APPLICATION OF ABLATION MATERIALSFOR HEAT PROTECTION OF CABINS OF FIRE-FIGHTING MACHINES

Forest fires are accompanied by the release of a huge amount of heat, and the temperature at the edge of a forest fire, where firefighting equipment usually operates, reaches 300-700 °C. Fire engines are exposed to intense heat to extinguish forest fires. The main requirement for the design of such machines is the availability of rational thermal protection. Studies of various methods of thermal protection of cabins have showed the possibility of lowering the temperature on the inner surface of the cabin, but these methods show low efficiency. Protection of cabs from thermal radiation is not provided in the new developments of forest fire machines. It is proposed to use pre-preg coatings to protect cabins of forest fire engines. They are successfully used in spacecraft designs. Recent technologies for the production of such materials, developed recently, have significantly reduced the cost of production of these materials. It expands the possibilities of their application for other equipment subjected to intense heat exposure. The calculations have showed that the heat-protective coatings of the cabins made of pre-pregs quickly warm up to acceptable temperatures. However the use of water reserves in the tank of the car to cool the inside of the cabs provides high protection efficiency even at the limiting values of heat fluxes that occur in the fireplace. At the same time, water is not consumed; it is heated, circulating between the tank and the heat exchanger. The proposed method of protecting cabs of fire machines from thermal radiation is original one. It is a subject of further development.

Download Full-text

Analyzing steam transfer though various flame-retardant fabric assemblies in radiant heat exposure

Journal of Industrial Textiles ◽

10.1177/1528083716674907 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. 853-869 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yun Su ◽

Jun Li

Keyword(s):

Thermal Radiation ◽

Thermal Energy ◽

Thermal Protection ◽

Heat Exposure ◽

Radiant Heat ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Air Permeability ◽

Fabric System ◽

Layered Fabric ◽

Nonfatal Injuries

Protection from steam burns is beneficial to reduce the nonfatal injuries of firefighters in firefighting and rescue operations. A new multifunctional testing apparatus was employed to study heat and steam transfer in protective clothing under low-pressure steam and low-level thermal radiation. Single-, double-, and triple-layered fabric assemblies were selected in this experiment. It is indicated that the existence of hot steam weakens the positive influence of the fabric’s thickness, but increases the importance of the air permeability on the thermal protection. The fabric assemblies entrapping moisture barrier can better resist the penetration of steam through the fabric system, and significantly improve the thermal protection in low steam and thermal radiation exposure due to the low air permeability. Additionally, the total transmitted energy ( Qe) and dry thermal energy ( Qd) under low steam and thermal radiation are dramatically larger than that under thermal radiation ( p < 0.05), while hot steam insignificantly reduces the thermal energy during the cooling ( p = 0.143 > 0.05). The understanding of steam heat transfer helps to provide proper guidance to improve the thermal protection of the firefighter’s clothing and reduce steam burns.

Download Full-text

Effect of Natural Forest Fires on Regional Weather Conditions in Siberia

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11101133 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1133

Author(s):

Alexander Kirsanov ◽

Inna Rozinkina ◽

Gdaliy Rivin ◽

Denis Zakharchenko ◽

Alexander Olchev

Keyword(s):

Forest Fire ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Land Surface ◽

Surface Albedo ◽

Atmospheric Stability ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Heat Fluxes ◽

Model Systems ◽

Small Scale ◽

Near Surface

Effects of forest fires on regional weather conditions were analyzed for Central and Eastern Siberia after warm and dry weather conditions in summer 2019 using COSMO-Ru (COnsortium for Small-scale MOdeling; Ru—Russia) and COSMO-RuART (ART—Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases) model systems. Four series of numerical experiments were conducted (one control experiment and three forest fire experiments assuming total vegetation destruction within the burned areas) to evaluate possible effects of forest fires on surface albedo and vegetation properties as well as their influence on air chemistry and aerosol concentration in the atmosphere. The modeling results showed significant influence of forest fires on regional weather conditions that occurred over large areas situated even away from burnt regions. Decreased surface albedo and reduced latent heat fluxes due to fire-induced destruction of forest cover lead to higher near-surface air temperature and lower air humidity in both burned and surrounding unburned forest areas. On the other hand, reduced incoming solar radiation due to smoke from forest fire plumes decreased land surface temperatures and increased thermal atmospheric stability resulting in reduced regional precipitation.

