scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence in Health Policy – A Global Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Immanuel Azaad Moonesar ◽  
Ruchi Dass
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Healthcare Data ◽  
New Frontier ◽  
Training Professionals ◽  
The Usa

Introduction: Artificial Intelligence has become the new frontier for digital transformation. For healthcare, AI brings a paradigm shift, powered by increasing healthcare data availability and the rapid progress of analytics techniques globally. Objective: Several hypotheses are set forward to design a policy framework for AI technologies was discussed. This review also suggests a framework that we reflect is a better case involving "responsible AI" and "permission less innovation." Methodology: In this perspective review, AI insights into countries such as the USA, UAE, UK, and the European Union using secondary research. Results: Policy recommendations would impact multiple stakeholders in the value chain. The efficient and responsible use of AI tools would mean culture, data management, technology shifts in the industry, and required up-grading and training professionals for better coordination

scholarly journals Analysis on the economic effect of Sino-US trade friction from the perspective of added value

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhu Zhu ◽  
Hang Zheng ◽  
Zhu Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Added Value ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Imbalance ◽  
Trade Friction ◽  
Damage Degree ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Wang Wei

AbstractBased on the theory of trade added value, this paper discusses the potential actual trade scale and benefit damage degree of the two countries under the background of big country game by measuring the real trade scale of China and the USA, simulating the economic impact of tariffs imposed by China and the USA and utilizing Wang–Wei–Zhu (WWZ) method to decompose the potential changes in Sino-US trade. The results show that: firstly, the size of China-US trade in terms of total value is significantly overestimated and China's overall trade with the USA in 2001–2014 was overestimated by an average of 3.06 percent, of which goods trade was overestimated by 8.06 percent. Secondly, although tariff increases can reduce the degree of trade imbalance between China and the USA to some extent, the adverse effects are mutual and global, and the European Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Japan and Canada become the main transfer countries of Sino-US trade. Thirdly, the pattern of China's final exports and the US' intermediate exports determines that China's trade interests are more damaged than those of the USA. It is proved that there is a big gap between China and the USA in the depth and breadth of China's participation in the value chain division of labor and the trade scale measured by Gross Domestic Product is more instructive than the total value.

CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON WORK AND OTHER CERTAIN LEGAL SOCIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2021 ◽  
Vol specjalny (XXI) ◽  
pp. 113-127
Author(s):  
Andrzej Świątkowski
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Usa ◽  
European Values ◽  
Electronic Technologies ◽  
The Eu

The European Union is in the initial phase of managing the conditions for the growth of artificial intelligence. Assuming that the above-mentioned electronic technology of the future should be trustworthy, guarantee the safety of its users and develop under human leadership, the Union should be able to convince the Member States of the necessary need for all interested parties to apply modern electronic technologies in practice while respecting European values, principles and human rights. The above common goal, extremely important for the future of European societies, and a uniform unified strategy for achieving it, binds the EU Member States. The above statement applies to all EU Member States, including those with above-average ambitions to become European leaders in the use of artificial intelligence for economic and social development. Considering that the European Union is competing with the USA and China, it is justified to ask whether the strategy of the development and use of artificial intelligence intended by the European Union will enable the achievement of the above goal?

scholarly journals Discursive framing and organizational venues: mechanisms of artificial intelligence policy adoption

2021 ◽  
pp. 002085232110075
Author(s):  
Frans af Malmborg ◽  
Jarle Trondal
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Union ◽  
National Level ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Policy Adoption ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Policy ◽  
Policy Document ◽  
Member States

The purpose of this article is twofold: to theoretically assess ideational and organizational explanatory factors in the adoption of artificial intelligence policies; and to examine the extent to which the European Union has managed to facilitate a coordinated artificial intelligence policy in the Nordic countries. The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach based on systematic web searching, systematic policy document analysis and key informant semi-structured interviews. The study finds that the European Union has utilized framing-based strategies to set an agenda for a coordinated European artificial intelligence policy. Moreover, the strategy has affected member-state artificial intelligence policies to the extent that key tenets of European Union artificial intelligence discourse have penetrated Nordic public documents. However, the extent to which the Nordic countries incorporate European Union artificial intelligence policy discourse diverges at the national level. Differentiated national organizational capacities among Nordic countries make the adoption of artificial intelligence policies divergent. This observation is theoretically accounted for through a conversation between organizational theory of public governance and discursive institutionalism. The study argues that the framing of European Union artificial intelligence policies is filtered through organizational structures among states. Points for practitioners The study illuminates how policymakers in the Nordic countries are affected by the European Union when crafting their own artificial intelligence policies. The European Commission profoundly influences the policymaking of member states and affiliated states through the policy strategy of policy framing. The Commission uses this soft measure to nudge member states to comply with the European Union policy framework. Second, the study shows how ‘organizations matter’: variation in national organizational capacities in the Nordic states contributes to variation in national policy adoption. Even though Nordic countries adopt European Union-level policy frames, their implementation is shaped by varying organizational capacities available at the national level.

