Death on the altar: The rhetoric of 'otherness' in sources from the early period of the crusades

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-89
Author(s):  
Tomasz Pełech

The article poses a thesis that the chroniclers of the First Crusade were tapping into a preexisting literary tradition of religious conflict in the process of shaping an image of an enemy. It centres on an analysis of the symbolic significance of the particular description of a priest's death at the hands of the Turks on the altar during the celebration of mass found in several sources describing the massacre of Christians in Civetot during the First Crusade (Gesta Francorum, Tudebode's Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere, Baldric of Dol's Historiae Hierosolymitanae libri IV, Guibert of Nogent's Gesta Dei per Francos, Robert the Monk's Historia Hierosolymitana, and Oderic Vitalis' Historia ecclesiastica). The article argues that the presented description could be considered an example of a rhetorical strategy employed in the crusading accounts, used for the purpose of depicting the enemy as religious and cultural 'other'. Furthermore, the article discusses the intertextuality and the potential influence of ancient and scriptural motifs on the literary workshop of the chroniclers in their versions of the story.

Author(s):  
Lysenko N.O ◽  
Doroshyna L.F.

Purpose. To investigate the author’s transformations of ethnocultural archetype mother earth in the individual poetic styles of O. Dovzhenko and T. Osmachka.Methods. With this aim we used the comparative method, as well as the methods of partial search and of seme componential analysis.Results. The author of the article gives a comparative analysis of the associative connections and verbal means which give creative representation of the image of mother earth in the literary output of the two authors. It is noted that the both writers interpret archetype earth via the metaphor of earth as the mother.For O. Dovzhenko archetype earth is one of the primary archetypes of his poetic style. The earth gives new life, vivifies and re-creates the world so it is associated with a woman, a mother. With the aim of depicting archetypical characteristics of mother earth the writer uses such means of language as popular traditional descriptors (сира, рідна, українська), metaphors (рідні руїни, мертві подвір’я Києва), personification (матернє лоно, лице землі).The individual style of T. Osmachka transforms the archetype mother earth as the facts of life change: the motive of the Mother of God in the image of earth is characteristic for the early period of his writing. The article cites and analyses the examples of overlapping of archetype mother earth with the image of Mother of God and with the image of Ukraine.Also the article examines the image of earth in such metaphoric binaries as перса землі, душа землі, ребра землі, as well as poems “Mein Lieber” and “No” (from the “Racemes of Time” collection written in the emigration) which are emblematic of the transformations of image.Conclusions. The creative heritage of both authors is determined by similar ethnocultural archetypes the individual authorial transformations in which can be found in the texts created during different periods of time. The archetypal image of the mother earth is dominant in style of O. Dovzhenko and T. Osmachka. The author's realizations of the studied archetypal image, as a whole, are the main Ukrainian literary tradition and poetic model of the world. Мета ‒ дослідити авторські трансформації етнокультурного архетипу матір-земля в поетичних ідіостилях О. Довженка та Т. Осьмаки як елемент характеристики простору України, що формує у творах письменників мегаобраз країни, її національ-ну ментальність.Методи. Для аналізу застосовуються методи семно-компонентного аналізу, частково-пошуковий та порівняльний.Результати. Здійснено порівняльний аналіз асоціативних зв’язків та вербальних засобів, що художньо репрезентують образ матері-землі в літературних творах О. Довженка та Т. Осьмачки. Зазначається, що в обох митців розкриття архетипу земля відбувається через метафору материнства.Для О. Довженка архетип земля є одним із провідних архетипів його поетики. Образ матері-землі уособлює, насамперед, джерело наснаги, життєвої сили та мудрості, символізує найбільш надійний захист і підтримку. Для розкриття архетипових рис матері-землі письменник використовує народно-традиційні епітети (сира, рідна, українська), образні словосполучення (рідні руїни, мертві подвір’я Києва), прийом персоніфікації (матернє лоно, лице землі).В ідіостилі Т. Осьмачки архетип матір-земля трансформується зі зміною життєвих реалій. Виявлено, що для раннього періоду творчості письменниці характерний богородичний мотив. Наводяться та аналізуються приклади синтезу архетипу мати-земля, образу Богородиці та образу України. В образах, створених пізніше, провідною основою залишається лише архе-тип мати-земля. Досліджуються персоніфікація образу землі в таких бінармах, як перса землі, душа землі, ребра землі, а також показові щодо трансформації образу поезії «Майн лібер» та «Немає» (збірка «Китиці часу», написана в еміграції).Висновки. Доробок обох авторів детермінований однаковими етнокультурними архетипами, індивідуально автор-ські трансформації яких виявляємо в текстах різних періодів творчості. Архетиповий образ мати-земля є домінантним як в О. Довженка, так і в Т. Осьмачки. Авторські реалізації досліджуваного архетипового образу знаходяться в межах загальної української літературної традиції і поетичної моделі світу.


