Modern devices for treatment of the surgeon’s hands and the surgical field (literature review)

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Artem Mikhailovich Morozov ◽  
◽  
Alexey Nikolaevich Sergeev ◽  
Gennady Alexandrovich Dubatolov ◽  
Nikolay Alexandrovich Sergeev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Surgical Infection ◽  
Operating Field ◽  
Functional Additives ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Surgical Field ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Active Substances

The aim – analyze modern Russian and foreign literary sources in order to determine modern means for treating the hands of the surgeon and the operating field. Results. One of the key points in the prevention of surgical infection is the treatment of the surgeon’s hands and the operating field with effective skin antiseptics in order to destroy pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms that colonize intact skin. In modern practice, skin antiseptics are predominantly used containing alcohols as active substances, in particular ethyl, propyl and isopropyl, halogenated substances such as iodine and iodophores, guanidines, which include chlorhexidine digluconate, as well as quaternary ammonium compounds. Moreover, the most widespread are combined preparations containing several active substances and functional additives, which makes it possible to neutralize the negative properties of various active substances. Also, an interesting and promising direction is the use of polymer operating films or film-forming antiseptics. Currently, research is being actively carried out aimed at finding and developing modern highly effective antiseptic agents and their rational combinations that meet the necessary requirements, are optimal in their properties, cost-effective and comfortable to use.

scholarly journals Sporulation in solventogenic and acetogenic clostridia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamou Diallo ◽  
Servé W. M. Kengen ◽  
Ana M. López-Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biotechnological Production ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Sporulation Initiation ◽  
Solventogenic Clostridia

AbstractThe Clostridium genus harbors compelling organisms for biotechnological production processes; while acetogenic clostridia can fix C1-compounds to produce acetate and ethanol, solventogenic clostridia can utilize a wide range of carbon sources to produce commercially valuable carboxylic acids, alcohols, and ketones by fermentation. Despite their potential, the conversion by these bacteria of carbohydrates or C1 compounds to alcohols is not cost-effective enough to result in economically viable processes. Engineering solventogenic clostridia by impairing sporulation is one of the investigated approaches to improve solvent productivity. Sporulation is a cell differentiation process triggered in bacteria in response to exposure to environmental stressors. The generated spores are metabolically inactive but resistant to harsh conditions (UV, chemicals, heat, oxygen). In Firmicutes, sporulation has been mainly studied in bacilli and pathogenic clostridia, and our knowledge of sporulation in solvent-producing or acetogenic clostridia is limited. Still, sporulation is an integral part of the cellular physiology of clostridia; thus, understanding the regulation of sporulation and its connection to solvent production may give clues to improve the performance of solventogenic clostridia. This review aims to provide an overview of the triggers, characteristics, and regulatory mechanism of sporulation in solventogenic clostridia. Those are further compared to the current knowledge on sporulation in the industrially relevant acetogenic clostridia. Finally, the potential applications of spores for process improvement are discussed.Key Points• The regulatory network governing sporulation initiation varies in solventogenic clostridia.• Media composition and cell density are the main triggers of sporulation.• Spores can be used to improve the fermentation process.

A New Silicone Elastomer Tube for Use during Microsurgery on the Larynx

1974 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Carden ◽  
George B. Ferguson ◽  
William M. Crutchfield
Keyword(s):  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Silicone Elastomer ◽  
Posterior Commissure ◽  
Operating Field ◽  
Surgical Field ◽  
Microlaryngeal Surgery ◽  
The Way

A new special endotracheal tube for ventilating patients during microlaryngeal surgery is described. It is 6.25 cm long, made of silicone elastomer and has a “soft” cuff built onto it. It is placed below the patient's cords and the cuff blown up while the patient is paralyzed, and under anesthesia. The patient's lungs can be ventilated by jetting oxygen from the jet tube which is built into it. While the oxygen is not flowing the patient can passively exhale through the tube and cords. Obstruction to the surgical field is minimal and consists of the cuff inflating tube .08 cm in diameter and the jet tube .25 cm in diameter which will be in the posterior commissure out of the way. The tube is designed in such a way that both during inflation and exhalation gas is blown out through the cords to help to blow blood and debris away from the operating field.