scholarly journals Dietary Glycaemic Index Labelling: A Global Perspective

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3244
Author(s):  
Alan W. Barclay ◽  
Livia S. A. Augustin ◽  
Furio Brighenti ◽  
Elizabeth Delport ◽  
C. Jeyakumar Henry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Food Labels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Food Law ◽  
Food Standard ◽  
The Usa

The glycaemic index (GI) is a food metric that ranks the acute impact of available (digestible) carbohydrates on blood glucose. At present, few countries regulate the inclusion of GI on food labels even though the information may assist consumers to manage blood glucose levels. Australia and New Zealand regulate GI claims as nutrition content claims and also recognize the GI Foundation’s certified Low GI trademark as an endorsement. The GI Foundation of South Africa endorses foods with low, medium and high GI symbols. In Asia, Singapore’s Healthier Choice Symbol has specific provisions for low GI claims. Low GI claims are also permitted on food labels in India. In China, there are no national regulations specific to GI; however, voluntary claims are permitted. In the USA, GI claims are not specifically regulated but are permitted, as they are deemed to fall under general food-labelling provisions. In Canada and the European Union, GI claims are not legal under current food law. Inconsistences in food regulation around the world undermine consumer and health professional confidence and call for harmonization. Global provisions for GI claims/endorsements in food standard codes would be in the best interests of people with diabetes and those at risk.

scholarly journals PLATFORM LAW AS A TOOL FOR INNOVATIVE INVESTMENT PLATFORMS (CROWDFUNDING)

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
S. Yu. Kashkin ◽  
A. V. Altoukhov ◽  
N. A. Pozhilova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
European Union ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Usa

The article considers the problems of legal regulation of crowdfunding in Russia, as well as in the USA and the European Union. The concepts of crowdfunding and related terms (platform, network) are disclosed, the advantages and risks of such investment platforms to raise funds to finance projects, including using artificial intelligence technologies, are shown. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of existing legislative norms regarding the regulation of modern investment mechanisms, especially crowdfunding. Based on the results of the study, conclusions and recommendations on the development of legal support for platform financial solutions are formulated.

scholarly journals Modern Requirements of the Legal Support of Artificial Intelligence: a View from Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Shestak ◽  
Aleksander Volevodz
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Republic

At the present stage of the society’s development the artificial intelligence is quickly widening its possibilities. These changes raise the issue of applying norms, including international law norms, to solve problems connected with the essence and technical protocol of using artificial intelligence. The article is devoted to the problems of legal regulation of the creation and use of artificial intelligence and the development of the conceptual framework and the definition of artificial intelligence according to the widely recognized scientific theories; the analysis of doctrinal approaches to the understanding of the place of artificial intelligence in legal relations; the evidence that giving artificial intelligence the status of a person is not legally grounded; the critical analysis of the ideas put forward by some American researchers that artificial intelligence should comply with the whole set of laws currently used for its human producer and operator. The authors study the legislation on the legal regulation of relations between the human and artificial intelligence in such countries as the Republic of Korea, the USA, Japan, the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of Estonia, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Russian Federation, as well as the European Union. They present various approaches to the classification of artificial intelligence’s features. The authors also examine the problem of defining the legal personality of an «electronic person»; analyze the necessity of making the owner liable for the compensation of moral and material damage inflicted by the «electronic person». The article also discusses key problems of enforcing the legal norms regulating intellectual property and copyright, criminal liability and participation in criminal proceedings within the framework of using artificial intelligence. The authors analyze key risks and uncertainties connected with artificial intelligence and crucial for improving relevant legislation. They work out suggestions for the future discussion of the following issues: the applications of artificial intelligence at the contemporary stage; development prospects in this sector; legally relevant problems researched of this sphere and the problems connected with the use of the existing and the development of new autonomous intelligence systems; the development of new strategies and legal norms to bridge the gaps in the legal regulation of using artificial intelligence, including using it as a participant in criminal proceedings; creation of the concept of liability in the sphere of using artificial intelligence, including the criminal one.