Author(s):  
Michael Puett

This essay traces the notions of text, authorship, and commentary in the early Chinese literary tradition, exploring how the notions were debated and redefined from the fourth century bce to the fourth century ce in an endless process of accretion, in which poetic lines were utilized in new ways and stories were constantly varied according to context. The analysis shows how the texts of the classical period emerged together with the commentaries to them and literary production in the early period developed out of contested visions of how to define text and commentary, author and interpreter; it opens up comparative possibilities for thinking through the development of other early literary traditions as well.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Dźwigała

The article contains research on the narratives describing the battle of the Bridge Gate (March 6, 1098), which took place during the siege of Antioch by the Crusaders. It focuses on the scene which is the climax of the above-mentioned tale, when the duke Godfrey of Bouillon hews the Turkish warrior through the middle with a single stroke of the sword in a duel on the bridge in front of the city. The study is divided into three parts. The first one includes views of historians regarding the accounts of hewing the foe through the middle by Godfrey as well as an analysis of the earliest stage of shaping the literary tradition of the studied scene, which in the opinion of the author of the article consists of descriptions created by Crusade participants: Raymond of Aguilers, Peter Tudebode and that included in the chronicle of Albert of Aachen. The second part focuses on the modifications and transformations of the earliest accounts introduced by chroniclers from Capetian France in the first two decades of the 12th century. The last part is devoted to an analysis of the later versions of the scene and their connection with earlier accounts. Research showed that the most popular and vivid version of the tale was created by Robert the Monk, yet there are clear connections with the earlier versions of the account even in the case of authors writing at the end of 12th century and later.


Author(s):  
Wiktor Djaczenko ◽  
Carmen Calenda Cimmino

The simplicity of the developing nervous system of oligochaetes makes of it an excellent model for the study of the relationships between glia and neurons. In the present communication we describe the relationships between glia and neurons in the early periods of post-embryonic development in some species of oligochaetes.Tubifex tubifex (Mull. ) and Octolasium complanatum (Dugès) specimens starting from 0. 3 mm of body length were collected from laboratory cultures divided into three groups each group fixed separately by one of the following methods: (a) 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein fixation followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) TAPO technique, (c) ruthenium red method.Our observations concern the early period of the postembryonic development of the nervous system in oligochaetes. During this period neurons occupy fixed positions in the body the only observable change being the increase in volume of their perikaryons. Perikaryons of glial cells were located at some distance from neurons. Long cytoplasmic processes of glial cells tended to approach the neurons. The superimposed contours of glial cell processes designed from electron micrographs, taken at the same magnification, typical for five successive growth stages of the nervous system of Octolasium complanatum are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron is designed symbolically to facilitate the understanding of the kinetics of the growth process.


