a strong per capita GDP growth in PPP in the middle of the distribution, poverty in various countries declined markedly. At the same time, in 1992—2016, the difference increased not only between rich and poor groups of countries, but also between clusters.

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