Download Full-text

A Collaborative Region Detection and Grading Framework for Forest Fire Smoke Using Weakly Supervised Fine Segmentation and Lightweight Faster-RCNN

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12060768 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 768

Author(s):

Jin Pan ◽

Xiaoming Ou ◽

Liang Xu

Keyword(s):

Forest Fire ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Learning Strategy ◽

Early Stage ◽

Fire Detection ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Region Detection ◽

Decision Network ◽

Fire Smoke ◽

Weakly Supervised

Forest fires are serious disasters that affect countries all over the world. With the progress of image processing, numerous image-based surveillance systems for fires have been installed in forests. The rapid and accurate detection and grading of fire smoke can provide useful information, which helps humans to quickly control and reduce forest losses. Currently, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have yielded excellent performance in image recognition. Previous studies mostly paid attention to CNN-based image classification for fire detection. However, the research of CNN-based region detection and grading of fire is extremely scarce due to a challenging task which locates and segments fire regions using image-level annotations instead of inaccessible pixel-level labels. This paper presents a novel collaborative region detection and grading framework for fire smoke using a weakly supervised fine segmentation and a lightweight Faster R-CNN. The multi-task framework can simultaneously implement the early-stage alarm, region detection, classification, and grading of fire smoke. To provide an accurate segmentation on image-level, we propose the weakly supervised fine segmentation method, which consists of a segmentation network and a decision network. We aggregate image-level information, instead of expensive pixel-level labels, from all training images into the segmentation network, which simultaneously locates and segments fire smoke regions. To train the segmentation network using only image-level annotations, we propose a two-stage weakly supervised learning strategy, in which a novel weakly supervised loss is proposed to roughly detect the region of fire smoke, and a new region-refining segmentation algorithm is further used to accurately identify this region. The decision network incorporating a residual spatial attention module is utilized to predict the category of forest fire smoke. To reduce the complexity of the Faster R-CNN, we first introduced a knowledge distillation technique to compress the structure of this model. To grade forest fire smoke, we used a 3-input/1-output fuzzy system to evaluate the severity level. We evaluated the proposed approach using a developed fire smoke dataset, which included five different scenes varying by the fire smoke level. The proposed method exhibited competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Download Full-text

Short-Term Effects of Fire Severity on Vegetation Based on Sentinel-2 Satellite Data

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13010432 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 432

Author(s):

Aru Han ◽

Song Qing ◽

Yongbin Bao ◽

Li Na ◽

Yuhai Bao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Fire ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Vegetation Change ◽

Fire Severity ◽

Dynamic Change ◽

Burned Area ◽

Fire Event ◽

Vegetation Dynamic ◽

Area Index ◽

Sentinel 2

An important component in improving the quality of forests is to study the interference intensity of forest fires, in order to describe the intensity of the forest fire and the vegetation recovery, and to improve the monitoring ability of the dynamic change of the forest. Using a forest fire event in Bilahe, Inner Monglia in 2017 as a case study, this study extracted the burned area based on the BAIS2 index of Sentinel-2 data for 2016–2018. The leaf area index (LAI) and fractional vegetation cover (FVC), which are more suitable for monitoring vegetation dynamic changes of a burned area, were calculated by comparing the biophysical and spectral indices. The results showed that patterns of change of LAI and FVC of various land cover types were similar post-fire. The LAI and FVC of forest and grassland were high during the pre-fire and post-fire years. During the fire year, from the fire month (May) through the next 4 months (September), the order of areas of different fire severity in terms of values of LAI and FVC was: low > moderate > high severity. During the post fire year, LAI and FVC increased rapidly in areas of different fire severity, and the ranking of areas of different fire severity in terms of values LAI and FVC was consistent with the trend observed during the pre-fire year. The results of this study can improve the understanding of the mechanisms involved in post-fire vegetation change. By using quantitative inversion, the health trajectory of the ecosystem can be rapidly determined, and therefore this method can play an irreplaceable role in the realization of sustainable development in the study area. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to quantitatively retrieve vegetation variables by remote sensing.