Author(s):  
J. E. Johnson

In the early years of biological electron microscopy, scientists had their hands full attempting to describe the cellular microcosm that was suddenly before them on the fluorescent screen. Mitochondria, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, and other myriad organelles were being examined, micrographed, and documented in the literature. A major problem of that early period was the development of methods to cut sections thin enough to study under the electron beam. A microtome designed in 1943 moved the specimen toward a rotary “Cyclone” knife revolving at 12,500 RPM, or 1000 times as fast as an ordinary microtome. It was claimed that no embedding medium was necessary or that soft embedding media could be used. Collecting the sections thus cut sounded a little precarious: “The 0.1 micron sections cut with the high speed knife fly out at a tangent and are dispersed in the air. They may be collected... on... screens held near the knife“.


1978 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-131
Author(s):  
STANLEY MILGRAM
Keyword(s):  

1981 ◽  
Vol 20 (06) ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
J. Liniecki ◽  
J. Bialobrzeski ◽  
Ewa Mlodkowska ◽  
M. J. Surma

A concept of a kidney uptake coefficient (UC) of 131I-o-hippurate was developed by analogy from the corresponding kidney clearance of blood plasma in the early period after injection of the hippurate. The UC for each kidney was defined as the count-rate over its ROI at a time shorter than the peak in the renoscintigraphic curve divided by the integral of the count-rate curve over the "blood"-ROI. A procedure for normalization of both curves against each other was also developed. The total kidney clearance of the hippurate was determined from the function of plasma activity concentration vs. time after a single injection; the determinations were made at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min after intravenous administration of 131I-o-hippurate and the best-fit curve was obtained by means of the least-square method. When the UC was related to the absolute value of the clearance a positive linear correlation was found (r = 0.922, ρ > 0.99). Using this regression equation the clearance could be estimated in reverse from the uptake coefficient calculated solely on the basis of the renoscintigraphic curves without blood sampling. The errors of the estimate are compatible with the requirement of a fast appraisal of renal function for purposes of clinical diagknosis.


1968 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Władysław Jasiński ◽  
Janina Malinowska ◽  
Henryk Mackiewicz ◽  
Henryk Siwicki ◽  
Krystyna Lukawska

SummaryThe purpose of this investigation was to study the accumulation of 87mSr in the proximal parts of the femoral bones of patients treated previously by external irradiation due to cancer of the uterine cervix. It was assumed that this method may be used in the future for the early diagnosis of postirradiation changes of bone (osteoradionecrosis).The incidence of postirradiation changes of the femoral neck among 5735 patients treated between 1950 and 1961 at the Department of Gynaecology of the Institute, was 0.8%. In the early period of postirradiation changes the patients complain only of pain and limitation of physical activities. If radiological and gynaecological findings were negative, the differential diagnosis between early recurrence and early osteoradionecrosis became impossible.49 selected patients were scanned after intravenous injection of 10—115 μCi of 87mSr per kg of body weight (0.5 up to 6.0 mCi). Illustrative cases of normal pelvic bones as well as postirradiation changes are presented and discussed. The authors conclude that the findings justify further systematic studies on the morphology of accumulation of 87mSr in the bones.


2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-252
Author(s):  
Deborah Solomon

This essay draws attention to the surprising lack of scholarship on the staging of garden scenes in Shakespeare's oeuvre. In particular, it explores how garden scenes promote collaborative acts of audience agency and present new renditions of the familiar early modern contrast between the public and the private. Too often the mention of Shakespeare's gardens calls to mind literal rather than literary interpretations: the work of garden enthusiasts like Henry Ellacombe, Eleanour Sinclair Rohde, and Caroline Spurgeon, who present their copious gatherings of plant and flower references as proof that Shakespeare was a garden lover, or the many “Shakespeare Gardens” around the world, bringing to life such lists of plant references. This essay instead seeks to locate Shakespeare's garden imagery within a literary tradition more complex than these literalizations of Shakespeare's “flowers” would suggest. To stage a garden during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries signified much more than a personal affinity for the green world; it served as a way of engaging time-honored literary comparisons between poetic forms, methods of audience interaction, and types of media. Through its metaphoric evocation of the commonplace tradition, in which flowers double as textual cuttings to be picked, revised, judged, and displayed, the staged garden offered a way to dramatize the tensions produced by creative practices involving collaborative composition and audience agency.


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