Lubrication Properties of Aqueous Solutions with Polyethoxylated Ether (PEOE) Added

2011 ◽  
Vol 239-242 ◽  
pp. 1359-1363
Author(s):  
Chao Hui Zhang ◽  
Si Si Liu ◽  
Yue Tao Sun ◽  
Jun Ming Liu
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Metal Working ◽  
Functional Additives ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Minor Influence ◽  
Forming Characteristics ◽  
Aqueous Surfactants ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Lubrication Properties

Aqueous solutions have found broad usages as lubricants, in conjunction with other possible utilizations, such as in metal working and other industries. Due to the inferior lubricity, functional additives are needed to improve their tribological performances among which aqueous surfactants are exclusively included. The film forming property of aqueous solution with polyethoxylated ether added (PEOE) is measured, taking consideration of the influences of the temperature and the concentration. The addition of PEOEs into aqueous solutions will largely increase the film forming capacity. But the concentration has only a minor influence on the lubrication property of the aqueous solutions with PEOEs. The cloud point will strongly alter the film forming characteristics.

scholarly journals Use of Polyvinyl Alcohol Sponge Cubes for Vagal Nerve Stimulation: A Suggestion for the Wrapping Step. Technical Note and Step-by-Step Operative Technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein Hamdi ◽  
Giorgio Spatola ◽  
Stanislas Lagarde ◽  
Aileen McGonigal ◽  
Armando Paz-Paredes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Polyvinyl Alcohol ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Vagal Nerve ◽  
Vagal Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Surgical Microscope ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Surgical Field

Abstract BACKGROUND Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is an approved treatment for epilepsy and depression. Wrapping the helical electrodes around the nerve can prove technically challenging. However, a quick and efficient method to slightly elevate the nerve can highly facilitate this part of the procedure. OBJECTIVE To provide useful surgical tips to facilitate the procedure. METHODS Based on experience of more than 150 adult cases for mainly epilepsy (primary lead implant), the authors share their surgical technique to provide the experienced surgeons or newcomers to the field of VNS with some useful tips. All patients signed informed consent according to the local ethics committee guidelines. RESULTS The article consists of a detailed step-by-step description of the whole procedure illustrated through high-resolution colored photographs of the surgical field. Special reference is made to the usefulness of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge cubes to elevate the nerve instead of the commonly used silicon vessel loops. CONCLUSION The use of surgical microscope and PVA sponge cubes to elevate the nerve constitute key points to make VNS an easy surgery.

Stroke care: what is in the black box?

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roffe Christine
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Haemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Stroke Care ◽  
Stroke Management ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Impact On Survival ◽  
Permanent Brain Damage ◽  
Fast Decision

Key points• Most improvements in stroke care to date have been driven by research.• Immediate access to advanced imaging allows fast decision making, is cost-effective, and improves outcome.• Hyperacute interventions for acute ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke can prevent permanent brain damage and reduce disability.• Strokes and stroke complications do not just happen during working hours: 24/7 working is essential for effective stroke management.• High quality nursing care is essential and has been shown to have a major impact on survival.• Pneumonia is the most common post-stroke complication, and can be prevented by early swallow assessment.• Urinary catheters are associated with infections and should be avoided.• Foot pumps reduce thromboembolism and save lives.

scholarly journals Dysfunctional breathing and reaching one’s physiological limit as causes of exercise-induced dyspnoea

Breathe ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Depiazzi ◽  
Mark L. Everard
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
List Type ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Physiological Limit ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
Dysfunctional Breathing ◽  
Exercise Induced

Key pointsExcessive exercise-induced shortness of breath is a common complaint. For some, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is the primary cause and for a small minority there may be an alternative organic pathology. However for many, the cause will be simply reaching their physiological limit or be due to a functional form of dysfunctional breathing, neither of which require drug therapy.The physiological limit category includes deconditioned individuals, such as those who have been through intensive care and require rehabilitation, as well as the unfit and the fit competitive athlete who has reached their limit with both of these latter groups requiring explanation and advice.Dysfunctional breathing is an umbrella term for an alteration in the normal biomechanical patterns of breathing that result in intermittent or chronic symptoms, which may be respiratory and/or nonrespiratory. This alteration may be due to structural causes or, much more commonly, be functional as exemplified by thoracic pattern disordered breathing (PDB) and extrathoracic paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder (pVFMD).Careful history and examination together with spirometry may identify those likely to have PDB and/or pVFMD. Where there is doubt about aetiology, cardiopulmonary exercise testing may be required to identify the deconditioned, unfit or fit individual reaching their physiological limit and PDB, while continuous laryngoscopy during exercise is increasingly becoming the benchmark for assessing extrathoracic causes.Accurate assessment and diagnosis can prevent excessive use of drug therapy and result in effective management of the cause of the individual’s complaint through cost-effective approaches such as reassurance, advice, breathing retraining and vocal exercises.This review provides an overview of the spectrum of conditions that can present as exercise-­induced breathlessness experienced by young subjects participating in sport and aims to promote understanding of the need for accurate assessment of an individual’s symptoms. We will highlight the high incidence of nonasthmatic causes, which simply require reassurance or simple interventions from respiratory physiotherapists or speech pathologists.