Download Full-text

Empirical Research on Climate Warming Risks for Forest Fires: A Case Study of Grade I Forest Fire Danger Zone, Sichuan Province, China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13147773 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 7773

Author(s):

San Wang ◽

Hongli Li ◽

Shukui Niu

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Forest Fire ◽

Climate Warming ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Meteorological Factors ◽

Sichuan Province ◽

Danger Zone ◽

Climatic Regions ◽

Area Burned ◽

Forest Fire Danger

The Sichuan province is a key area for forest and grassland fire prevention in China. Forest resources contribute significantly not only to the biological gene pool in the mid latitudes but also in reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases and slowing down global warming. To study and forecast forest fire change trends in a grade I forest fire danger zone in the Sichuan province under climate change, the dynamic impacts of meteorological factors on forest fires in different climatic regions were explored and a model between them was established by using an integral regression in this study. The results showed that the dominant factor behind the area burned was wind speed in three climatic regions, particularly in Ganzi and A’ba with plateau climates. In Ganzi and A’ba, precipitation was mainly responsible for controlling the number of forest fires while it was mainly affected by temperature in Panzhihua and Liangshan with semi-humid subtropical mountain climates. Moreover, the synergistic effect of temperature, precipitation and wind speed was responsible in basin mid-subtropical humid climates with Chengdu as the center and the influence of temperature was slightly higher. The differential forest fire response to meteorological factors was observed in different climatic regions but there was some regularity. The influence of monthly precipitation in the autumn on the area burned in each climatic region was more significant than in other seasons, which verified the hypothesis of a precipitation lag effect. Climate warming and the combined impact of warming effects may lead to more frequent and severe fires.

Download Full-text

Associations Between Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Cognitive Function in Indonesian Children Living in Forest Fire–Prone Provinces

Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/10105395211031735 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101053952110317

Author(s):

Bin Jalaludin ◽

Frances L. Garden ◽

Agata Chrzanowska ◽

Budi Haryanto ◽

Christine T. Cowie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Forest Fire ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Regression Models ◽

Individual Factors ◽

Aerodynamic Diameter ◽

Particulate Air Pollution ◽

Multivariable Models ◽

Particulate Matter 2.5

Smoke from forest fires can reach hazardous levels for extended periods of time. We aimed to determine if there is an association between particulate matter ≤2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and living in a forest fire–prone province and cognitive function. We used data from the Indonesian Family and Life Survey. Cognitive function was assessed by the Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM). We used regression models to estimate associations between PM2.5 and living in a forest fire–prone province and cognitive function. In multivariable models, we found very small positive relationships between PM2.5 levels and RCPM scores (PM2.5 level at year of survey: β = 0.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01% to 0.19%). There were no differences in RCPM scores for children living in forest fire–prone provinces compared with children living in non-forest fire–prone provinces (mean difference = −1.16%, 95% CI = −2.53% to 0.21%). RCPM scores were lower for children who had lived in a forest fire–prone province all their lives compared with children who lived in a non-forest fire–prone province all their life (β = −1.50%; 95% CI = −2.94% to −0.07%). Living in a forest fire–prone province for a prolonged period of time negatively affected cognitive scores after adjusting for individual factors.

Download Full-text

Characteristics of Korean Forest Fires and Forest Fire Policies in the Joseon Dynasty Period (1392–1910) Derived From Historical Records

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10010029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Donghyun Kim

Keyword(s):