scholarly journals Program initiatives of public authorities in the field of hydrogenation of the economy in a global perspective, as of the end of 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Menes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Hydrogen Technologies ◽  
Technology And Economy ◽  
Effective Use

In the years 2016-2020, there has been a significant acceleration in the development of technologies for the hydrogen energy use and their popularization in practice. The value of the global hydrogen market in 2018 was estimated at US $ 122 billion, predicted that it will increase to US $ 155 billion by the 2022. The appropriate policy framework has a major impact on the development of new technologies, in particular during research, prototype implementations and the initial phase of their commercialization. The spearheading countries intensively involved in the development and dissemination of hydrogen technologies are primarily : Japan, China, South Korea, Germany, France, UK, Scandinavian and Benelux countries, as well as Canada and the USA. The scale of the global development of hydrogen technologies is illustrated by the fact that at the end of 2019, vehicles with hydrogen fuel cells and the publicly accessible hydrogen refuelling stations serving them already operated in 18 countries. An effective use of the incurred expenditures undoubtedly requires the interested states to formulate an appropriate policy (strategy) for the hydrogenation of the economy, including, in addition to precisely defined long-term objectives, e.g. elements of support from public administration, assurance of: stable investment conditions and the necessary regulatory conditions. The article attempts to synthetically present the political framework, i.e. the functioning plans and programs as well as national strategies for the development of hydrogen technology and economy in 19 countries

9/11 and Armageddon: the Christian Right and George W. Bush

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-50
Author(s):  
Göran Gunner
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Christian Right ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Religious Leader ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Mega Church ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Jerry Falwell ◽  
High Degree

Authors from the Christian Right in the USA situate the September 11 attack on New York and Washington within God's intentions to bring America into the divine schedule for the end of the world. This is true of Pat Robertson and Jerry Falwell, and other leading figures in the ‘Christian Coalition’. This article analyses how Christian fundamentalists assess the roles of the USA, the State of Israel, Islam, Iraq, the European Union and Russia within what they perceive to be the divine plan for the future of the world, especially against the background of ‘9/11’. It argues that the ideas of the Christian Right and of President George W. Bush coalesce to a high degree. Whereas before 9/11 many American mega-church preachers had aspirations to direct political life, after the events of that day the President assumes some of the roles of a mega-religious leader.

Corporate culture as a driver of the corporate security of foreign military-industrial enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 2363-2380
Author(s):  
S.B. Zainullin ◽  
O.A. Zainullina
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Corporate Security ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Military

Subject. The military-industrial complex is one of the core industries in any economy. It ensures both the economic and global security of the State. However, the economic security of MIC enterprises strongly depends on the State and other stakeholders. Objectives. We examine key factors of corporate culture in terms of theoretical and practical aspects. The article identifies the best implementation of corporate culture that has a positive effect on the corporate security in the MIC of the USA, the United Kingdom, the European Union, Japan ans China. Methods. The study employs dialectical method of research, combines the historical and logic unity, structural analysis, traditional techniques of economic analysis and synthesis. Results. We performed the comparative analysis of corporate culture models and examined how they are used by the MIC corporations with respect to international distinctions. Conclusions and Relevance. The State is the main stakeholder of the MIC corporations, since it acts as the core customer represented by the military department. It regulates and controls operations. The State is often a major shareholder of such corporations. Employees are also important stakeholders. Hence, trying to satisfy stakeholders' needs by developing the corporate culture, corporations mitigate their key risks and enhance their corporate security.

Russian Federation and the United States of America: geostrategic directions to manage the Ukrainian crisis

2019 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Attarid Awadh Abdulhameed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
Zero Sum

Ukrainia Remains of huge importance to Russian Strategy because of its Strategic importance. For being a privileged Postion in new Eurasia, without its existence there would be no logical resons for eastward Expansion by European Powers.  As well as in Connection with the progress of Ukrainian is no less important for the USA (VSD, NDI, CIA, or pentagon) and the European Union with all organs, and this is announced by John Kerry. There has always ben Russian Fear and Fear of any move by NATO or USA in the area that it poses a threat to  Russians national Security and its independent role and in funence  on its forces especially the Navy Forces. There for, the Crisis manyement was not Zero sum game, there are gains and offset losses, but Russia does not accept this and want a Zero Sun game because the USA. And European exteance is a Foot hold in Regin Which Russian sees as a threat to its national security and want to monopolize control in the strategic Qirim.

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