Metal Injection Moulding of Low Interstitial Titanium

2012 ◽  
Vol 520 ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred T. Sidambe ◽  
Fatos Derguti ◽  
Iain Todd
Keyword(s):  
Injection Moulding ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Metal Injection Molding ◽  
Mechanical Parts ◽  
Metal Injection Moulding ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Oxygen Contamination ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Near Net Shape ◽  
Cp Ti

Metal injection molding (MIM) is a well-established, cost-effective method of fabricating small-to-moderate size near net-shape metal components. In the MIM of titanium (Ti), one of the key points in the process is the interstitial contamination, especially oxygen. This study examines the sources of interstitial contamination during the metal injection moulding of commercially pure (CP-Ti) and Ti6Al4V (Ti-64) alloys. Also presented is a route to control and minimize the contamination in the sintered parts. The effect of the levels of oxygen contamination on the mechanical parts is also presented in the work.

scholarly journals Use of Disinfectants, Registered in Russia, by the NBC Protection Troops in Biological Emergencies

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-67
Keyword(s):  
Cationic Surfactants ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
High Consumption ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Level ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Russian Medical ◽  
Dichloroisocyanuric Acid

Disinfection measures in the event of an outbreak of epidemics created by natural and artificial causes are connected with high consumption of disinfectants, especially in anthrax foci. This does not exclude the situation, when the stock of authorized disinfectants may turn out to be insufficient. So it will be necessary to use non-authorized disinfectants. The aim of this paper is to reveal among the disinfectants, registered in Russia, the most convenient to use by the NBC Protection Troops in epidemic emergencies. 770 such disinfectants have been analyzed. It is established, that the disinfectants of the group of cationic surfactants (CPAS) based on quaternary ammonium compounds, amines, polyguanidines and compositions of these active substances in various combinations have been introduced into practice of Russian medical institutions for almost two decades. The analysis of the scientific literature and the results of our own experiments show that the solutions of these disinfectants, recommended for high-level sterilization and disinfection of medical devices, do not have any sporicidal effect. Because of that, only disinfectants based on chlorine-containing and oxygen-containing active substances can be interesting for the NBC Protection Troops and may be used as non-authorized disinfectants. The solutions of such agents have a wide range of antimicrobial action and provide complete death of not only bacteria, viruses and fungi, but also spores of various bacilli, at temperatures below 0 oС as well. The most convenient in use by the NBC Protection Troops are the products in the form of instant tablets based on sodium dichloroisocyanuric acid, as well as in the form of liquid concentrates based on hydrogen peroxide or peracetic acid. Because of that the above mentioned agents should be used by the NBC Protection Troops in cases of biological emergencies according to the regimes of standard approved disinfectants

scholarly journals The role of HLA-typing in transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-153
Author(s):  
V. Khomenko
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hla Typing ◽  
Potential Donor ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Resolution Level ◽  
Typing Methods

The system of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and HLA-typing were used to match a potential donor with a recipient for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The HLA matching between donor and recipient is key role in allogeneic HSCT. The mismatch of HLA can cause graft rejection, graft-versus-host disease and decrease survival in patients receiving grafts from both related and unrelated donors. The adverse HLA effect on the outcome depends on the total number of mismatched alleles/loci and the resolution level of the mismatch (antigen or allele level).Thus, the final choice of compatible donor-recipient pairs should be based on high resolution molecular-genetic methods of HLA-typing. Serologic and molecular genetic methods of low resolution HLA-typing, which are cheaper than HLA-typing high-resolution, should be used for donor screening studies. HSCT from a fully compatible donor, matched high-resolution HLA-typing methods gives better results than from partially compatible. In some clinical circumstances, a partially compatible donor may be as effective as fully compatible. The selection of such a donor, taking into account the controversy of data from various literary sources, should be based on own research and experience. Creation and development of a Ukrainian database of donors with the HLA-haplotype specific to the indigenous population will make search of matching pairs of donor recipients more effective and cost-effective.

scholarly journals Gene therapy in hemophilia A: a cost-effectiveness analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (14) ◽  
pp. 1792-1798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoletta Machin ◽  
Margaret V. Ragni ◽  
Kenneth J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Factor Viii ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Hemophilia A ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Severe Hemophilia ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Therapy Cost

Key Points Gene therapy is cost-effective in severe hemophilia A compared with standard factor VIII prophylaxis. Over a 10-year time horizon, gene therapy cost $1M and resulted in 8.33 QALYs gained, whereas prophylaxis cost $1.7M and resulted in 6.62 QALYs gained.

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