Forest Fire ◽

Forest Fires ◽

East Coast ◽

Historical Record ◽

Capital City ◽

Fire Damage ◽

Historical Records ◽

Royal Authority ◽

Joseon Dynasty ◽

Fire Stations

This study examined the records of forest fire outbreaks and characteristics over the 518 years of the Joseon Dynasty period (1392–1910) through the analysis of major historical records of Korea. The historical books used in this study were 14 major national historical books, and include the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty (朝鮮王朝實錄), the Diaries of the Royal Secretariat (承政院日記), and the literature was examined, centering on official records of the royal palace in the Joseon Dynasty period. The contents of forest fires recorded in the historical record literature include the overviews of outbreak, forest fire types, and forest fire damage. According to the results of analysis of historical records, the largest forest fire damage was in the forest fire that occurred on the east coast in 1672, in which 65 persons died and in the forest fire that occurred in the same area in 1804, in which 61 persons died and 2600 private houses were destroyed by fire. The causes of fire outbreak were shown to be unknown causes in 42 cases, accidental fires in 10 cases, arson in 3 cases, thunder strike in 3 cases, hunting activities in 2 cases, child playing with fire in 1 case, cultivating activities in 1 case, and house fire in 1 case. Forest fire outbreaks were analyzed by region and by season and according to the results, 56% (39 cases) of the forest fires broke out on the east coast and 73% (46 cases) broke out in the spring. Forest fire policies include those for general forests, those for reserved forests, those for prohibited forests, those for capital city forests, those for royal family’s graves, royal ancestral shrine, and placenta chamber, those for hunting grounds such as martial art teaching fields, and relief policies for people in areas damaged by forest fires, forest fire policies for national defense facilities such as beacon fire stations, and burning and burning control policies for pest control. In conclusion, due to the seriousness of forest fires in the Joseon Dynasty period, the royal authority and local administrative agencies made various forest fire prevention policies, policies for stabilization of the people’s livelihood damaged due to forest fires, and methods to manage major facilities in forests.

Download Full-text

Comparison of the mineralogical effects of an experimental forest fire on a goethite/ferrihydrite soil with a topsoil that contains hematite, maghemite and goethite

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.2009.044.2.239 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 239-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

P. Nørnberg ◽

A. L. Vendelboe ◽

H. P. Gunnlaugsson ◽

J. P. Merrison ◽

K. Finster ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

High Temperature ◽

Forest Fire ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Humid Climate ◽

Fe Mineralogy ◽

Reducing Environment

AbstractA long-standing unresolved puzzle related to the Danish temperate humid climate is the presence of extended areas with large Fe contents, where goethite and ferrihydrite are present in the topsoil along with hematite and maghemite. Hematite and, particularly, maghemite would normally be interpreted as the result of high temperature as found after forest fires. However, a body of evidence argues against these sites having been exposed to fire. In an attempt to get closer to an explanation of this Fe mineralogy, an experimental forest fire was produced. The results showed a clear mineralogical zonation down to 10 cm depth. This was not observed at the natural sites, which contained a mixture of goethite/ferrihydrite, hematite and maghemite down to 20 cm depth. The experimental forest fire left charcoal and ashes at the topsoil, produced high pH and decreased organic matter content, all of which is in contrast to the natural sites. The conclusion from this work is that the mineralogy of these sites is not consistent with exposure to forest fire, but may instead result from long-term transformation in a reducing environment, possibly involving microbiology.

Download Full-text

Effect of thermal radiation of forest fire on the environment

Contemporary Problems of Ecology ◽

10.1134/s1995425508040012 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 399-403 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. N. Valendik ◽

I. V. Kosov

Keyword(s):

Thermal Radiation ◽

Forest Fire

Download Full-text

Plasma Sprayed Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection Systems

Thermal Spray 2000: Proceedings from the International Thermal Spray Conference ◽

10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p0837 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

T. Valente ◽

C. Bartuli ◽

G. Visconti ◽

M. Tului

Keyword(s):

Plasma Spraying ◽

High Performance ◽

Thermal Protection ◽

Electrical Discharge Machining ◽

High Heat ◽

Heat Fluxes ◽

Space Vehicles ◽

Ultra High Temperature Ceramics ◽

Protection Systems ◽

Plasma Sprayed

Abstract Reusable space vehicles, which must withstand re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere, require external protection systems (TPS) which are usually in the forms of rigid surface in areas of high or moderate working temperature. High heat fluxes and temperatures related to high performance hypervelocity flights also require the use of TPS materials having good oxidation and thermal shock resistance, dimensional stability, and ablation resistance. Components by these materials are usually fabricated, starting from either billets or plate stocks, by uniaxial hot pressing, and complex parts, such as low radius edges, are then obtained by electrical discharge machining technique. This article investigates an alternative fabrication technology, based on plasma spraying, to produce near net shape components. Results of experimental activities, such as optimization of plasma spraying parameters based on a DOE approach, are reported and discussed.

Download Full-text